高中英语语法定语从句总结全修订版

Documentnumber：PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998高中英语语法定语从句总结全高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ.概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语， 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when（时间状语）、why（原因状语）、where（地点状语）可以修饰人的关系代词：that,who,whom,whose可以修饰事的关系代词：that,which,as,whose,ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语、表语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（宾语）4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.（表语）7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.（=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.）●which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人whose:表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用whom；表物用which)关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.）Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thelibraryfromwhichwecanborrowbooksisverybig.ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.●as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas(与……相同)；such…as…（如此，这样）;asmany/muchas（和……一样多）；so/as…as（与……一样）等结构中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.).---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）②如为非限制性的，as还可以单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主语）众所周知：Asweallknow,It’swell-know(tousall)that…=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完整，只缺状语，它们都可以等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.●When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为"时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作谓语spent的宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.（宾语）IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.●Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是"地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）·Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：Thereasonwhy+定语从句isthat+表语从句（……的原因是……）Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tcometoschoolwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysuccess.（作主语）Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.(That’sbecause+原因)那是因为……Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)（That’swhy+结果）那是……的原因(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或省略引导词way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/（inwhich）Idosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,（whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,）isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc 时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.（which代替整个前面整个主句）2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.只能用that的情况：①先行词为much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代词或受其修饰时;shoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.youmeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?②先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;onlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时,包括thelast,thenext;wetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.isthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时;isthebestthatcanbedonenow.mostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物,只用that.如：writerandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.riderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时.Icaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩先行词在从句中做表语时1.Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.zooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.thistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定语从句中.'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.andmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.1.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?⑥先行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.●as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：①位置的不同：Which（放句中）引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行词是一个词）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.（先行词是一个句子）Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.·Thesame…as与thesame…that的区别Thesame…as指的是同一类事物,例如SheboughtthesameshirtasIwear.Thesame…that指的是同一个事物，例如ThepolicefoundthesamecarthatIlostlastweek.