存在主义思想史

nullHistory of Existential ThoughtHistory of Existential ThoughtScott MacMillan 2006nullExistential thought provides a direction for humanity, as it highlights the possibilities of human existence and what can be for individual life.OriginsOrigins‘Ex-ist’ means to ‘stand out against’ Individuals stand out against the world, society, institutions & ways of thought Dangers of belonging to the crowd Dates back to Socrates Many perspectives – subjective philosophy Expose ‘illusions of everyday life’ Many who have contributed do not consider themselves existentialists nullEndeavor to grasp reality [and] arises directly out of Western man’s anxiety, estrangement, and conflicts” (May, 1959: 19). Attempts to understand how events in life fit into a larger context…involves the process of creating and discovering meaning, which is facilitated by a sense of coherence (order, reason for existence) and a sense of purpose (mission in life, direction)” (Reker & Chamberlain, 2000: 1). nullExistentialism, as a way of thinking about and depicting the world, emerged most strongly out of the tremors and that shook modern Europe beginning in the nineteenth century. The inhuman, alienating implications of modern capitalist production and warfare, the unfulfilled promise of science, the decline of religious certitude, the challenges issued by Darwin, Freud, and modern physics – all contributed to existentialism’s claim to pertinence. Sartre and Heidegger expressed, in philosophical and literary terms, the essentials of existentialism. In so doing, they attempted to characterize aspects of the timeless nature of the human condition and to respond to the quickening pace of alienation and despair in their own era. (Cotkin, 2003: 3-4) Key PeopleKey PeopleRebels who questioned place of humanity in the universe Socrates Plato Kierkegaard Husserl Heidegger Nietzsche Camus Sartre De Beauvoir Frankl SocratesSocrates470 – 399 BC Greek Laid foundation of Western philosophy Socratic method Sought to examine ‘I know nothing’ Socratic problem – he wrote nothing PlatoPlato427 – 347 BC Greek Socrates student Wrote in ‘dialogue’ Metaphysical dualism Author of The Republic Soren KierkegaardSoren Kierkegaard1813 – 55 Considered the “father” of existentialism First to emphasize the individual Believed in a higher power (unlike most existential philosophers) ‘Truth is subjectivity’Edmund HusserlEdmund Husserl1859 – 1938 German Father of phenomenology Influenced Heidegger, SartreFriedrich NietzscheFriedrich Nietzsche1844 – 1900 German ‘God is dead’, nihilism Wrote The Gay Science, Albert CamusAlbert Camus1913 – 1960 French Author of The Rebel, The Stranger, The Myth of Sisyphus Happiness is fleeting, we are mortal Martin HeideggerMartin Heidegger1889 – 1976 Author of Being and Time Nature of ‘being’ - Daesin Death Inspired Sartre Jean-Paul SartreJean-Paul Sartre1905 – 1980 French Author of Being and Nothingness, Existentialism is a Humanism Existence precedes essence Bad faith – denial of freedom Simone de BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir1908 – 1986 French Longtime companion to Sartre Wrote about feminist and existential ethics Author of The Second Sex, Ethics of Ambiguity nullThe existentialist writers hope to shatter our dogmatic beliefs and lure us into giving up blindly accepted ethical norms and ideologies. Only when we successfully shed these values that we have been conditioned to uphold by various institutions – our families, schools and universities – will we be able to reach beyond them to the genuine roots of our selves and ultimately attain authenticity. The unnecessary information we have collected during our lifetimes, the ‘facts’ postulated as an integral part of the ethos of objectivity fostered by society and its institutions, are inapplicable to the sphere of human existence in which one struggles for one’s self. There, in their stead, the notion of authenticity emerges. (Golomb, 1995: 8) nullExistentialists have asked for a life in which man continuously questions his purpose and accepts responsibility for his actions, one which truly reflects man’s special position in this world. Breisach (1962: 4-5)Viktor FranklViktor Frankl1905 – 1997 Austrian Psychologist Key figure in founding existential therapy Logotherapy - “will to meaning” – meaning can be found in anything Author of Man’s search for meaningnullMan does not simply exist, but always decides what his existence will be, what he will become in the next moment. - Viktor FranklKey ConceptsKey ConceptsAlienation Despair Death Freedom Choice Consciousness Authenticity Existential angst Existential vacuum AuthenticityAuthenticityDifficult to define Inauthentic – forced upon us, false Red pill vs. blue pill Being true to oneself Relationship to the world Development of self Being versus having Eyes of beholder Meaningful existence nullA person is authentic in that degree to which his being in the world is unqualifiedly in accord with the givenness of his own nature and of the world…authenticity is the primary good or value of the existential viewpoint. Bugental (1965: 31)Existential AngstExistential AngstDanish meaning ‘dread’ Condition of insecurity and despairExistentialism TodayExistentialism TodayHumanistic psychology Used in therapy Used in career counsellingExistential PsychologyExistential PsychologyAlso known as existential therapy Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irving Yalom Therapists help patients understand anxiety, aloneness and make better meaningful life choicesnullIf nothing else survives of all the existentialists have said, it will be impossible to forget the utter seriousness with which they have dealt with human existence. “I want honesty,” Kiekegaard is supposed to have exclaimed shortly before his death. “Truth is courage and error is cowardice,” Nietzsche added to this. And in a sense this passionate willingness to search and find and to witness for this supreme personal experiment with one’s whole personality is the core of existentialism. It forms the basis for authentic existence, is the key to the overcoming of estrangement, and gives the highest promise for the preservation of free and responsible man. (Breisach, 1962: 237)