美国文学简史课件1

nullAmerican LiteratureAmerican LiteratureBook IAmerican LiteratureAmerican LiteratureTeaching Materials: A Survey of American Literature， 《美国文学简史》（第二版），常耀信， 南开大学出版社。Further Reading:Further Reading:李宜燮，常耀信， Selected Readings in American Literature《美国文学选读》（ 上册 三年级上册必备古诗语文八年级上册教案下载人教社三年级上册数学 pdf四年级上册口算下载三年级数学教材上册pdf ）。 李宜燮，常耀信， Selected Readings in American Literature《美国文学选读》（ 下册 数学七年级下册拔高题下载二年级下册除法运算下载七年级下册数学试卷免费下载二年级下册语文生字表部编三年级下册语文教材分析 ）。 A Guide to a Survey of American Literature,《<美国文学简史>（第二版）学习指南》，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。 《牛津文学术语词典》，上海外语教育出版社。 《漫话英美文学》.常耀信. 天津：南开大学出 版社，2004. null    美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。 美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。 按照时期分类按照时期分类一、殖民时期（约1607—1765） 二、启蒙时期和独立革命（1765—18世纪末） 三、浪漫主义时期（1865—1918） 四、现实主义时期（1865—1918） 五、现代主义时期（1918—1945） 六、当代文学（1945— ） null殖民地时期 独立革命至南北战争时期 南北战争到第一次世界大战 两次世界大战之间 第二次世界大战后 殖民地时期殖民地时期印第安人文化 早期移民文化 （科顿·马瑟、乔纳森·爱德华兹） 诗歌创作 （迈克尔·威格尔斯沃思 、安妮·布拉兹特里特 、爱德华·泰勒 ） 独立革命至南北战争时期 独立革命至南北战争时期 民族文学的诞生 托马斯·杰弗逊 本杰明·富兰克林 菲利普·弗瑞诺 早期浪漫主义文学 欧文 库珀 布莱恩特 超验主义与后期浪漫主义 爱默生 梭罗 霍桑 梅尔维尔 朗费罗 洛威尔 霍姆斯 废奴文学 （斯托夫人 ） 诗歌（民主诗人惠特曼） 美国民族文学形成时期 南北战争到第一次世界大战 南北战争到第一次世界大战 现实主义文学 豪威尔斯 乡土文学与马克·吐温 心理分析小说家亨利·詹姆斯 黑人文学 道格拉斯 邓巴 切斯纳特 两次世界大战之间 两次世界大战之间 现代派文学的兴起 诗歌 (艾米莉·迪金森；庞德 ；H.D.希尔达·杜利特尔 ；艾·洛威尔；威·卡·威廉斯；桑德堡；沃·斯蒂文斯；艾·李·马斯特斯；玛·莫尔 ) 戏剧（奥尼尔 ） 小说 （格·斯泰因；舍·安德森 ） 迷惘的一代（海明威 ；菲茨杰拉尔德 ） 两次世界大战之间两次世界大战之间现实主义文学的发展 小说（德莱塞 ；辛·刘易斯 ；薇拉·凯瑟 ） “哈莱姆文艺复兴” （休斯；卡伦；理查德·赖特 ） 左翼文学与反法西斯文学 （约翰·里德 ；多斯·帕索斯 ；斯坦贝克 ；海明威；海尔曼 ） “南方文艺复兴” （威廉·福克纳 ） 戏剧的“黄金时代” （奥尼尔 ） “新批评” （注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义，割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）第二次世界大战后 第二次世界大战后 战争文学 （梅勒 ；詹姆斯·琼斯 ） “垮掉的一代” “黑色幽默” （海勒 ；冯内古特；阿尔比-荒诞派戏剧） “非虚构小说” （卡波特的《凶杀》(1966)与梅勒的《刽子手之歌》 ） 犹太人文学 （贝洛 ；辛格 ；马拉默德；罗斯 ） 黑人文学（拉尔夫·艾列森 ；鲍德温 ；关德琳·布鲁克斯 ；洛伦·亨斯伯利 ；勒鲁伊·琼斯 ） 南方作家 （福克纳；波特；威尔蒂；斯泰伦；奥康诺；麦柯勒斯；威廉斯 ） 纽约作家 （利·特里林；玛·麦卡锡；约翰·契弗；厄普代克） 个性化的诗歌 （“垮掉派”、“黑山派”、“纽约派”、“具体派”、“自白派”和“新超现实主义派”） 理论与批评 按照体裁分类按照体裁分类一、自传 二、诗歌 三、戏剧 四、小说按流派分类 按流派分类 重农派 （Agrarians)（20年代） 迷惘的一代 (The Lost Generation)(20年代） 黑山派诗歌 (Black Mountain Poems)（50年代） 垮掉的一代 (The Beat Generation)（50年代） 黑色幽默 (Black Humor) （60年代）Table of ContentsTable of ContentsIntroduction Brief Outline of American Literature Chapter I Colonial Period Chapter II Revolutionary Period Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau Chapter III American Romanticism Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne IntroductionIntroductionWhat is literature? Writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry. Language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal. Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, sermon, (auto) biography, travel accounts, novelette, etc. It contains fiction & non-fiction. Fiction: (4 genres) Poetry novel drama short story Non-fiction : Essay (4 categories) description narration exposition argumentationBrief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literatureColonial period (1607-1775) Anne Bradstreet Edward Taylor Revolutionary period (1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau Democratic Period (1783-1802) Romanticism (1820-1861) Washington Irving Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Howthorne William Whitman * Transcendentalism * (New England Renaissance) Ralph Waldo Emerson Fillip ThoreauRealism (1861-1914) Mark Twain Henry James Naturalism: Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser The 1920s T.S. Eliot William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation) Imagism: Ezra PoundBrief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literatureThe 1930s Steinbeck Harlem Renaissance (Black American literature) Hughes Wright Ellison American Drama Eugene O’Neill Arthur Miller Tennessee WilliamsThe Post-war Scene Saul Bellow Salinger Poetry: Confessional Poetry Black Mountain Poets San Francisco Renaissance The Beat Generation The New York Poets nullColonial Period (1607-1775)Chapter OneContents Contents Historical background The definition of literary terms The Literary Scene Historical backgroundHistorical backgroundThe first permanent English settlement in North America at James town, Virginia in 1607. In 1630 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Independent War (1776-1783); the foundation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America.The early settlersThe early settlersChristopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492. Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Puritans came the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620. The first settlement was established in Plymouth in 1620. Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1630.Puritanism in AmericaPuritanism in America Why did Puritans come to America? - to escape religious persecution - to reform the Church of England - to have an entirely new church * God’s chosen people * To seek a new Garden of Eden * To build “City of God on earth” The Definition of Literary TermsThe Definition of Literary TermsColonial America American Puritanism American Dream Great AwakeningColonial AmericaColonial AmericaColumbus found the new world in a voyage of 1492. The early 1600s witnessed the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America. In November 9,1620, the Mayflower ship lands at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101 colonists: the establishment of the first American colony and the beginning of the strenuous settlement in the new world. The Native Americans possessed a tragic history of subjugation and bloodshed by those strangers from abroad.American PuritanismAmerican PuritanismPuritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World– a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England. Puritanism PuritanismPuritanism is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should. Puritanism also has its practical aspect. The Puritans had to work hard in order to make a living and be ready for any misfortunes and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them. Puritanism: American Puritans Puritanism: American PuritansPuritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants（新教徒） within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation （英国宗教改革）had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church. They wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism: American Puritans Puritanism: American PuritansPuritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices. Puritans wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology. Puritans look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted. Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. Religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God. Puritanism: American PuritansPuritanism: American PuritansPuritans follow the ideas of John Calvin. Puritanism was influenced heavily by Calvinism. Calvinism refers to a comprehensive theological system, chiefly distinguished by its view of God and His relationship to man. The name of the system is derived by John Calvin’s surname. There are 5 major points of Calvinism. They are be remembered by the acronym: TULIP.TULIPTULIPTotal hereditary/ depravity (original sin, man’s natural inability to exercise free will, since through Adam’s Fall, he has suffered hereditary corruption.) Unconditional election. (predestination, which manifests itself through God’s wisdom to elect those to be saved, despite their inability to perform saving work.) Limited atonement. (particular redemption, man’s hereditary corruption being partially atoned by Christ, and this atonement being provided the elect through the Holy Spirit, giving them the power to attempt to obey God’s will as revealed through Bible) Irresistible grace. (effectual calling, anticipatory grace made available only to the elect. ) Perseverance of the Saints (once saved, always saved) Features of PuritanismFeatures of Puritanism1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. 2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 3) Total depravity: Humanity’s utter corruption since the Fall. 4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.Influence of PuritanismInfluence of PuritanismInfluence - American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. - American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. - Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism. Influence of PuritanismInfluence of Puritanism1） A group of good qualities—hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth– garden of Eden. American literature, in a sense, was a literary expression of the pious idealism of the Puritan request. Namely, American literature is based on a myth, that is, the myth of Garden of Eden. (optimism/American Dream) 3) Symbolism: The Puritans’ metaphorical mode of perception brought American literary symbolism into being, a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. The Puritan style of writing was characterized by simplicity. (The use of metaphors was only to explain the writer’s opinions rather than to decorate.) Puritanism: Puritan values /CreedsPuritanism: Puritan values /Creedshard work thrift piety sobriety Puritans are more practical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. They are optimistic. American DreamAmerican DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of American that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and /or happiness.Great AwakeningGreat AwakeningGreat Awakening is a series of religious revival that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal change and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started in 1734 by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.Types of writing: histories, travel accounts, diaries, biographies, letters, autobiographies, sermons, and poems.Types of writing: histories, travel accounts, diaries, biographies, letters, autobiographies, sermons, and poems.Major writers: John Smith—the first American writer Anne Bradstreet—the first important poet in the American colonies. Her work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(1650) is considered as the first book of original poetry written in colonial America. Edward Taylor—finest poet of the colonial period. Authors and Their WorksAuthors and Their WorksPuritanism: William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Jonathan Edwards. Anti—Puritanism: Roger Williams, John Woolman, Thomas Paine, Philip Freneau Major Writers Major Writers Captain John Smith （约翰·史密斯） the first American writer A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》(1616) General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》（1642） Pocahontas William Bradford (1590-1657)William Bradford (1590-1657)One of the greatest of colonial American, wholly consecrated to a mission in which he regarded himself as an instrument of God. At the age of 18, he accompanied the group to Holland to escape persecution. 13 years later he was one of those who, on December 11, took on the Mayflower and entered Plymouth Bay. From 1622 until his death, Bradford was reelected thirty timed as governor. Masterpiece: Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth PlantationA story of these early American and their long geographical and spiritual pilgrimage. Through the story, we share the struggle, the fears, and the victories over the elements. Bradford sees the signs everywhere and always keeps sight of signs of God’s judgment and providence. Bradford writes in the Puritan Plain style, seldom using any metaphor or decorative language.Three major poets in colonial period:Three major poets in colonial period:Anne Bradstreet Michael Wigglesworth Edward Taylor null Anne Bradstreet (安妮·布拉德斯特里特) (1612-1672) the first American woman poet a Puritan poet, once called “Tenth Muse” most famous poems—“Contemplations”《沉思录》 Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)the first noted poetess in colonial periodAnne Bradstreet’s Works “Some verses on the Burning of Our House” “The Spirit and the Flesh” The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America Anne Bradstreet’s Life * She was born and educated in England. * At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband. * She had 8 children. * She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.the first collection published by English colonists living in AmericaThe Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America Published in England in 1650 as her first book. Bradstreet’s finest poems are those closest to her personal experience as a Puritan wife and mother living in the edge of the wildness. She found similarities between the domestic details of daily life and the spiritual details of her religious life. In conclusion, Anne Bradstreet was not an innovative poet, but her directness and her sincerity are moving.2. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)2. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)the most popular poet in American Colonial Period Work: “The Day of Doom” (1662)3. Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)the finest poet in colonial period/ The greatest poet in American Colonial Period Work: Preparatory Meditation Features of Colonial PoetsFeatures of Colonial PoetsThey were servants of God. They faithfully imitated and transplanted English literary traditions.In English stylePuritan poetsMain Features of Colonial Literature Main Features of Colonial Literature American literature grew out of humble origins. Personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted. The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. Chapter TwoChapter TwoRevolutionary Period (1775-1783) The Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800) “The Age of Reason” “American Enlightenment”Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)I. Background --The Enlightenment Movement --The War of Independence (1775-1783) II. Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin A. Jonathan Edwards’ “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” B. Benjamin Franklin’s The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (pp.21-28) III. Features of Literature Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)I. Background The Enlightenment Movement A. Introduction B. Three Enlightenment thinkers 1.John Locke (1642-1704) 2.Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778) C. The two basic patterns of thought dominating the 18th century American thinking 1. Deism 2. Calvinist beliefs and tenets D. Influence on literatureThe Enlightenment Movement A. IntroductionThe Enlightenment Movement A. IntroductionOriginated in Europe in the 17th century Resources: Newton’s theory; deism（自然神教派，见课本，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）; French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire)     Basic principles: stressing education; stressing Reason (Order) (The Age of Reason.); employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice Significance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for American Revolution B. Three Enlightenment thinkers B. Three Enlightenment thinkers 1. John Locke (1642-1704), English Enlightenment thinker put forward the idea of men being by name free, equal and independent. maintained that life is a natural right, along with liberty and property. believed that government should be based upon the consent of the governed and a state founded on the concept of consent must be structured to allow for expressions of popular consent or will.2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)an English political philosopher sought to apply rational principles to the study of human nature. believed that man is motivated most strongly by a desire for self-preservation, as a result of which he seeks power. Man is a beast in jungle, and if let alone, would resort to anarchy, where only the use of force can be successful. In order to insure himself a society where reason prevails over force, man must surrender some of his rights to government in return for protection and order. And the government most suited to maintain order and suppress those instincts in man is an absolute monarchy. Government should also protect property 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) a Swiss-born French writer, maintained that man is good by nature. His famous work, The Social Contract (1762), claimed that when men form a social contract to form a government, power rests ultimately with the people. They may withdraw their support of their leaders when necessary. He believed that the least amount of government was best and that private property protected by government is evil. Their Influence Their InfluenceLocke and Rousseau represented the impulse for Jeffersonian democracy, and Hobbes represented the point of view, often expressed by Hamilton, of a strong central government. These Enlightenment concepts also produced great influence on American literature.American EnlightenmentAmerican EnlightenmentThe 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason; they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant. nu