《跨文化交际学概论》

《跨文化交际学概论》《跨文化交际学概论》PAGEPAGE/NUMPAGESPAGE5《跨文化交际学概论》《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132CaseOne:SettingRulesforaGuest–AmericanHospitality案例：WhenZhangTaotraveledinAmerica,helivedinthehomeofhisAmericanfriend,Bill.Onceafterhehadtraveledback,hefoundBillwasinabadmood.Whenheaskedwhattheproblemwas,BilltoldZhangTaothathissonAdamgotfuriousaboutthenoiseZhangmadewhenwalkingupstairsandalsobecausehewasusingtoomuchwaterinthesolarpoweredshowerandAdamhadtohavehisshowerincoldwater.BilltoldZhangTaothatheshouldwalkmoresoftlyinfuture,andhaveafastshowertosavewater.ZhangTaofeltuneasy.Howcouldthehostsetsuchrulesforhisguest!Question:WhydidZhangTaofeeluneasy? 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ：1)InChina,whenpeoplehostsomeone,theyputtheguestintheplaceofhonortoshowhospitality.Theytrytotakecareoftheguest，andtrytomaketheguestfeelcomfortableandatease.2)InAmerica,peopletendtogivetheguestgreatfreedomandtreataguestmorecasually,naturallyandtruthfully.3)ZhangTaoknewhewasaguest,andthoughtintermsofChineseexpectationsofhospitality.HethoughtBillshouldtreathimcourteouslyinsteadofsettingrulesforhim.4)SinceZhangTaolivedinAmericansurroundings,heshouldhaveknownaboutthecustomstheresooner.CaseTwo:案例：Linhadtraveled20hoursfromBeijingtoNewYork.Heneededagoodmeal.HisAmericanfriend,Mike,methim.ButMikeonlyofferedhimaplateofroastedchickenandaglassoforangejuice.Linwasusedtohavingamaincourse,andaskedMikeifhehadanyrice.Mikesaidheonlyhadfriednoodles,andLinhadtomakedowithit.ThoughLinknewAmericansdidn’tcareverymuchaboutwhatfoodtheyate,hestillfeltsurprisedbecausehehadtakenMiketothemostfamousduckrestaurantinBeijing--Quanjude--whenhearrivedinBeijing.Question:WhydidLinfeelsurprised?OffersomeadvicetohimaboutadjustingtohisnewenvironmentinAmerica.分析：1)0nthetopicofhospitality,theChinesestressonwarmthanddemonstratingfriendship.Theytaketheguesttoafamousorluxuriousrestauranttohaveaverygood(expensive)mealtoshowtheirhospitality.AndtheChineseareusedtohavingabigmeal.Themoredishestheyputout，thegreaterthewarmthandfriendshiptheyshow.2)Inwesterncountries,peoplestressonfreedom.Theygivetheguestgreatfreedomtochoosetheirownfoods.Andwesternerstendtohaveonlyonemaincourseandsomejuiceordessert，whichisviewedascasualintheeyesoftheChinese.3)LinlivedinAmericansurroundingsandshouldhaveadjustedhimselfquicklytothenewworld(lifestyle).Heshouldhaveknownthecustomtherefirst,andfeltmoreateaseinMike’shome.CaseThree:EqualityorHospitalityforTableManners案例：LinHuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart，andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewtheAmericanswouldusuallypayfortheirownfood.Question:WhydidLinhuafindtheminhospitable?分析：1)InChina,toshowhospitality,peopletendtohostthemeal.Andiftheycannotdothis,theyatleastwillstruggletopayfortheguest.2)InAmerica,peopletendtopayforthemselvestoshowequalityandindependence.3)Linhuaknowsthiscustom,butfromaChinesepointofview,shestillfindsthishardtoaccept,andfeelsitalittleinhospitable.CaseFour:案例：IhaveanAmericanfriend.Ihaveinvitedhimseveraltimes,andatlonglastheinvitedmetohishomeoneday.Hetoldmetogetthereat3pm.Ithoughtwecouldchatandhaveamealtogether.IgavehimaChinesecalendar,awoman’sscarfandabottleofChinesewhitewine.Heonlytookoutadishofnuts,aplateofbreadandabottleofwine.Aftertwohours’chat,Ifoundtherewasnohintofamealandsaidgood-byetohim.HeonlygavemeaboxofchocolateasapresentfortheNewYear.AfterIgothome,Ifoundtheboxalreadybeenopened.Iwasverysurprised,Question:Whatsurprisedme?分析：1)InChina,avisittohomealwaysincludesameal.Andtheguestalwaysbringsarelativelyexpensivepresenttothehost.Andthepresentshouldbewellwrappedoruntouched.2)Inthewest,avisittohomeonlymeansameeting,notnecessarilyincludingameal.AndthepresentistreatednotasimportantlyasitisinChina.3)IactedinawaythatwasbasedonChinesecustoms,soIfelttheAmericanwaywasveryinteresting(unusual).CaseFive:WayofEntertainingGuestsinChina----Drinkmoreandmore案例：Tom,anAmerican,wenttoaChinesehomeforthefirsttime.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Hedrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,then⋯untilhewasquitefull.Tomwastotallyconfusedbythewayofentertaining.Question:WhywasTomtotallyconfused?分析：1)TraditionalChinesecustomrequiresthatduringthecourseofentertaining,thehosthastoalwayspourmorewineorteatotheguest’sglassorcup,andalwaysaddsmorefoodtotheguest’splateorbowlwithoutaskingwhetherit’swanted.2)Chineseguestsknowhowtorespondtothistypeofhospitality.Theysimplyleavethewine,tea,orfoodinthecontainerandstophavinganymore.ButTom,theAmericanguestinthecasedidn’tknowthis.3)Hefollowedthepolitenessruleofhisculture:it’snotgoodmannerstoleavefoodinone’sownplateatadinnertable.Therefore,withoutanyknowledgeofthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures,anAmericanguestwouldverylikelysufferfromeitherdrinkingoreatingtoomuchinsuchasituation.CaseSixAsaforeignstudentattheUniversityofWisconsininMadison,KeikoIhara(Japanese)wasonastrictbudget.Shehadallhertuitionandbookspaidforbyscholarshipsandgrantsanduntilrecentlywascomfortablyhousedinthedormitory.Wantingtoliveinthecommunityratherthaninthedormitory,shefoundasmallapartmenttosharewithafriend.Hercollegefriends,knowingofhersituation,offeredtoroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsforapartmentliving.Keikopolitelydeclined,sayingshecouldmanage.Wantingtohelpoutherfriendsfoundsomeoldbutstillusablehouseholdappliancesandfurniture.Maryhadanolddeskthatwasinhergarage.Edhadsomechairsfromhisuncle,andJoeandMarionhadafewextradishes.Theycheerfullybroughtthemoveroneday.Keikoseemedveryembarrassed,butgracefullyacceptedthem,sincerelyandprofuselythankedthem.ThefollowingweektheywereeachpresentedwithagiftfromKeiko.Marygotanornatejewelrybox,EdavolumeofwoodcutsbyafamousJapaneseartist,andJoeandMarionabeautifulJapanesevase,allofwhichwereofconsiderableworthandvalue,muchmorethantheoldthingstheyhaddonatedtoher.Theyallprotestedthatshecouldnotaffordtogivesuchelaborategifts;theyreallyexpectednothingasthehouseholditemswerenotreallybeingusedandtheywouldratherhaveherusethem.Keiko,however,insistedthattheytakethegifts.Intheend,theyacceptedthegifts,althoughtheyallfeltuncomfortableastheyknewshewasreallysacrificingtogivethem.Questions:1.WhatdoyouthinkofKeikoinsistingongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends?2.WhydidKeiko’sfriendsfeelveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn?分析：Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon’thaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn’tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesn’tknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn.CaseSevenSelma,whoisfromtheUS,isinastudentexchangeprograminIndonesia.Oneday,shewasaskedtoattendabirthdaypartyandshewasdelighted,forshewascurioustoknowwhatanIndonesianbirthdaypartywaslike.Tohersurprise,shewastheonlyonethatdressedintypicallyWesternclothes.Althoughshehadnostrongreasontobecomeuneasy,heruneasyfeelingprevailedasthepartywasgoingon.Tomakeherselffeelbetter,shewenttothefoodtableandbegantohelpherself.But,uponleavingthetable,shetrippedonthelegofachairandspilledherdrinkonthefloor.Oneofthegirlsstoopeddowntomopupthespillandeveryoneelselaughedoutloud.Selma,uncertainwhattodonext,quietlymovedoutofherwaywithherheadloweredinshame.Questions:3.WhatfunctionsdoeslaughingserveinsimilarsituationsinChina?4.Whatshouldwedotohelpourselvesorotherpeopleoutofembarrassmentcausedbyculturaldifferencesinlaughing?分析：Justlikesmile,laughingdoesnotalwaysservethesamefunctionindifferentcultures.Interestingly,forusChinese,laughingoftenhasaspecialfunctiononsometensesocialoccasions.Peoplemaylaughtoreleasethetensionorembarrassment,toexpresstheirconcernaboutyou,theirintentiontoputyouateaseortohelpyoucomeoutoftheembarrassment.Inthiscase,thepeopletherewereactuallywishingtolaughwiththeAmericanratherthanlaughather.Theirlaughingseemedtoconveyanumberofmessages:don‘ttakeitsoseriously;laughitoff,it‘snothing;suchthingscanhappentoanyofus,etc.UnfortunatelytheAmericanwasunawareofthis.Shethoughttheywerelaughingather,whichmadeherfeelmorebadlyandangry,forinherculturelaughingonsuchanoccasionwouldbeinterpretedasaninsultingresponse,humiliatingandnegative.