考研英语阅读 试卷12

考研英语（阅读）-试卷12(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、ReadingComprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.SectionIIReadingComprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：2.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：LastweekendKyleMacDonaldinMontrealthrewapartytocelebratethefactthathegothisnewhomeinexchangeforaredpaperclip.Startingayearago,MacDonaldbarteredtheclipforincreasinglyvaluablestuff,includingacampstoveandfreerentinaPhoenixflat.Havingannouncedhisaim(thehouse)inadvance,MacDonaldlikelygotaboostfromtechieseagertoseetheInternetpassthisdaringtestofitsnetworkingpower.MywholemottowasStartsmall,thinkbig,andhavefun\,saysMacDonald,26,Ireallykeptmyeffortonthecreativesideratherthanthebusinessside.YetasoddastheMacDonaldexchangewas,barterisnowbigbusinessontheNet.Thisyearmorethan400,000companiesworldwidewillexchangesome$10billionworthofgoodsandservicesonagrowingnumberofbartersites.TheseWebsitesallowcompaniestotradeproductsforavirtualcurrency,whichtheycanusetobuygoodsfromothermembers.InIceland,garment-makerKapusalansellsathirdofitsoutputontheboomingVidskiptanetidexchange,earningvirtualmoneythatitusestobuymachineryandpaypartofemployeesalaries.TheTroc-ServicesexchangeinFranceoffersmorethan4,600services,frommathlessonstoironing.Thisisnotaprimitivebartersystem.Bycreatingcurrencies,theInternetremovesamajorbarrier—whatBobMeyer,publisherofBarterNews,callshedoublecoincidenceofwants.Thatis,twopartiesoncenotonlyhadtofindeachother,butalsoanexchangeofgoodsthatbothdesired.Now,theycanpricethedealinvirtualcurrency.Barteralsohelpsfirmsmakeuseofidlecapacity.Forexample,advertisingishugelybarteredbecausemanymedia,particularlyontheWeb,cansupplynewadspaceatlittlecost.Moreover,Internetadsdonregisterinindustry-growthstatistics,becausemanyexchangesarearrangedoutsidetheformalexchanges.LikeeBay,mostbartersitesallowmemberstogradetradingpartnersforhonesty,qualityandsoon.Barterexchangescanallowfirmsincountrieswithhyperinflationornontradablecurrenciestoenterglobaltrades.Nextyear,anonprofitexchangecalledQuickLiftTwo(QL2)planstoopeninNairobi,offeringbarterdealsto38,000Kenyanfarmersinremoteareas.Twosmallplaneswilldeliverthegoods.QL2directorGaciiWaciumasaysthefarmersareexcitedtobeliberatedfromcorruptmiddlemen.Forthem,barterevokesabrightfuture,notaprecapitalistpast.（分数：10.00）(1).Thewordechies(Para.1)probablyreferstothosewhoare（分数：2.00）A.afraidoftechnology.B.skilledintechnology.√C.ignorantoftechnology.D.incompetentintechnology.解析：解析：含义题。B项skilledintechnology，根据原文第一段techie的下文“渴望看到网络的力量”的人，应该是熟悉网络，擅长网络的人，故选B项skilledintechnology。A、C、D项于逻辑上说不通，如果害怕技术，对技术无动于衷，不可能对网络新兴技术如此渴望和感兴趣。“techie”相当于中文里的“技术狂”。）2.00（分数：(2).ManypeoplemayhavedeliberatelyhelpedKylebecausetheyA.wereimpressedbyhiscreativity.B.wereeagertoidentifywithhismotto.C.likedhisgoalannouncedinadvance.D.hopedtoprovethepoweroftheInternet.√解析：解析：细节题。根据第一段的MacDonaldlikelygotaboostfromtechieseagertoseetheInternetpassthisdaringtestofitsnetworkingpower：麦克的成功得益于很多技术达人的支持，他们非常殷切地希望看到互联网发挥社交网络的力量。D项与其相符。(3).TheInternetbartersystemreliesheavilyon（分数：2.00）A.thesizeofbartersites.B.theuseofvirtualcurrency.√C.thequalityofgoodsorservices.D.thelocationoftradingcompanies.解析：解析：细节题。根据第三段的“Bycreatingcurrencies，theInternetremovesamajorbarrier(通过创造货币，互联网解决了一个大障碍)”可以推理得知，该系统非常依赖虚拟货币。B项为正确答案。(4).ItisimpliedthatInternetadvertisementcanhelp（分数：2.00）A.companiesmakemoreprofit.√B.companiesdoformalexchanges.C.mediaregisterinstatistics.D.mediagradebartersites.解析：解析：推断题。题目为“文章中揭示了互联网广告能够帮助______”，答案来自第四段的“Forexample，advertisingis‘hugelybartered'becausemanymedia，particularlyontheWeb，cansup—plynewadspaceatlittlecost(许多媒体，尤其是网络媒体，能够以低廉价格提供广告空间)”。B项与后文相反，C项没有提到，D项没有提到，A项符合逻辑，既然广告价格低廉当然可以为公司创造更多利润。(5).WhichofthefollowingistrueofQL2accordingtotheauthor?（分数：2.00）A.Itiscriticizedfordoingbusinessinaprimitiveway.B.Itaimstodealwithhyperinflationinsomecountries.C.Ithelpsgetridofmiddlemenintradeandexchange.√D.Itisintendedtoevaluatetheperformanceoftradingpartners.解析：解析：细节题。根据第五段中的QL2directorGaciiWaciumasaysthefarmersareexcitedtobe“liberatedfromcorruptmiddlemen．”QL2的主管 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示，农民们非常激动，因为终于可以“摆脱腐败的中间商的剥削了”，可以推理出C项为正确答案。WhenThomasKeller,oneofAmericasforemostchefs,announcedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeoftippingatPerSe,hisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCity,andreplaceitwithaEuropean-styleservicecharge,Iknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:customers,serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedtotipping—astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetipping,itseems,istobeanti-capitalist,andmaybeevenalittleFrench.ButMr.Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping—anditsworthexploringwhyjustabouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththepractice.Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkitmakeseconomicsense.Waitersknowthattheywongetpaidiftheydondoagoodjobishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesure,thisisatempting,apparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheory,butitappearstohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants.MichaelLynn,anassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingatCornellsSchoolofHotelAdministration,hasconducteddozensofstudiesoftippingandhasconcludedthatconsumersassessmentsofthequalityofservicecorrelateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rather,customersarelikelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaningforwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwaterglassisrefilled—inotherwords,customerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver,notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynnsstudiesalsoindicatethatmalecustomersincreasetheirtipsforconsumersmore,sWhatservers.malefortipstheirincreasecustomersfemalewhileserversfemaleseemtoforgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thus,thetippingsystemisanopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscallupwelling:everybottleofimportedwater,everyespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyintheserverspocket.Aggressiveupwellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhilelow-key,qualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.Inaddition,thepracticeoftippooling,whichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandisbecomingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasyspoon,hasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonanindividualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcome,youarepunishingthegoodwaitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeed,thereappearstobelittleconnectionbetweentippingandgoodservice.（分数：10.00）(1).ItmaybeinferredthataEuropean-styleservice（分数：2.00）A.istipping-free.√B.chargeslittletip.C.istheauthorsinitiative.D.isofferedatPerSe.解析：解析：推断题。根据关键词定位到第一段。根据hewouldabolishthepracticeoftippingatPerSe．hisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCity，andreplaceitwithEuropean-styleservice档牡敧，replace表明欧洲式的服务收费与付小费 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 相反，因此A项“不付小费的”为正确答案。(2).WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheauthor?（分数：2.00）A.Tippingisacommonpracticeintherestaurantworld.B.Waitersdoncareabouttipping.√C.Customersgenerallybelieveintipping.D.Tippinghaslittleconnectionwiththequalityofservice.解析：解析：细节题。此题宜选用排除法来确定答案。根据各个选项的关键词在原文中定位．可知A项“在餐饮业付小费是普遍的做法”、C项“顾客通常笃信小费制度”、D项“小费制度与服务质量几乎没有关系”都正确。根据第三段提到的Waitersknowthattheywon'tgetpaidiftheydon'tdoagoodjob以及下文的“thisisa…rationalstatementabouteconomictheory”可知B项“侍者不在乎小费”表述错误。(3).AccordingtoMichaelLynnsstudies,waiterswilllikelygetmoretipsifthey（分数：2.00）A.haveperformedgoodservice.B.frequentlyrefillcustomerswaterglass.C.wincustomersfavor.√D.servecustomersofthesamesex.解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位到第四、五段。由第五段的customerstipthemorewhentheyliketheserver，潮?桷湥琠敨猠牥楶散椠?潧摯可知，如果侍者能够赢得顾客的青睐，他就可能会得到更多的小费，这与服务质量没有关系，因此C项为正确答案。(4).Wemayinferfromthecontextthat%upwelling(Para.6)probablymeans（分数：2.00）A.sellingsomethingup.B.sellingsomethingfancy.C.sellingsomethingunnecessary.D.sellingsomethingmoreexpensive.√解析：解析：含义题。根据关键词定位到第六段。本段开头说：消费者似乎忘记了这样一个事实，即账单消费越多，小费也越多。因此小费制度就等于变相公开邀请饭店服务员“upwelling”，冒号后面解释了什么是upwelling：每瓶进口水、每杯高级咖啡、每杯鸡尾酒都意味着侍者口袋里额外的小费。下文接着提到Aggressiveupwellingfortipsisoftenrewarded，即这种upwelling的行为是为了得到小费。综上不难判断，答案为D项，upwelling意思是“卖出更贵的东西”。(5).Thispassageismainlyabout（分数：2.00）A.reasonstoabolishthepracticeoftipping.√B.economicsenseoftipping.C.consumersattitudestowardstipping.D.tippingforgoodservice.解析：解析：主旨题。文章开头提到要取消小费制度，第二段提到有必要探讨为什么餐饮业人员维护小费制度的做法是错误的，接下来就讲了几点原因，最后得出结论：付小费与优质服务几乎没有关系，由此可见本文主要是讲取消小费制度的原因，A项为正确答案。Cyberspace,datasuperhighways,multimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.YetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalUtopia,littleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.Aswithallnewhightechnology,whiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththehow,thequestionoforwhomisputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundaries,andtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftrade,exchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.Asuturesaretradedoncomputerscreens,developingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.Sowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrol?Onealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—so-calleddevelopmentcommunicationsmodernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountrieseconomies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.,EuropeorJapan;thepatents,skillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensive,andimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermore,whennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelites,foreigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefit,thosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.（分数：10.00）(1).Fromthepassage,weknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof（分数：2.00）A.therichcountries.√B.scientificdevelopment.C.theelite.D.theworldeconomy.解析：解析：细节题。本题问高新技术的发展符合谁的利益，考查了对文章主题的把握，参见文章大意。文章中有多处信息，比如说第二段最后一句话说信息技术使电子经济成为可能，但是这却使富国加强了对世界市场的控制，对穷国造成的是毁灭性的影响。第四段最后一句话也讲购买新的技术造成了穷国对富国的依赖，对穷国的经济也是永久性的限制。由此可见，高新技术的发展对富国有利，符合它们的利益，所以选A项。(2).Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（分数：2.00）A.internationaltradeshouldbeexpanded.B.theinterestsofthepoorcountrieshavenotbeengivenenoughconsideration.√C.theexportsofthepoorcountriesshouldbeincreased.D.communicationstechnologyinthedevelopingcountriesshouldbemodernized.解析：解析：推断题。本题要求对全文进行推断。这种题目一般要看作者在文章中的观点句。参见文章第一段第二句“然而对于所有有关即将来临的技术乌托邦的言论来说，很少有人注意到这些发展对穷人的影项是文章中没有的观点。本文讲穷国如果A项对。B响”，说明穷国的利益没有被给予足够的考虑，所以．依赖很少一些产品的出口就会变成国际经济机器的小零件．也就是富国的附庸，并没有说要鼓励出口，所以C项不对。作者也没有提到发展中国家的信息技术应该现代化，所以D项不对。(3).Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries?（分数：2.00）A.Becauseitenablesthedevelopedcountriestocontroltheinternationalmarket.√B.Becauseitdestroystheeconomicbalanceofthepoorcountries.C.Becauseitviolatesthenationalboundariesofthepoorcountries.D.Becauseitinhibitstheindustrialgrowthofdevelopingcountries.解析：解析：细节题。本题问作者为什么说电子经济对发展中国家可能有毁灭性的影响。根据题干关键词，可知问题指向文章第二段末句：信息技术使电子经济成为可能，但是这却使富国加强了对世界市场的控制，对穷国造成的是毁灭性的影响。withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots中的with引导独立主格结构表示结果，前面的句子是造成这个结果的原因，也就是这使得发达国家可以控制国际市场，所以A项对。B、C项文章中没提到。D项讲这限制了发展中国家的工业发展，非常容易误选，因为这和第四段最后一句的后半句内容是一致的。但是，首先这句话偏离了考点，而且thisleadsto…andperhapspermanentconstraints…中的this是指代发展中国家买进最新的计算机和通讯技术的，而问题是电子经济对发展中国家为什么有毁灭性的影响。选择项中的it是指代theelectroniceconomy的，所以D项不能选，这是典型的移花接木。(4).Thedevelopmentofmoderncommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountriesmay（分数：2.00）A.hindertheirindustrialproduction.B.causethemtolosecontroloftheirtrade.C.forcethemtoreducetheirshareofexports.D.costthemtheireconomicindependence.√解析：解析：细节题。本题问发展中国家现代信息技术的发展可能导致什么。问题指向文章第四段最后一句。此句中的this又是指代题干中的内容，所以答案就是最后一句的内容。答案为“丧失经济独立”，与原文中的“导致长期依赖”一致，所以选D项。其他选项的内容都没有在最后一句话中反映出来。(5).Theauthorsattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis（分数：2.00）A.positive.B.critical.√C.indifferent.D.tolerant.解析：解析：态度题。这可以从整个文章的发展看出来，而目．作者在文章中用了destructiveimpact，instability，long-termdependency，permanentconstraints这些词表达了对信息革命的否定态度，所以选B项。Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.Whatsmore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.（分数：10.00）(1).Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?（分数：2.00）A.Byitsproductivity.B.Byitssustainability.√C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment.D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth.解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词measure定位到原文第一段。第二句提到“wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolomeasureofprogress…”，即可持续发展经常被当作农业进步的唯一 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。只要定位准确，对此句稍加理解，即可选出正确答案。(2).Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（分数：2.00）A.localizedpollution.B.theshrinkingoffarmland.C.competitionfromoverseas.D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity.√解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词specialisation和increaseyields定位到原文第三段整个段落，尤其是最后—句“However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.”考生要注意转折副词however后面的内容一贯是命题人员特别青睐的命题点。另外，要熟悉leadto／resultin和diminish／decrease这两组词的同义置换。(3).Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?（分数：2.00）A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.√D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.解析：解析：推断题。根据题干中的关键词traditionalfarmingpractices可定位到原文第五段第三句中的例证Forexample，weneedto…thannewones(例如，我们必须放弃传统做法必然比新的做法更有可持续性的这种想法)，关键是对moveawayfrom(抛开)和inevitably(必然地)这两个词语的正确把握，也就是C项中notnecessarily(不是必然地，不一定)更为考究的说法。(4).Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?（分数：2.00）A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges.√B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts.C.Itwillabandontraditionalfarmingpractices.D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment.解析：解析：细节题。原文第五段第一句Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th中的differentfrom与A项中changes的转化相对应。只要定位准确，不难选出正确答案。(5).Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthispassage?（分数：2.00）A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.√解析：解析：主旨题。本文旨在探讨衡量农业“可持续发展”的标准内涵。作者在第一段指出“可持续性”这个概念不足以衡量农业，因为它没有考虑到历史和文化因素。在第六段进而提出要作动态的阐释，最后一段明确指出关键是要认识到农业的可持续发展不仅仅指粮食生产的持续增产。因此，作者写作此文的目的是要理清概念，敦促人们重新认识“可持续农业”的意蕴，故D项为正确答案。