2011级笔译课件

nullA Course In Translation Between English and ChineseA Course In Translation Between English and Chinese Instructor 胡永晖Get to Know about the Course Get to Know about the Course 1. Why is translation important in human civilization? 2. How important is translation as a course? 3. What requirements are to be met? 4. What goals could be reached? 5. What’s the check-up system for this course? Important Role of Translation Important Role of Translation Translation as a means of communication story of the Tower of Babel In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300BC, while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty (1100BC). Therefore, translation is widely accepted as a medium for bridging different languages and cultures.Important Role of Translation Important Role of Translation Translation as a course 译写读说听null课程设置 Curricula听力口语阅读 写作Significance of translation as a course Significance of translation as a course 1. 翻译是较高层次的一门专业技能课，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学习者； 2. 通过翻译，可以对已经掌握的听、说、读、写的能力进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在综合运用中得到巩固和提高，进一步促进英语学习； 3. 为将来从事翻译工作的人打下坚实的基础。What requirements are to be met?What requirements are to be met? to know about… to grasp… to practice 翻译重在实践.docnull教学要求 Requirements1了解翻译基础理论3译文忠实原文 语言通顺2掌握常用翻译技巧 翻译中等难度篇章 What goals could be reached?What goals could be reached? nullCATTI —China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters (“翻译专业资格（水平）考试” ) 语言水平与职业能力的双重认证； 在全国实行统一的、面向社会的、国内最具权威的翻译专业资格（水平)认证；是对参试人员口译或笔译方面的双语互译能力和水平的认定。 考试合格者，将获得由由国家人事部统一印制的《中华人民共和国翻译专业资格(水平)证书》，该证书在全国范围有效，是聘任翻译专业技术职务的必备条件之一。 http://www.catti.net.cn/null翻译资格证书nullETTBL (“全国商务英语翻译资格考试” ) 全国商务英语翻译资格证书考试办公室具体负责考试工作的实施。 考试合格后，颁发由中国商业联合会统一印制的《全国商务英语翻译资格证书》，是商务英语人员上岗就业的依据，是工商、合资企业、外事单位等用人的资格凭证，证书全国范围内有效。 分五个级别——初级、中级、高级、翻译师和高级翻译师 。 http://www.ettbl.orgnull 期终成绩 (40%) 试卷 平时成绩 (60%) 出勤 课堂 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现 实务实作考核 Check-up SystemList of Reference BooksList of Reference Books1. 说词解句——英汉对比研究与翻译，仝益民 主编 大连理工大学出版社，2009 2. 译艺—英汉汉英双向笔译，陈文伯 编著 世界知识出版社 3. 高级翻译十二讲，杨全红 编著 武汉大学出版社 4. 英汉口笔译技艺，何刚强 编著 复旦大学出版社 5. 大学英汉汉英翻译教程，卢红梅 主编 科学出版社 6. 英汉互译理论与实践，陈秋劲 编著 武汉大学出版社 7. 翻译茶座，毛荣贵、廖晟 编著 中国对外翻译出版公司Baseline Test (E-C )Baseline Test (E-C )Interview in Motorola The last and the most important round in applicant screening in Motorola Company is an examination of the applicants’ moral conduct and professional ethics. He who fails to meet the moral standard of the company shall not be accepted despite his professional background and enthusiasm in work. It is because Motorola stresses much on team spirit and a person of poor moral conduct will do harm to the cohesiveness and working effectiveness. However capable he may be, he cannot make up for the overall losses he has caused the company. Although a person’s moral is not to be quantified, according to Li Zhongbiao, director of the Human Resource Department, it is still possible to be detected from diverse aspects in the interview. For instance, when an interviewee is given a question which is obviously above him, but he pretends he knows it and continues the pretension by further nonsense after being cautioned once. People of this kind are obviously used to lying. There are still some others who, for some purpose, will conceal something, but will soon give themselves away at further inquiries.Baseline Test (C-E)Baseline Test (C-E) 徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区和人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。Home ThinkingHome Thinking1. What is translation? What do you think of the definitions by different people ? What’s your understanding of translation? 2. How do you understand the translation criteria —Faithfulness & Expressiveness for beginners? Give examples to illustrate your opinion. 3. What prerequisites must be met for a qualified translator? And why? 4. What do you think is a proper process of translation? And why? 第一章 翻译概论第一章 翻译概论Q1. What is translation? What do you think of the definitions by different people ? What’s your understanding of translation? Q1. What is translation? What do you think of the definitions by different people ? What’s your understanding of translation? “translation” & “翻译” Various definitions of translation Presently, more than 160 are formally put Nature of translation a science an art a craft cross-cultural communication Translation is…nullSL / STTL / TTtranslatorQ2. How do you understand the translation criteria—Faithfulness & Expressiveness for beginners? Give examples to illustrate your opinion.Q2. How do you understand the translation criteria—Faithfulness & Expressiveness for beginners? Give examples to illustrate your opinion. Faithfulness be faithful to the content of the ST be faithful to the style of the ST Expressiveness smooth/expressive readable a dialectical contradiction to take account of both aspects to avoid two extremesExamples Examples His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars. 他的小说细致地描述了两次大战期间英国的生活状况。 The end result of her hard work was a place at medical school. 她努力学习的最终结果是在医学院有了一席之地。 The thought of going out in the rain and fog discouraged him. 到雨中和雾里去的想法使他打了退堂鼓。 That’s the last we’ll hear of it. 这将是我们最后一次听到。Examples Examples His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars. 他的小说细致地描述了两次大战期间英国的生活状况。 改译：……之间……。 The end result of her hard work was a place at medical school. 她努力学习的最终结果是在医学院有了一席之地。 改译：她学习刻苦，终于进了医学院。 The thought of going out in the rain and fog discouraged him. 到雨中和雾里去的想法使他打了退堂鼓。 改译：一想到外面又是雨，又是雾，他就打退堂鼓了。 That’s the last we’ll hear of it. 这将是我们最后一次听到。 改译：以后不要再提这件事了。Translation Criteria/Principles Translation Criteria/Principles In China traditionally: “案本”—— “求信”—— “神似”—— “化境” 释道安：案本 严复：信、达、雅（Three-character translation theory) 傅雷：神似（Similarity in Spirit） 钱钟书：化境（Sublimity） contemporarily 刘重德 faithfulness, expressiveness, closeness 许渊冲 principle of beauty in three aspects (meaning, sound & form) 辜正坤 theory of multi-complementation 郑海凌 theory of harmony in translation ……Translation Criteria/Principles Translation Criteria/Principles In the West “翻译三原则”（Three Laws of Translation）--- Alexander F. Tytler “等值论”（Adequacy Theory）--- Fedorov “功能对等”（Functional Equivalence Theory）--- Eugene Nida “功能目的论”（Skopostheory）--- Hans Vermeer ......Q3. What prerequisites must be met for a qualified translator? And why?Q3. What prerequisites must be met for a qualified translator? And why?To have a good command of both English language and Chinese language; To have a general knowledge of translation, including basic translation theories and skills; To be well-read and have a wide range of knowledge of the things in almost all areas, ie. to know something of everything and everything of something. Be conscientious, responsible, modest and prudent. Practice makes perfect! Q4. What do you think is a proper process of translation? And why? Q4. What do you think is a proper process of translation? And why? Commonly accepted notion Step 1: 理解 (to comprehend the ST) Step 2: 表达 (to express in TL) Step 3: 审校 (proofreading) 第二章 翻译过程第二章 翻译过程Interview in MotorolaInterview in MotorolaThe last and the most important round in applicant screening in Motorola Company is an examination of the applicants’ moral conduct and professional ethics. He who fails to meet the moral standard of the company shall not be accepted despite his professional background and enthusiasm in work. It is because Motorola stresses much on team spirit and a person of poor moral conduct will do harm to the cohesiveness and working effectiveness. However capable he may be, he cannot make up for the overall losses he has caused the company. Although a person’s moral is not to be quantified, according to Li Zhongbiao, director of the Human Resource Department, it is still possible to be detected from diverse aspects in the interview. For instance, when an interviewee is given a question which is obviously above him, but he pretends he knows it and continues the pretension by further nonsense after being cautioned once. People of this kind are obviously used to lying. There are still some others who, for some purpose, will conceal something, but will soon give themselves away at further inquiries.Suggested TranslationSuggested Translation摩托罗拉的面试 摩托罗拉筛选应聘者的最后一关，也是最重要的一个环节 ，是对每个应聘者个人品行和职业道德的考察。如果一个应聘者的品行不符合摩托罗拉的要求，就算他的专业背景再好，工作兴趣再高，摩托罗拉也不会录用 。这是因为摩托罗拉非常强调团队精神，一个品行欠佳的人会影响团队的凝聚力和战斗力 ，他的个人能力再强，也不能弥补他对公司整体造成的损失。 虽然一个人的品行很难量化，但是摩托罗拉的人力资源部总监李重彪认为，在面试的过程中，仍然可以从多个方面来判断一个人的品行。比如有的人来面试，问他一个问题，他明明不懂，但是装懂，经过一次提醒之后，他还在那儿装懂，继续胡扯。这样的人一看就是说谎惯了的。有的人为了达到某种目的，会隐瞒一些问题，只要稍加追问，很快就会露出马脚。　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Interview in Motorola 摩托罗拉的面试Interview in Motorola 摩托罗拉的面试The last and the most important round in applicant screening in Motorola Company is an examination of the applicants’ moral conduct and professional ethics. He who fails to meet the moral standard of the company shall not be accepted despite his professional background and enthusiasm in work. It is because Motorola stresses much on team spirit and a person of poor moral conduct will do harm to the cohesiveness and working effectiveness. However capable he may be, he cannot make up for the overall losses he has caused the company. 摩托罗拉筛选应聘者的最后一关，也是最重要的一个环节 ，是对每个应聘者个人品行和职业道德的考察。如果一个应聘者的品行不符合摩托罗拉的要求，就算他的专业背景再好，工作兴趣再高，摩托罗拉也不会录用 。这是因为摩托罗拉非常强调团队精神，一个品行欠佳的人会影响团队的凝聚力和战斗力 ，他的个人能力再强，也不能弥补他对公司整体造成的损失。Interview in Motorola 摩托罗拉的面试Interview in Motorola 摩托罗拉的面试Although a person’s moral is not to be quantified, according to Li Zhongbiao, director of the Human Resource Department, it is still possible to be detected from diverse aspects in the interview. For instance, when an interviewee is given a question which is obviously above him, but he pretends he knows it and continues the pretension by further nonsense after being cautioned once. People of this kind are obviously used to lying. There are still some others who, for some purpose, will conceal something, but will soon give themselves away at further inquiries. 虽然一个人的品行很难量化，但是摩托罗拉的人力资源部总监李重彪认为，在面试的过程中，仍然可以从多个方面来判断一个人的品行。比如有的人来面试，问他一个问题，他明明不懂，但是装懂，经过一次提醒之后，他还在那儿装懂，继续胡扯。这样的人一看就是说谎惯了的。有的人为了达到某种目的，会隐瞒一些问题，只要稍加追问，很快就会露出马脚。　　　　Sum-up Sum-up 理解是关键，是表达的前提 1st reading: scan to get the main idea; meanwhile to mark the words or sentences arousing doubts 2nd reading: detailed study via analyzing the organization of each paragraph to keep to the topic the structure of difficult sentences solve the problem of difficult words or sentences 3rd reading: read over to make sure a thorough understanding and comprehension has been made Sum-up Sum-up 表达 “是一个极其复杂的过程，译者需要考虑众多因素，处理众多矛盾。”（孙致礼，P17） 要正确处理“忠实”与“通顺”的关系 要正确处理“内容”与“形式”的关系 要正确处理“创造意识”与“克己意识”的关系 eg. The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit, …(but he is no rover. ) 上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的辉煌纪录……(S) 上班族一生中有惊人的行程，但是从未东游西逛过。(孙致礼) 改译：上班族一生奔波于郊区栖身所与上班所在地之间，行程惊人，却未曾逛过这座城市。Sum-up Sum-up 审校是确保译文质量必不可少的一道“工序”。 1st reading: check by the ST to see if there’re any missed parts or mistranslation time & date number, weights and measures names of places or persons idioms 2nd reading: read out to see if the translation is awkward-sounding 3rd reading: …翻译：没有最好，只有更好翻译：没有最好，只有更好鲁镇的酒店的格局, 是和别处不同的:都是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台, 柜里面预备着热水, 可以随时温酒。(《鲁迅文集》) 初译: The layout of Luzhen’s taverns is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpenter’s square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine. （Lu Xun Selected Works） 改译: The wine shops in Luchen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine. （Selected Stories of Lu Xun） by 杨宪益，戴乃迭理解是关键，是表达的前提 理解是关键，是表达的前提 1. Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you’re married with three kids. 2. The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.Suggested Translation Suggested Translation Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you’re married with three kids. 这一带的人十六岁中学毕业，接着就结婚，生三个孩子。 The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、旋转球、保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分 精湛，最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。表达是对“忠实”和“通顺”两大原则的具体应用 表达是对“忠实”和“通顺”两大原则的具体应用 1. It is a common property of any matter that is expanded when it is heated and it contracts when cooled. 2. Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. 3. No dessert for me, thanks. It was as much as I could do to finish the main course. 4. The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible -- about one in four. Suggested Translation Suggested Translation 1. It is a common property of any matter that is expanded when it is heated and it contracts when cooled. 热胀冷缩是所有物质的共性。 2. Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. 作用力与反作用力大小相等,方向相反。 Suggested Translation Suggested Translation 3. No dessert for me, thanks. It was as much as I could do to finish the main course. 谢谢，别给我甜食了。我能吃完这道主菜就不错了。 4. The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible -- about one in four. 大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！ Note:审校是确保译文质量必不可少的一道“工序” Note:审校是确保译文质量必不可少的一道“工序” He’s always lethargic after little sleep. 小睡之后他总是懒洋洋的。 Our teacher has a true interest in her students. 我们的老师对学生有真正的兴趣。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 这是我想最后见到你的地方。 My toes were frostbitten from skating too long. 滑冰的时间太长使我的脚趾冻伤了。 All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 所有的物质都是由分子和原子组成的。 改译 改译 He’s always lethargic after little sleep. 他一睡眠不足，就无精打采。 Our teacher has a true interest in her students. 我们的老师真正关心自己的学生。   This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 没想到会在这遇到你。 My toes were frostbitten from skating too long. 滑冰时间太长，我的脚趾冻伤了。 All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 所有的物体都是由分子组成,而分子又是由原子组成. Note:审校是确保译文质量必不可少的一道“工序”Note:审校是确保译文质量必不可少的一道“工序”上海人精明而不聪明。 People of Shanghai are smart but foolish/not clever/not wise. 他能吃能睡。 He can eat and sleep.  他每天很晚才睡。 He sleeps late every day. 开袋即食。 Open it and help yourself, please!改译改译上海人精明而不聪明。 People of Shanghai are penny wise but pound foolish. 他能吃能睡。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper.  他每天很晚才睡。 He sits/stays up late every day. 开袋即食。 Ready to be served.Home ReadingHome Reading Translation Methods第三章 翻译方法第三章 翻译方法Translation Methods Translation Methods literal translation liberal translation foreignization domestication 1.“直译”和“意译”1.“直译”和“意译”Notice: 无论在中国还是在西方，何谓“直译”，何谓“意译”，至今尚无定论。 直译(literal translation)—— A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. It is also known as word-for-word translation. eg. chain reaction; gentlemen’s agreement; breathe one’s last; go to the eternal rest; the long sleep; see one’s ancestors; go west; see God; go to heaven 意译(liberal/ free translation)——A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the source text. It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original. eg. Adam’s apple; at sixes and sevens; It rains cats and dogs. Which is better?Which is better?1) Studies alone can conduct us to that enjoyment which is best in quality and infinite in quantity. 直译：学习本身可以给我们质量最好,数量无限的快乐。 意译：学习本身能给我们无穷无尽的快乐。 2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. 直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。 意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。 Liberal Translation & Free TranslationLiberal Translation & Free TranslationNo pains, no gains. 直译：不劳则无获。 意译：一分耕耘，一分收获。 After rain comes sunshine. 直译：雨后有晴天。 意译：苦尽甘来/ 阳光总在风雨后。 The last straw breaks the camel’s back。 直译：最后一根稻草压断了骆驼的背。 意译：凡事适可而止。 There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid. 直译：没有罐子丑得配不到盖子。 意译：罐儿再丑，配个盖子不用愁。/丑女不愁嫁。 A word said and a stone let go can’t be recalled. 直译：说出去的话和扔出去的石头一样，是收不回来的。 意译：一言既出，驷马难追。“直译”与“意译”之争 “直译”与“意译”之争 “国内外都出现过所谓的直译派和意译派。美国的奈达就是意译派的代表，而英国的纽马克则是直译派的代表。中国译坛的直译、意译之争也相当激烈。但不少翻译家或翻译理论家经过争论之后达成了一个共识：直译和意译应该互相兼容补充。人们发现：真正主张直译的人其实并不排斥意译，而是反对胡译、乱译；主张意译的人也不排斥直译，而是反对死译、硬译。直译容易出现“翻译症”，即追求机械对等；意译容易脱离原文本意，即随意乱译。其实两派攻击的都是对方的弱点。”（宋天锡《英汉互译实用教程》P19）应避免两个极端: “死译”与“胡译”应避免两个极端: “死译”与“胡译”1) They want quality, but at budget price. 译文一：他们需要质量，但却要预算价格。（awkward/mechanical translation） 译文二：他们既想要服务质量好，又想要价格合算。/ 他们想要物美价廉。 2) I gave him a back rub, marveling at the symmetrical knit of muscle, the organic tension. 译文一：我给他揉了一会儿背，惊叹于他那肌肉的对称组合和有机的紧张。（awkward/mechanical translation） 译文二：我给他推背时发现他的肌肉匀称而结实，这让我惊叹不已。 3) A new dignity crept into his steps. 译文一：他雄赳赳气昂昂地迈开大步走。 （mistranslation） 译文二：他走起路来,不知不觉平添了几分尊严。 2. “异化”和“归化”2. “异化”和“归化”异化译法(foreignization)：Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one. 指在翻译中保留原文语言文化的特异之处，将读者引向作者以及作者所处的文化环境。采取原文的表达方式，往往能更加准确、更加充分地传达原文的意思。 归化译法(domestication)： Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers. 指在翻译中尽量用译语的语言行文方式和文化指向来传达源语文化现象，将作者引向读者，力求译文通顺易懂，能为译语读者所接受。Foreignization & DomesticationForeignization & Domesticationcatch-22 异化译法：第二十二条军规（背景知识：根据这一条军规，疯子才能获准免于飞行，但必须由本人提出申请；同时又 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ，凡能意识到飞行有危险而提出免飞申请的，属头脑清醒者，应继续执行飞行任务。第二十二条军规还规定，飞行员飞满上级规定的次数就能回国，但它又说，你必须绝对服从命令，要不就不准回国。因此上级可以不断给飞行员增加飞行次数，而你不得违抗。如此反复，永无休止。） 归化译法：悖论式的进退维谷的局面，叫人左右为难的情况 “the stick and the carrot” policy vs. Example 5 (P33) zebra-crossing bottleneck 功夫 kongfu/kungfu cf. martial arts 豆腐 tofu/doufu cf. bean curd 太极 taiji/tai chi cf. shadow boxingForeignization & DomesticationForeignization & DomesticationHe is as poor as a church mouse. Rome was not built in one day. Every family has skeletons in its closet. We don’t like others to see our dirty laundry. The weather and human life are both unpredictable. Too many cooks spoil the broth. A stitch in time saves nine. Beggars can’t be choosers.Foreignization & DomesticationForeignization & DomesticationHe is as poor as a church mouse. 异化：他穷得像教堂里的老鼠。 归化：他一贫如洗。 Rome was not built in one day. 异化：罗马不是一天之内建成的。 归化：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。/他山之石，非一日而蹴。/万丈高楼平地起。/伟业非一日之功。/水滴石穿非一日之功。 Every family has skeletons in its closet. 异化：每个家庭的橱窗都藏有骷髅头。 归化：家家有本难念的经。/家丑不可外扬。/家家都有不可告人之事。 We don’t like others to see our dirty laundry. 异化：我们都不愿外人看到自己的脏衣服。 归化：家丑不可外扬。Foreignization & DomesticationForeignization & DomesticationThe weather and human life are both unpredictable. 异化：天气和人生，二者最难料。 归化：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。/人生无常，世事难料。 Too many cooks spoil the broth. 异化：厨师太多煮坏一锅汤。 归化：人多手杂。/人多嘴杂。/人多坏事。/人多误事。 A stitch in time saves nine. 异化：及时一针省九针。 归化：小洞不补，大洞吃苦。/防微杜渐。/亡羊补牢，为时未晚。/及时处理，事半功倍。 Beggars can’t be choosers. 异化：乞丐不能选择。 归化：要来的饭别嫌馊。/要饭的不要挑肥拣瘦。/贫者受人欺。Questions for Discussion Questions for Discussion 1. How do you understand the sentence “从历史上来看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。”?（P27） 2. Do you think it appropriate to talk about “foreignizing method” and “domesticating method” without referring to “literal translation ” and “liberal translation” ? Why or why not? 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 总结 “直译” ≠ “异化” “意译” ≠ “归化” “直译”与“意译”立足于语言层面，如语言的形式、意义等； “归化”与“异化”立足于文化语境，如文化内涵、特定文化的价值取向等； 就翻译文化因素而言，“异化”手段似成趋势，尤其是文学作品见多； 总的说来，异化、归化并用互补居多。《红楼梦》两个译本反映译者的“异化”和“归化”取向《红楼梦》两个译本反映译者的“异化”和“归化”取向1）真是天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福 。 “Truly, ‘Storms gath