高速列车制动系统

高速列车制动系统高速列车制动系统编制本施工方案时，分析了本工程的工程特点，地质条件和设计要求，结合我公司其它工地施工经验及教训，本着创一流的质量meters,topreventaccidents.13,theadverseconsequencescausedbyignoringfiresafetyregulations,willbepunished,untilinvestigatedforlegalresponsibility.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016XiangLiuJiapingelementaryschool,pineslopessurroundingsafetymanagementsystem1teachersandstudents,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernancecoverspersonalandfoodhygiene,culturaleventsandotheraspects,integratedgovernanceshallobtainwidesupportandfullcooperationofthecommunity.Onthesurroundingenvironmentinschoolsshouldbecloselymonitored.2,schoolworkatthesametime,shouldpayattentiontothesafetymanagementofschoolenvironment,shouldtaketheinitiativetocontactthedistrictpolicestation,thevillageCommittee,CorrectionalCentre,Townshipgovernment,businessmanagementandotherdepartmentstodoagoodjobmanagement.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspectionsinschools,shouldalsopayattentiontoenvironmentalinspectionsnearthecampus,foundthatthejoblessmigrantsfromruralareas,forexample,harassmentofstudentsandavarietyofaccidents,accordingtodifferentsituationsreportedschoolofficialsorthepolicestationinatimelymanner,toprotectthesafetyofstudents.4,everydaybeforeschool,teachersremindstudents,payattentiontotrafficsafety.5,shouldeducatestudentstorespectsocialethics,andvariousregulations,maintainingpublicorder,andfightthebadguys,andgraspthecorrectwaysandmeansofmaintainingandimprovingstudents'self-careability.6,theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachersinschools,onhighalertanddeployed.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolteachersandstudentsorganizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystemorganizationactivitiesbetweenteachersandstudents,todrawupapreciseplanandsecuritymeasuresmustbesignedbytheschoolofficialstoreviewtheprogrammeofactivitiesagreeduponCorrectionalCenteragreedtoimplement.OrganizationtothefieldrelativelyfaroractivitiesrequireapprovalbytheDeputyDirectoroftheEducationBureauinchargeofsecurity.2,eachactivityshouldhaveaspecificresponsibility,payattentiontothepersonsage,physicalmatch.Route3,activities,location,fieldsurveysshouldbecarriedoutinadvance.4,activitiesforthemeansoftransportshouldexplainthesituationtotheschooltocomplywithvehicle,safetyrequirements,beforethelineforrepairs.5,eachactivitymusthavesecurity,emergencyresponseplanforaccidents.6,picnics,hiking,picnictopayattentiontofireprevention,foodpoisoning,preventionoffallaccidents7,theactivitiesneartherivers,reservoirs,nomeasuresordonotmeetthesecurityrequirementsoftheOrganizationandnotletstudentsintothewaterPAGE编制本施工方案时，分析了本工程的工程特点，地质条件和设计要求，结合我公司其它工地施工经验及教训，本着创一流的质量Electricitylines,equipmentinspections,foundhiddenintimeforrectification,maintenance,andsecurity.9,donotuseanopenflameintheclassroom,prohibitburningstove,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbanningmessywiring.Withoutusinganyhouseholdappliancesisnotallowed.10,liveoncampusfacultymembers,mustleadbyexample,andeducatefamiliesandchildrenreadytofire.11,householduseofgasinschools,tomasterproperusage,payattentiontotheleak-proof,explosion-proof,fireproof,closingvalveafterusetoensuresecurity.12,diningroommustbequalified,andannualtestingofpressurevessels,toregularlycheck,thecanteenworkersmustbecertified,strictlybyoperationoperation,gastankandstovesafetydistanceofmeters,topreventaccidents.13,theadverseconsequencescausedbyignoringfiresafetyregulations,willbepunished,untilinvestigatedforlegalresponsibility.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016XiangLiuJiapingelementaryschool,pineslopessurroundingsafetymanagementsystem1teachersandstudents,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernancecoverspersonalandfoodhygiene,culturaleventsandotheraspects,integratedgovernanceshallobtainwidesupportandfullcooperationofthecommunity.Onthesurroundingenvironmentinschoolsshouldbecloselymonitored.2,schoolworkatthesametime,shouldpayattentiontothesafetymanagementofschoolenvironment,shouldtaketheinitiativetocontactthedistrictpolicestation,thevillageCommittee,CorrectionalCentre,Townshipgovernment,businessmanagementandotherdepartmentstodoagoodjobmanagement.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspectionsinschools,shouldalsopayattentiontoenvironmentalinspectionsnearthecampus,foundthatthejoblessmigrantsfromruralareas,forexample,harassmentofstudentsandavarietyofaccidents,accordingtodifferentsituationsreportedschoolofficialsorthepolicestationinatimelymanner,toprotectthesafetyofstudents.4,everydaybeforeschool,teachersremindstudents,payattentiontotrafficsafety.5,shouldeducatestudentstorespectsocialethics,andvariousregulations,maintainingpublicorder,andfightthebadguys,andgraspthecorrectwaysandmeansofmaintainingandimprovingstudents'self-careability.6,theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachersinschools,onhighalertanddeployed.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolteachersandstudentsorganizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystemorganizationactivitiesbetweenteachersandstudents,todrawupapreciseplanandsecuritymeasuresmustbesignedbytheschoolofficialstoreviewtheprogrammeofactivitiesagreeduponCorrectionalCenteragreedtoimplement.OrganizationtothefieldrelativelyfaroractivitiesrequireapprovalbytheDeputyDirectoroftheEducationBureauinchargeofsecurity.2,eachactivityshouldhaveaspecificresponsibility,payattentiontothepersonsage,physicalmatch.Route3,activities,location,fieldsurveysshouldbecarriedoutinadvance.4,activitiesforthemeansoftransportshouldexplainthesituationtotheschooltocomplywithvehicle,safetyrequirements,beforethelineforrepairs.5,eachactivitymusthavesecurity,emergencyresponseplanforaccidents.6,picnics,hiking,picnictopayattentiontofireprevention,foodpoisoning,preventionoffallaccidents7,theactivitiesneartherivers,reservoirs,nomeasuresordonotmeetthesecurityrequirementsoftheOrganizationandnotletstudentsintothewater高速列车制动系统编制本施工方案时，分析了本工程的工程特点，地质条件和设计要求，结合我公司其它工地施工经验及教训，本着创一流的质量Electricitylines,equipmentinspections,foundhiddenintimeforrectification,maintenance,andsecurity.9,donotuseanopenflameintheclassroom,prohibitburningstove,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbanningmessywiring.Withoutusinganyhouseholdappliancesisnotallowed.10,liveoncampusfacultymembers,mustleadbyexample,andeducatefamiliesandchildrenreadytofire.11,householduseofgasinschools,tomasterproperusage,payattentiontotheleak-proof,explosion-proof,fireproof,closingvalveafterusetoensuresecurity.12,diningroommustbequalified,andannualtestingofpressurevessels,toregularlycheck,thecanteenworkersmustbecertified,strictlybyoperationoperation,gastankandstovesafetydistanceofmeters,topreventaccidents.13,theadverseconsequencescausedbyignoringfiresafetyregulations,willbepunished,untilinvestigatedforlegalresponsibility.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016XiangLiuJiapingelementaryschool,pineslopessurroundingsafetymanagementsystem1teachersandstudents,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernancecoverspersonalandfoodhygiene,culturaleventsandotheraspects,integratedgovernanceshallobtainwidesupportandfullcooperationofthecommunity.Onthesurroundingenvironmentinschoolsshouldbecloselymonitored.2,schoolworkatthesametime,shouldpayattentiontothesafetymanagementofschoolenvironment,shouldtaketheinitiativetocontactthedistrictpolicestation,thevillageCommittee,CorrectionalCentre,Townshipgovernment,businessmanagementandotherdepartmentstodoagoodjobmanagement.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspectionsinschools,shouldalsopayattentiontoenvironmentalinspectionsnearthecampus,foundthatthejoblessmigrantsfromruralareas,forexample,harassmentofstudentsandavarietyofaccidents,accordingtodifferentsituationsreportedschoolofficialsorthepolicestationinatimelymanner,toprotectthesafetyofstudents.4,everydaybeforeschool,teachersremindstudents,payattentiontotrafficsafety.5,shouldeducatestudentstorespectsocialethics,andvariousregulations,maintainingpublicorder,andfightthebadguys,andgraspthecorrectwaysandmeansofmaintainingandimprovingstudents'self-careability.6,theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachersinschools,onhighalertanddeployed.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolteachersandstudentsorganizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystemorganizationactivitiesbetweenteachersandstudents,todrawupapreciseplanandsecuritymeasuresmustbesignedbytheschoolofficialstoreviewtheprogrammeofactivitiesagreeduponCorrectionalCenteragreedtoimplement.OrganizationtothefieldrelativelyfaroractivitiesrequireapprovalbytheDeputyDirectoroftheEducationBureauinchargeofsecurity.2,eachactivityshouldhaveaspecificresponsibility,payattentiontothepersonsage,physicalmatch.Route3,activities,location,fieldsurveysshouldbecarriedoutinadvance.4,activitiesforthemeansoftransportshouldexplainthesituationtotheschooltocomplywithvehicle,safetyrequirements,beforethelineforrepairs.5,eachactivitymusthavesecurity,emergencyresponseplanforaccidents.6,picnics,hiking,picnictopayattentiontofireprevention,foodpoisoning,preventionoffallaccidents7,theactivitiesneartherivers,reservoirs,nomeasuresordonotmeetthesecurityrequirementsoftheOrganizationandnotletstudentsintothewater高速列车制动系统第一节制动方式按列车动能转移方式分类：热逸散闸瓦制动（踏面制动）摩擦制动盘形制动磁轨制动液力制动电阻制动动力制动轨道涡流制动旋转涡流制动（涡流盘形制动）列车动能转变为可用能再生制动飞轮贮能制动按制动力形成方式分类：闸瓦制动（踏面制动）盘形制动液力制动粘着制动电阻制动旋转涡流制动（涡流盘形制动）再生制动飞轮贮能制动磁轨制动非粘着制动轨道涡流制动闸瓦制动、盘形制动闸瓦制动—应用最广泛的一种制动方式。但在高速运行时不宜采用，因为高速时闸瓦摩擦系数较小，制动力不够。高速列车中闸瓦制动只能发挥很小的制动力效果，一般作为盘形制动的补充形式，起改善踏面粘着的作用，或配合其它制动起到低速制动的作用。盘形制动—UIC规定：当动力制动失效时，摩擦制动必须保证高速列车在规定距离内停车。经UIC研究，闸瓦制动只能适应于速度低于140km/h的场合。因此，大功率盘形制动成为所有高速列车必备的制动方式，但在高速列车动车上也只起辅助制动作用。盘形制动的优点：①大大减轻了车轮踏面的机械和热作用；②制动功率极限比踏面制动大；③可按制动要求选择最佳“摩擦副”，能在从高速到低速的制动过程中充分利用粘着。盘形制动的缺点：①粘着系数有所降低，为防止车轮滑行擦伤，要考虑安装踏面清扫器；②在运行时制动盘要消耗一定的功率；③制动盘使转向架簧下重量增加，在高速运行时对动力学性能产生不良影响。动力制动—电阻制动、再生制动电阻制动—在制动时将原来驱动轮对的牵引电动机逆转为发电机，将列车的动能转变为电能，并在制动电阻上转变为热能散发掉。电阻制动广泛用于电力机车、电动车组和电传动内燃机车。电阻制动的优点：①制动力随列车运行速度增高而增大，保证高速列车在运行中有可靠的制动效能；②可以实现良好的制动力特性调节；③控制方便、作用快、制动平稳。再生制动—在制动时将原来驱动轮对的牵引电动机逆转为发电机，将列车的动能转变为电能，并将电能反馈到供电系统。再生制动具有电阻制动的优点，同时能节约大量电能，但技术上复杂，而且它只用于由电网供电的电力机车和电动车组。磁轨制动、轨道涡流制动、旋转涡流制动磁轨制动—制动时，装在转向架上的制动电磁铁励磁，吸附在钢轨上，由电磁铁的摩擦块与钢轨摩擦产生制动力。优点：①制动力不受轮轨粘着的限制；②消耗功率小；③制动时对钢轨表面有清扫作用，有利于提高粘着系数。缺点：①钢轨发热，磨耗加剧；②不宜用于常用制动，目前仅用于高速列车的紧急制动；③随速度的增加，摩擦制动力呈下降趋势，磁轨制动可适应的最高速度达330km/h；④磁轨的摩擦系数随速度下降而迅速上升，因此在50km/h以下时须将磁轨制动切除；⑤制动力不易调整控制；⑥冬天有结冰的危险。轨道涡流制动—与磁轨制动相似，不同处在于它的磁铁的磁极是沿钢轨多极布置，也就是按N、S极交替布置，制动时，磁场沿钢轨方向形成多个闭合磁路，而不像磁轨制动的电磁铁形成的磁场方向与钢轨方向垂直。由于磁场的作用，磁铁与钢轨间保持较小距离，一般7~10mm，当列车制动时，磁铁励磁，在交变磁场作用下，钢轨内产生感应涡流，感应涡流产生的附加磁场与原主磁场相互交链，使原主磁场畸变，产生两个分力，即电磁吸力和阻碍运动的涡流制动力。轨道涡流制动的优点：①钢轨与磁铁均无磨耗；②高速时可得到较大制动力，在常用制动时也可发挥较大作用；③在任何气候下，包括下雪结冰都有可靠的制动效果；④制动时具有很好的控制性能。轨道涡流制动的缺点：①制动时励磁消耗功率较高；②制动过程中钢轨发热严重，钢轨温升还会引起钢轨变形，造成线路失稳；③速度低于50km/h时，制动分力迅速减小而磁吸引力却过大，导致不能再工作，通常加以切断。旋转涡流制动—也称涡流盘形制动，它是一种粘着制动方式。其结构为涡流线圈安置在转向架的构架上，而涡流盘像制动盘一样安装在车轴上，当涡流线圈励磁后，即在线圈与涡流盘之间产生涡流制动。高速列车复合制动方式高速列车采用的制动方式共7种，分为三类：受粘着限制的摩擦制动—闸瓦制动、盘形制动；受粘着限制的动力制动—电阻制动、再生制动、旋转涡流制动；非粘着制动—磁轨制动、轨道涡流制动。动车一般在前两类中取1~2种配合使用。如法国的TGV-A的动车采用“闸瓦制动+电阻制动”，日本新干线100系列采用“盘形制动+电阻制动”，德国的ICE采用“盘形制动+再生制动”。拖车因无牵引动力装置，无法采用动力制动，故一般在第一类和第三类中各取一种配合使用。如德国的ICE1拖车采用“盘形制动+磁轨制动”、ICE-V采用“盘形制动+轨道涡流制动”。而日本新干线300系列拖车采用“盘形制动+旋转涡流制动”，法国的TGV-A拖车仅采用盘形制动。高速列车制动控制系统一、高速列车制动系统必须具备的条件尽可能缩短制动距离以保证行车安全缩短列车空走时间；采用大功率盘形制动；采用复合制动方式。保证高速制动时车轮不滑行按列车速度分级控制制动力大小，使之与粘着系数变化曲线相接近，充分利用粘着；采用高性能的防滑装置；采用非粘着制动方式，如磁轨制动和轨道涡流制动。司机操纵灵活可靠，能适应列车自动控制的要求尽量降低簧下重量二、高速列车制动控制系统列车制动控制系统一般分为列车管压力控制和电控制动控制两种。电控制动大致分为如下几种型式：电磁直通式电控制动数字式电气指令式（自动、直通）模拟式电控制动的作用制式：自动式和直通式。自动式电控制动机的特点：①保留原空气分配阀，加上一个、两个或三个加速电磁阀，起加速列车管增、减压作用；②列车管减压制动，增压缓解；③制动电磁阀得电制动、失电保压，缓解电磁阀得电缓解；④增设一根供气管以达到快速充气、快速并同步缓解的目的。直通式电控制动机的特点：①保留原空气分配阀，加上电空阀（也即电磁阀）；②在制动、保压过程中，列车管均处于充气状态；③制动时，制动电磁阀得电，副风缸制动缸，此时缓解电磁阀得电；制动电磁阀失电保压；缓解电磁阀失电，制动缸大气，制动机缓解。④这种制式需要完整的检查回路，以保证电磁阀或电路系统发生故障后可导向安全。电控制动的优点：①电控制动缩短了空走时间，从而缩短了制动距离；②电控制动大大缩短了列车首、尾车制动或缓解的时间差，从而减小了列车纵向冲动；③改善了制动机的操纵性能；④便于实现列车自动控制。三、国内外高速列车制动系统分析1.日本、法国、德国高速列车制动控制系统的共同点采用微机控制系统，制动力可高准确度调节；优先使用电力制动，并使电力制动与空气制动协调配合；各种方式的制动力组合或转换衔接平稳、无冲动，达到要求的舒适度；可由司机手动或根据列车自动控制系统的要求实行制动或缓解。国内外高速列车制动控制系统比较国别日本法国德国中国列车型号与编组300系列10M+6TTGV-A2M+10TICE12M+14T“先锋号”电动车组最高运行速度（km/h）270300280200列车制动控制装置数字式电气指令直通电空制动模拟式电气指令模拟式电气指令自动电空制动微机控制的直通式电空制动备用制动装置简单直通式电控备用制动空气制动空气制动自动式空气制动动车制动方式闸瓦制动√盘形制动√√√(轮盘式)电阻制动√再生制动√√√拖车制动方式闸瓦制动盘形制动√√√√(轴盘式)磁轨制动√轨道涡流√(预留)旋转涡流√防滑器微机电子防滑器微机电子防滑器微机电子防滑器踏面清扫装置及防滑器最高速度下紧急制动距离(m)387035002900平均减速度(m/s2)盘形制动电控制动动车组制动系统地铁车辆制动系统机车制动系统客车制动系统