内燃机分类

nullI.C.ENGINES! DO WE REALLY NEED ‘EM?I.C.ENGINES! DO WE REALLY NEED ‘EM?nullI have always considered that the substitution of the Internal Combustion Engine for the horse marked a very gloomy milestone in the progress of mankind. -Winston Churchill If all the perverted ingenuity which was put into making automobiles had only gone into improving the breed of horses, we might be a lot better off today. -Joe Gould ENGINES! BOON OR BANE?ENGINES! BOON OR BANE?Greatest invention since the wheel? Made transportation easy! Made life easy! OR DID IT? Increased pollution Increased fossil fuel consumption Increased congestion on roadsBUT………..BUT………..WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT…. CAN WE DO WITHOUT IT? DO WE HAVE VIABLE ALTERNATIVES? THINK……… AS OF TODAY WE HAVE NO ANSWER MAY BE FOR AT LEAST 20 YEARS MORE! SO WE ARE STUCK WITH IT………! SO WE STUDY IT………….! And so on to the course:SO WE STUDY IT………….! And so on to the course:CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESVARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES1. Application 2. Basic Engine Design 3. Operating Cycle 4. Working Cycle 5. Valve/Port Design and Location 6. Fuel 7. Mixture Preparation 8. Ignition 9. Stratification of Charge 10. Combustion Chamber Design 11. Method of Load Control 12. CoolingCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES1. Application Automotive: (i) Car (ii) Truck/Bus (iii) Off-highway 2. Locomotive 3. Light Aircraft 4. Marine: (i) Outboard (ii) Inboard (iii) Ship 5. Power Generation: (i) Portable (Domestic) (ii) Fixed (Peak Power) 6. Agricultural: (i) Tractors (ii) Pump sets 7. Earthmoving: (i) Dumpers (ii) Tippers (iii) Mining Equipment 8. Home Use: (i) Lawnmowers (ii) Snow blowers (iii) Tools 9. OthersnullAutomotive Diesel EngineAutomotive Diesel EngineLarge Two-stroke Marine EngineLarge Two-stroke Marine EnginenullnullCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES2. Basic Engine Design: 1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V (iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston 2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor (b) Multi-rotorTypes of Reciprocating EnginesTypes of Reciprocating EnginesV EngineV EngineWankel Rotary Piston EngineWankel Rotary Piston EngineTypes of Rotary EnginesTypes of Rotary EnginesWankel Engine PartsWankel Engine PartsTwin-rotor WankelTwin-rotor WankelApex SealsApex SealsCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES3. Operating Cycle Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine) Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine) Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine) Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)Engine InformationEngine InformationnullnullnullCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESWorking Cycle (Strokes) 1. Four Stroke Cycle:(a) Naturally Aspirated (b)Supercharged/Turbocharged 2. Two Stroke Cycle: (a) Crankcase Scavenged (b) Uniflow Scavenged (i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port (ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve (iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve May be Naturally Aspirated TurbochargedFour Stroke & Two stroke SI EnginesFour Stroke & Two stroke SI EnginesFour Stroke & Two Stroke CI EnginesFour Stroke & Two Stroke CI EnginesTwo-stroke EngineTwo-stroke EngineSupercharging TypesSupercharging TypesCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES5. (a) Valve/Port Design 1. Poppet Valve 2. Rotary Valve 3. Reed Valve 4. Piston Controlled Porting 5. (b) Valve Location 1. The T-head 2. The L-head 3. The F-head 4. The I-head: (i) Over head Valve (OHV) (ii) Over head Cam (OHC)Poppet ValvePoppet ValveValve LocationsValve LocationsValve Timing ProfileValve Timing ProfileCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES6. Fuel 1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived (i) Petrol (ii) Diesel (b) Other sources: (i) Coal (ii) Wood (includes bio-mass) (iii)Tar Sands (iv)Shale 2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG (ii) LPG (b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl) (ii) Vegetable oils (iii) Producer gas and biogas (iv) Hydrogen 3. Blending 4. Dual fuelingCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES7. Mixture Preparation 1. Carburetion 2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel (ii) Gasoline (a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder Gasoline Fuel InjectionGasoline Fuel InjectionCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES8. Ignition 1. Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i) Battery (ii) Magneto (b) Other methods 2. Compression IgnitionCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES9. Charge Stratification Homogeneous Charge (Also Pre-mixed charge) 2. Stratified Charge (i) With carburetion (ii) With fuel injectionCharge StratificationCharge StratificationCombustion Chamber DesignsCombustion Chamber DesignsCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCombustion Chamber DesignCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES10. Combustion Chamber Design 1. Open Chamber: (i) Disc type (ii) Wedge (iii) Hemispherical (iv) Bowl-in-piston (v) Other design 2. Divided Chamber: (For CI): (i) Swirl chamber (ii) Pre-chamber (For SI) (i) CVCC (ii) Other designsCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES11. Method of Load Control 1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Also called Charge Control Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine 2. Fuel Control (To vary the mixture strength according to load) Used in the C.I. Engine 3. Combination Used in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESCLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES12. Cooling Direct Air-cooling Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling) 3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.