施心远主编《听力教程》4-(第2版)Unit-5答案

AListeningCourse4施心远主编《听力教程》4(第2版) 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 Unit5SectionOne:TacticsforListeningPart1:ListeningandTranslationStocks,bonds,land--peopleinvestindifferentthingsandfordifferentreasons.股票、债券、土地--人们由于不同原因进行不同的投资。2.Butallinvestorssharethesamegoal.但是所有的投资者都有一个共同的目标。3.Theywanttogetmoremoneyoutoftheirinvestmentthantheyputintoit.他们希望通过投资获得比所有投入的资金更多的货币回报。4.Themoneytheyinvesttodayprovidescapitalforfuturegrowthintheeconomy.他们今天的投资为将来经济的发展提供了资金。5.Investorshavetodecidehowmuchrisktheyarewillingtotakeandforhowlong.投资者必须决定自己愿意在多长的时间范围内承受多大的风险。SectionTwoListeningComprehensionPart1DialogueTheBankManagerExercise:Listentothedialogueandchoosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.D2.A3.D4.B5.C6.C7.A8.CPart2PassageStockMarket:HowitWorksEx.A.Pre-listeningQuestionWhatdoyouknowaboutstockmarketinChina?TheShanghaiStockExchangewasfoundedonNovember26th,1990andinoperationonDecember19ththesameyear,andShenzhenStockExchangewasestablishedonDecember1st,1990.Ex.B:SentenceDictation1.AwaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreadpricedeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageplunged508pointsinthepanickedrushtosell.2.Thestockmarketisthemeansthroughwhichpreviouslyissuedcorporatestocks,sharesofownershipinacorporation,aretraded.3.However,theforcesinfluencingthepricesofcorporatestocksarequitedifferentfromthoseinfluencingthepricesofgoodsandservices.4.Peopleandorganizationswhobuyandholdstockdosofortheincomestheyhopetoearn.5.WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyaportfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.Ex.C:DetailedListening.1.B2.A3.D4.B5.B6.D7.C8.CEx.D:After-listeningDiscussionWhatis“BlackMonday”?OnOctober19,1987,awaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreaddeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.Thatdayis“BlackMonday”.Onthatday,therewerehardlyanybuyorders,andthemarketswerefloodedwithsellorders.Over600millionsharesweretradedontheNewYorkStockExchange---morethantwicetheNYSE’saveragesalesvolume.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageofthepricesof30stocksofmajorUScompanieslost22.6percentofitsvalueonthatmemorableday,plunging508pointsinthepanickedrushtosell.WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyaportfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.2.Doyouliketobeabroker?Why?Open.ScriptofPassage:StockMarket:HowItWorksOnMonday,October19,1987,awaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreadpricedeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.ONthatday,nowinfamousas“BlackMonday”,over600millionsharesweretradedontheNewYorkStockExchange---morethantwicetheNYSE’saveragesalesvolume.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageofthepricesof30stocksofmajorUScompanieslost22.6percentofitsvalueonthatmemorableday,plunging508pointsinthepanickedrushtosell.Whatisthestockmarket,andhowisitaffectedbytheforcesofsupplyanddemand?Thestockmarketisthemeansthroughwhichpreviouslyissuedcorporatestocks,sharesofownershipinacorporation,aretraded.Stockexchangesareorganizationswhosemembersactasintermediariestobuyandsellstocksfortheirclients.About80percentofallstocktradingintheUnitedStatestakesplaceattheNewYorkStockExchange.ThereareotherstockexchangesintheUnitedStatesaswellasinParis,London,SydneyandTokyo.Howarestockpricesdetermined?Theanswer,asyoumightexpect,isbysupplyanddemand.However,theforcesinfluencingthepricesofcorporatestocksarequitedifferentfromthoseinfluencingthepricesofgoodsandservices.Peopleandorganizationswhobuyandholdstockdosofortheincomestheyhopetoearn.Theincomesdependondividendspaidtostockholders,changesintheincomestheyhopetoearn.Theincomesdependondividendspaidtostockholders,changesinthepriceofstockovertime,andtheexpectedreturncomparedtothereturnonalternativeinvestments.Onanygivendayinthestockmarket,thereareorderstobuyandorderstosell.Theorderstobuyconstitutethequantityofastockdemandedatthecurrent(oranticipated)pricepershare,whiletheorderstosellconstitutethequantitysuppliedatthatprice.Thechiefinfluenceonboththesupplyofanddemandforstocksistheincomepotentialofholdingthestockcomparedtotheincomepotentialofholdingalternativeassetssuchasbonds,othertypesofsecurities,orrealpropertylikebuildingsandland.OntheNewYorkStockExchange,tradinginallstocksiscontinuous.Aspecialistisassignedtooverseetradingineachstock.Thisspecialistisa“broker’sbroker”whotriestoadjustthepriceofthestocksothatquantitydemandedequalsquantitysupplied.However,thespecialistisalsoallowedtopurchasethestocktoholdasapersonalinvestmentifnobuyercanbefound.Inthiswaythespecialistcanexertsomeinfluenceonthesupplyofanddemandforstocks,andwilldosoifit’sprofitable.OnOctober19,1987,therewerehardlyanybuyorders,andthemarketswerefloodedwithsellorders.Becauseofthetremendoussurplusofstocksattheprevailingprices,specialistsandcallclerksloweredpricesuntilquantitydemandedequaledquantitysupplied.WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyaportfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.SectionThreeNewsNewsItem1Ex.A:SummarizethenewsThisnewsitemisaboutthefactthatArcticisthewarmestintwomillennia.Ex.B:Listenagainandfillintheblanks.Scientistshaveproducedevidenceshowingdramaticallythatthecurrenttemperaturerisethereishighlyunusual.Formostofthelasttwothousandyears,theArcticslowlycooled,aconsequenceofvariationsintheEarth’sorbit.Butoverthelastcentury,thecoolingabruptlyreversed,andtheregionisnowwarmerthanatanytimeinthe2,000yearrecord.WritinginthejournalScience,theresearcherssaythisshowshowquicklytheArcticrespondstoclimaticchanges.NewsItem2Ex.A:ListentothenewsandcompletethesummaryThisitemisaboutWWF'saccusationagainstEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturersofcontributingtoglobaldeforestationbynotusingenoughrecycledmaterial.Ex.B:Listentothenewsagainandanswerthequestions.1.Howmanytreesarebeingdiscardedastissuepapereachday?Morethanaquarterofamilliontrees.2.Whatdidthereportfind?ThereportfoundalarminglylowlevelsofrecycledfibersinthevastmajorityofproductsbyEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturers.3.WherearethefibersusedbyEuropeantoiletandtissuepapercompaniestakenfrom?ThefibersaretakenfromnaturalforestsinSouthAfrica,Asia,EuropeandacrosstheAmericas.4.Whathavemostofthetoiletandtissuepapermanufacturersfailedtodo?Mostofthecompanieshavefailedtotakeeffectivemeasurestopreventillegalorcontroversialtimberfrombeingusedintheirproducts.ScriptofNewsItemTwo:Theinternationalconservationgroup,WWF,hasaccusedEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturersofcontributingtoglobaldeforestationbynotusingenoughrecycledmaterial.Aspokesmansaidmorethanaquarterofamilliontreeswereinfactbeingflusheddowntoiletsordiscardedasrubbisheachday.ThereportfoundalarminglylowlevelsofrecycledfibersinthevastmajorityofproductsandsaidthefiberswereinsteadbeingtakenfromnaturalforestsinSouthAfrica,Asia,EuropeandacrosstheAmericas.Usingvirginforesttomaketoiletpaper,saysthereport,iswastefulandunnecessary.Thereportalsowarnsthatillegalandunsustainableloggingandconflictsoverlandrightsstillexistinmanyoftheseareasandthatallbutoneofthecompanieshavesofarfailedtotakeeffectivemeasurestopreventillegalorcontroversialtimberfrombeingusedintheirproducts.NewsItem3Ex.A:ListenandsummarizethenewsitemThisnewsitemisaboutthewarningsfromspecialiststhatclimatechangecandrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.Ex.BListentothenewsandcompletethefollowingoutlineFindings:Climatechangecandrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.Reason:Birds,mammalsandreptilesarefindingitincreasinglydifficulttofollowtheirusualmigratingpatterns.Examples:1.ThespreadingSaharaDesertcouldmakeitimpossibleforswallowstomaketheepicjourneyfromSouthernAfrica.2.Risingsealevelswilldestroymanycoastalhabitatsforturtlesandwadingbirds.3.Warmeroceanscouldleadtosometurtlespeciesbecomingentirelyfemale.ScriptofNewsItem3Scientistsarewarningthatclimatechangecoulddrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.AreportbyEuropeanornithologistsandzoologistssaythatbirds,mammalsandreptilesarefindingitincreasinglydifficulttofollowtheirusualmigrationpatterns.Thisreportbyornithologistsandzoologistswarnsthatglobalwarmingwillcauseincreasingproblemsformanymigratingspecies.Forexample,thespreadingSaharaDesertcouldmakeitimpossibleforswallowstomaketheirepicjourneyfromSouthernAfrica,andrisingsealevelswilldestroymanycoastalhabitatsforturtlesandwadingbirds.Thestudyevensuggeststhatwarmeroceanscouldleadtosometurtlespeciesbecomingentirelyfemale.Theselectionofsexiscloselylinkedtoseatemperature.SectionFourPart1FeaturereportScript：Money,Fame,PowerDon'tMotivateMostWorkersInhisnewbook,titledDrive,authorDanielPinksaysthere'sabiggapbetweenwhatscienceknowsandwhatbusinessleadersknowabouthowtomotivateaworkforce.Pinksaysmostbusinessesoperatetodayonthecarrot-and-sticksystemofrewardsandpunishments.Employeesarerewardedforgoodperformance,andpenalizedforperformingbadly.AccordingtoPink,thecarrot-and-stickapproachusuallyworkswellinsituationswhereworkersareperformingsimple,routinetasks,likecheckingproductsonanassemblylineorpackingboxes.Butforjobsthatrequirecreativity,anddeeper,morecomplexthinking,suchaswritingordesigning,employersneedtotakeadifferentapproachPinksaysitisimportanttorecognizepeoplearenotasmotivatedbyexternalfactorslikecashrewardsastheyarebythingsthatinterestthem.Hecallstheseintrinsicorinternalmotivators.“Intrinsicmotivatorisdoingsomethingforthesakeoftheactivityitself.Soyouplaythebanjobecauseyouliketoplaythebanjo.Extrinsicmotivatorisdoingsomethinginordertogetareward.SoImightworkreallyhardbecausewhoeverwiththemostsaleswillgeta$100giftcard.”AccordingtoPink,intrinsicmotivatorscanbebrokendownintothreecomponents:Thefirstisautonomy,thatis,self-direction.Anotheroneismastery,thatis,ourdesiretobecomebetteratsomethingthatmatters,andfinally,purpose,whichistodowhatwedoinserviceofsomethinglargerthanourselves."Thosearereallythepathwaytohighperformanceonawholerangeofthings,"saysPink,"especiallyonthemorecreative,conceptual,complexthingsthatmoreandmorepeopleinthiscountry,intheUnitedStates,inWesternEurope,inCanada,inAustralia,inJapaninmuchoftheindustrializedworldaredoing."Pinkgoesontoexplaintheimportanceofautonomyinsituationswherepeopleareinrestrictedenvironments:"Thehistoryofhumansofallkindsofsocieties--western,eastern,modern,ancient--isthathumanbeingstypicallyresistcontrol."Pinkbelievesthegreatestthingsthathavehappenedinhumancivilizationhavebeentheresultofpeoplebeingabletodowhattheywantedtodoandhowtheywantedtodoit:"Mostgreatpiecesofart,mostgreatpiecesofmusic,manygreatarchitecturaltriumphs,manygreattechnologicalinnovations,thethingsthatlastandendure,areoftentheproduct,obviously,ofhumaningenuity,butalsotheproductoftheautonomythatallowedpeopletobeingenious,"hesays.Anotherelementofintrinsicmotivation,saysPink,isthemastery."Whatthegreatestmotivatorwehaveisthedesiretogetbetteratstuff.ThereisaHarvardbusinessschoolresearchthatthebiggestmotivatoratwork-byfar-ismakingprogress.Thatarethedaysthatpeoplefeelmostengaged,mostmotivated,arethedayswhenthey'vemadesomeprogressintheirwork."Pinksaysthat’swhyitissoimportantmanagersrecognizeandvalidateprogressintheiremployee’swork.“Inmyview,themanager'sgreatrolesistohelppeopleseetheirprogress,andtorecognizeprogressandcelebrateprogress.Makingprogressisoneofthosethingsthat[makeup]thevirtuouscircle,sothatifyoumakeprogressoneday,you'remorelikelytobemotivated,whichmakesitmorelikelythatyou'llmakeprogressthenextday."Andbeyondprogress,saysPink,there'sathirdelementofintrinsicmotivation,theuniversalhumandesireforasenseofpurpose."Wetendtoworkbetterwhenweknowwhatwe'redoingmattersinsomeway,"hesays."Notnecessarilymattersinsomesupertranscendenteliminate-green-house-gasesfromtheatmosphereway,butcanbesimplywritingagreatstorythathelpspeopleunderstandtheirworldalittlebitbetter;orcreatingaproductthatmakespeoplelivetheirlivesalittleeasier,orcreatingsomethingthatbringsbeautytosomebody'slife."DanielPinkbelievesthataswelearnmoreaboutthescienceofhumanmotivation,societywilladapt.AuthorDanielPinksaystoday'sbusinessmanagers,facingtheincreasinglycompetitivepressuresofaglobalmarketplace,maybemoreinclinedthaneverbeforetoquestiontraditionalattitudesaboutwhatmotivates,andultimatelyfulfillsus,ashumans.Part2PassageExerciseBDictation1.Agreementsamongpartiesinacompetingrelationshipcanraiseantitrustsuspicions.Competitorsmaybeagreeingtorestrictcompetitionamongthemselves.2.Antitrustauthoritiesmustinvestigatetheeffectandpurposeofanagreementtodetermineitslegality.3.Pricesmayincreaseifconsumerdemandforaproductisparticularlyhighandthesupplyislimited.4.RecentcasesinvolvedagroupofphysicianschargedwithusingaboycotttopreventamanagedcareorganizationfromestablishingacompetinghealthcarefacilityinVirginia.5.TheFTCrecentlychargedagroupofautodealerswithrestrictingcomparativeanddiscountadvertisingtothedetrimentofconsumers.ExerciseC1.T2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.T8.FScript:Agreementsamongpartiesinacompetingrelationshipcanraiseantitrustsuspicions.Competitorsmaybeagreeingtorestrictcompetitionamongthemselves.Antitrustauthoritiesmustinvestigatetheeffectandpurposeofanagreementtodetermineitslegality.竞争者间的横向协定：相互之间有竞争关系的市场主体间的协定很可能引起反托拉斯当局的怀疑。竞争们可能协商在他们自己之间进行限制竞争。反托拉斯当局需要通过调查该协定的影响和目的来确认其合法性。Agreementsaboutpriceorprice-relatedmatterssuchascredittermspotentiallyarethemostserious.That’sbecausepriceoftenistheprincipalwaythatfirmscompete.A"naked"agreementonprice--wheretheagreementisnotreasonablyrelatedtothefirms’businessoperations--isillegal.Hardcore--clearorblatant--price-fixingissubjecttocriminalprosecution.关于价格或诸如信用证条款等有关价格事项的协定是极具潜在危害性的。这是因为价格通常是商家之间竞争的最主要的手段。一项与公司的商业运作不适当地联系在一起的纯价格协定是非法的。Hardcore--clearorblatant--price-fixingissubjecttocriminalprosecution.限价行为不论其是清晰的还是极为显著的，都将面临到刑事指控。Aresimilarityofprices,simultaneouspricechangesorhighpricesindicationsofprice-fixing?Notalways.Theseconditionscanresultfromprice-fixing,buttoprovethecharge,antitrustauthoritieswouldneedevidenceofanagreementtofixprices.Pricesimilarities--ortheappearanceofsimultaneouschangesinprice--alsocanresultfromnormaleconomicconditions.Forexample,vigorouscompetitioncandrivepricesdowntoacommonlevel.Ageneralincreaseinwholesalegasolinecostsduetoproductionshortagescancausegasolinestationstoincreaseretailpricesaroundthesametime.Asfortheappearanceofuniformly"high"prices,collusionmaynotbetheonlybasisforthesituation.Pricesmayincreaseifconsumerdemandforaproductisparticularlyhighandthesupplyislimited.Askanyshopperinsearchofaparticularlypopularchildren’stoy.是否近似价格、同时发生的价格变动或高价格都是限价行为的迹象呢？并非总是如此。这些情形可以是由限价行为而引发的，但是反托拉斯当局需要有一限价协定作为证据以支持其指控。近似价格、同时发生的价格变动也可以是由正常的经济环境变动而引发的。例如，激烈的竞争促使价格下降到一个正常的水平；因产量不足而引起的汽油成本整体性上升会促使各加油站在一个大体相同的时间提高它们的零售价格；至于出现的统一的高价格，串谋也可能不是出现这样情形的唯一原因。价格上涨可能是由于消费者对某一供应不足的产品需求特别大。如，要求商家提供一非常受欢迎的儿童玩具。Anagreementtorestrictproductionoroutputisillegalbecausereducingthesupplyofaproductorserviceinevitablydrivesupitsprice.一项关于限制产量的协定是非法的。因为它削减了产品和服务的供应量，这就不可避免地引发了价格上涨。Agroupboycott--anagreementamongcompetitorsnottodealwithanotherpersonorbusiness--violatesthelawifitisusedtoforceanotherpartytopayhigherprices.一团体的联合抵制（即竞争者之间有关禁止与其它人交易的协定）若是以迫使另一团体支付更高的价格为目的，那么这种行为就是非法的。Boycottstopreventafirmfromenteringamarketortodisadvantageacompetitoralsoareillegal.RecentcasesinvolvedagroupofphysicianschargedwithusingaboycotttopreventamanagedcareorganizationfromestablishingacompetinghealthcarefacilityinVirginiaandretailerswhousedaboycotttoforcemanufacturerstolimitsalesthroughacompetingcatalogvendor.联合抵制一家新的公司进入市场或联合使某一竞争者陷入劣势境地同样也是非法的。新近的案例有：弗吉尼亚州一内科医生团体联合抵制一组织建立其竞争性的卫生保健设施而遭到起诉；及零售商们通过联合行动强迫制造商限制其经由竞争性零售网的销售。Areboycottsforotherpurposesillegal?Itdependsontheireffectoncompetitionandpossiblejustifications.AgroupofCaliforniaautodealersusedaboycotttopreventanewspaperfromtellingconsumershowtousewholesalepriceinformationwhenshoppingforcars.TheFTCprovedthattheboycottaffectedpricecompetitionandhadnoreasonablejustification.至于用于其它目的的联合抵制行动是否也是非法的呢？这则取决于它们对于竞争的影响和可能存在的正当抗辩理由。例如，一加利福尼亚的汽车代理商团体曾采取联合抵制行动阻止新闻媒体告诉消费者在购买汽车时怎样利用批发价信息。联邦贸易委员会最终认定这种联合抵制行为影响了价格竞争，而且也没有任何正当的抗辩理由。Agreementsamongcompetitorstodividesalesterritoriesorallocatecustomers--essentially,agreementsnottocompete--arepresumedtobeillegal.Atissueinonerecentcasewasanagreementbetweencabletelevisioncompaniesnottoentereachother’sterritory.竞争者之间关于市场领域划分或分享消费者的协定（本质上是也是限制竞争的）同样被认为是非法的。新近的一个案例是几家有线电视公司签订协定承诺互不进入对方的市场领域。Restrictionsonpriceadvertisingcanbeillegaliftheydepriveconsumersofimportantinformation.Restrictionsonnon-priceadvertisingalsomaybeillegaliftheevidenceshowstherestrictionshaveanticompetitiveeffectsandlackreasonablebusinessjustification.TheFTCrecentlychargedagroupofautodealerswithrestrictingcomparativeanddiscountadvertisingtothedetrimentofconsumers.价格广告方面的限制若是剥夺了消费者需要的一些重要信息就是非法的。对非价格广告的限制亦有可能是非法的，只要有证据 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明这种限制有反竞争性的影响同时又没有正当的商事抗辩理由。联邦贸易委员会不久前曾起诉了一群对比较和折扣广告进行限制，从而损害了消费者利益的汽车代理商。