TPO1-24综合写作：阅读+听力文本

TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 1 / 33 特别推荐，感谢原作者 目录 TPO1......................................................................................................................................... 2 TPO2......................................................................................................................................... 3 TPO3......................................................................................................................................... 4 TPO4......................................................................................................................................... 5 TPO5......................................................................................................................................... 7 TPO6......................................................................................................................................... 8 TPO7......................................................................................................................................... 9 TPO8....................................................................................................................................... 11 TPO9....................................................................................................................................... 12 TPO10..................................................................................................................................... 13 TPO11..................................................................................................................................... 15 TPO12..................................................................................................................................... 16 TPO13..................................................................................................................................... 17 TPO14..................................................................................................................................... 18 TPO15..................................................................................................................................... 20 TPO16..................................................................................................................................... 21 TPO17..................................................................................................................................... 22 TPO18..................................................................................................................................... 23 TPO19..................................................................................................................................... 25 TPO20..................................................................................................................................... 26 TPO21..................................................................................................................................... 27 TPO22..................................................................................................................................... 28 TPO23..................................................................................................................................... 29 TPO24..................................................................................................................................... 30 YeeaooBox.com是免费的托福真题备考网站......................................................................31 随心的 YeeaooBox iPhone 客户端....................................................................................... 33 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 北京金东方国际教育文化交流中心（简称“金东方”）直属国家发展改革委员会培训中心 是经教育部、公安部、国家工商局批准成立 并正式注册办理出国留学（教外综资认字〔2000〕167号） 因私出入境中介（京公境准字〔 2002〕0030号）、国内外人才交流等业务的专门性机构。 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 2 / 33 TPO1TPO1TPO1TPO1 ReadingReadingReadingReading In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities. ListeningListeningListeningListening Professor Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests. First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits. Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant. 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 3 / 33 Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek. TPO2TPO2TPO2TPO2 ReadingReadingReadingReading In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone. ListeningListeningListeningListening Professor Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed. On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 4 / 33 names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. TPO3TPO3TPO3TPO3 ReadingReadingReadingReading Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt. First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error. Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood. 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 5 / 33 For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s. ListeningListeningListeningListening Professor: Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why. First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt. Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat". TPO4TPO4TPO4TPO4 ReadingReadingReadingReading Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 6 / 33 surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. ListeningListeningListeningListening Professor: Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms. Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms. Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies. Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool. 新浪微博：张伟用金东方美国部 http://weibo.com/jindongfangvip 奠基石留学论坛http://www.egoedu.com TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24TPO1-24综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读综合写作：阅读++++听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【听力文本【YeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBoxYeeaooBox推荐】推荐】推荐】推荐】 7 / 33 TPO5TPO5TPO5TPO5 ReadingReadingReadingReading As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally