新编语用学教程课后答案

TheponywasrevisedinJanuary2021新编语用学教程课后答案Introduction[checkyourunderstanding]1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.3.t4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.ASK(1)Yes,he’scoming.(2)Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming](3)HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.2.(1)a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing(John).c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.d.“Idea”doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.(2)a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong(outofnaughtiness).(3)whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".3.(1)a.Inanentranceofapark.b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.4.(1)Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly(andtheimplicitrequestforthemtostoptalking).(2)Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto“my”request.Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthat“I”can’thearaword(thusthecouplecancontinuetheirtalk).5.(1)Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6.(1)Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcanmakethecustomer’swifejealous.The“Frenchtoast”probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.(2)C:你去哪里？吃饭了没？E:Howareyou?How’severythinggoing?7.(1)Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.(2)Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.(3)Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.8.(1)a.Heuses“that”undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.(2)Johnny:Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.Mother:WhoisPingPing?(3)Wang:It’snotmyfault,isit?Li:Yes.-----------------Nativespeaker:Hi,youlookgood.Zhang:Notgood,notgoodatall.ExercisesTask3.1.whenwegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peoplewanttobepolitebymitigating(缓解,减轻,平静)theimposition,whichisface-threatening.2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,butthesecond,thoughstillanimperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"3.(intheoffice)Boss:Cometomyofficelater.Clerk:Yes,sir.--------(duringtheafternoontea)Boss:Howisyourdad,Tom?Clerk:He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecausehewasengagedwith()insomethingelseinotherplaces.5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheRye,Holden,amiddleschoolstudentalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatwayshowshisrebellion.6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,wenotonlyimpartlinguisticinformation(phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish)butalsopragmaticinformation(appropriateuseofEnglishindynamiccontext).Forinstance,howwecanusethequestiontag(反了？tagquestions)tosoundmoretentativeandbepolite.Unit1[Checkyourunderstanding]1.fThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.2.fImplicitperformativeutterancesdonothaveaperformativeverb.3.f4.fThecompletionoftheperlocutionaryactrequirestheaddressee’scooperation.5.tIn-ClassActivities1.(1)Ifyou’veeversaid“Ipromise”or“Iapologize”,youhaveperformedthoseactionsbythesimpleactofsayingthem.But“Iknow”and“Ibelieve”aredeclarative.Sayingthemdoesnotbringaboutanyimmediatechangeinthebelieforknowledgeofthespeaker.(2)a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.IadmitI’mwrong.b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.Iseewhatyoumean.(3)Yes.Forexample,whenwesay“我在这里向你道歉”，weareperformingtheactofapologizing.()2.(1)“Afullapology”heremeansawhollyperformativeutteranceofapologylike“WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople”.Indeed,“sorry”isnotaperformativeverb.(2)Tosomeextent,“sorry”canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.3.(1)Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningandrequiring.(2)Hewantstomakehiswordssoundlikeanadviceinsteadofathreatening.4.(1)a.locutionaryact:theactofverballysaying“Todayisnotafreeadmissionday”.illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyrequirespeopletopaytheadmissionfee.perlocutionaryact:peoplepaytheadmissionfee(ifatall).b.locutionaryact:theactofverballysaying“Thankyouforyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport”.illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.perlocutionaryact:peopledonatemoney(ifatall).a'"Admissionfeerequiredtoday"b’"Weexpectyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport"Thefirstischosentobelessimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’sdonation.5.(1)No,itisnotaverdictive.Itisjustanadvertisementfroms(a)hotelwhosenamehappenstobe“Jurys”.(2)Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattractcustomers.ExercisesTask31.a.constativelocution:“Nosmokinginthisarea”.Illocution:Forbiddingpeoplefromsmokinghere.Perlocution:Peopledonotsmokehere.b.constative.Locution:“Ticketpassengersonly”.Illocution:Askingpassengerstobuyticketsiftheywantto(enterthemuseum).Perlocution:Passengersbuyticketstoenterthemuseum.c.constative.Locution:“Tokenvendingmachine”.Illocution:Informingthepublicofthefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:Peoplebuytokensthroughthismachine(ifatall).2.Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysofdoingthings.Thus,allutterancesare“performative”inessence.Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB“it’sstuffyhere”.TheactualeffectmaybethatAisunderstoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjustlistentoA’scomplaint.3.(1)a,(2)a,and(3)aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest“hereby”.However,in(1)b,(1)cand(2)b,(2)c,“know”,“think”,“amuse”and“flatter”arenotperformativeverbs.In(3)b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In(3)c,simplepasttenseisused.4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,orinfluence.However,verdictiveshavetheforceofissuingaformalorofficialandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.5.Theseutterancesarenot,thatis,not.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,theperformanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust“saying”or“describing"something(cf.Austin1962,5)..“Thismeetingisnowadjourned.”“Thecourtisnowinsession.”“Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.”批准,认可,使合法化Unit2[Checkyourunderstanding]1.fItiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.2.fThehearerisheldresponsible.3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities1.(1)No,theyareessentiallydirectives.(2)“你能帮我还 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 吗，谢谢哦。”“We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.”(3)Becausetheyexpectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.2.(1)Commissives(2)Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise(acommissive)intoarequirement(adirective).3.(1)No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.(2)a.propositionalcontentcondition(whatissaidisaboutsomethingthatthespeakerhasdonewrongly);b.sinceritycondition(thespeakerisseriousorsincereinmakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions.thepersonwhoisapologizingshouldhavemademistakes)d.essentialcondition(bothsidesunderstandthatwhatthespeakersaysisanapology).Zhang:这件事你不应这样处理的。Li:好嘛，算我错了行了吧。[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]4.(1)Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup(whichismeanttobeacomplaint).(2)Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionandthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers’face.(3)Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer’swords,thewaitermaynottakeitseriously(ifheisnotjoking).5.(1)TheroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusalsothatAndywillacceptJack’srefusalmorereadily.Notnecessarily.Awhiteliealsodoesthesametrick.(2)a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.b.Denyingpeopletherighttoparkhere.The“irrelevant”informationisusedtoenhancethechancesofsuccessfullyperformingthedirectiveacts.ExercisesTask3.1.a.Austinwasaleadingexponentof'analytical'or'OrdinaryLanguage'philosophy.Hisworkinthe1950sprovidedbothatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthemodernstudyofdevelopedsubsequently.Hewastheinitiatorofthespeechacttheory.Hedrewthedistinctionbetweenconstativeutterancesandperformativeutterances,althoughhelatterdiscardedthedistinction.Heintroducedthetrichotomyoflocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.JohnSearleiswidelynotedforhiscontributionstothe,and.hasintroducedthenotionof'indirectspeechact'.Hehasreclassifiedillocutionaryacts.Hehasdevelopedthetheoryintoageneraltheoryabouthumancommunication.b.Speechactsequence;responsiveacts.2.No.Threateningseemstobeadirectiveaswellasacommissiveact.Open.howtodospeechactsinL2.DoingthesamespeechactinL1andL2maynotbethesame.onwhetherthesincerityconditionisviolatedornot.5.a.declarationb.representativec.representatived.directivee.expressivef.commissiveg.directiveh.commissivei.declaration6.“Excuseme”isusuallyusedtointerruptotherpeople,soitspreparatoryconditionisthatthereareotherstalkingaboutordoingsomething,whenthespeaker’sinterruptionisnotexpected.However,“sorry”isusedinadifferentsituation,anditspreparatoryconditionisthatthespeakerhasmadeamistake.7.Effectiveness:a>b>c>d[otherthingsbeingequal]Politeness:a 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。Thissentenceimpliesthatadultscantacklethequestion.2.(1)No.(2)Yes,theEnglishtranslationimpliesthatpassengersmaystillmakesomenoises.3.(1)Thea-utteranceandtheb-utterancearecasesofpragmatic/metalinguisticnegationwhereasthec-sentenceandthed-sentencearecasesofnormalpropositionalnegation.Yes,becausethefirsttwocasesinvolveaHornscale.(2)Yes.Whatisnegatedinthetwocasesisthestrongdegreeoftheactsconventionallyimpliedbytheverbs.4.(1)ThefingerreferstoJohn'sfingerandthehouseandcarrefertothoseofsomeoneelse's.(2)Ifthereisadditionalinformationforthesesentences,theycanbeinterpreteddifferently..Johnwentintoahouse.Itturnedouttobehisnewlyboughthouse.5.(1)Ittakestheexclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatcannotconcuratthesametime.Ittakestheinclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatconcuratthesametime.(2)Basicmeaning:theinclusivereading.atleastoneistrue)Deprivedimplicature：theexclusivemeaning(whencontextsuggeststhatonlyoneisallowed)6.(1)Boththefirstandthesecond"sale"meandiscountedsale.Usually,theendofyearsaleissellinggoodsatalowerprice;theuseof50%meanssellingclothesorsomethingatalowerprice.(2)"luck","opportunity"ExercisesTask31.A.Idon’tknowJohnwillwinthechampionship.B.Notallpeopletodayarevegetarians.C.Jackdoesnothaveafever.D.Guangzhoudoesnothaveahot/coldwinter.E.MysondoesnotgetstraightA'sallthetime.2.A.ThatJackcanlift200poundsalreadyimplicatesthathecanliftatmost200pounds,but"infact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryandfault.B.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof“infact”,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirstclause.C.Similarly,thatJackcanfinishthejobinthreedaysalreadyimplicatesthathecanfinishitinatmostthreedays,but"infact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryandfault.D.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof“infact”,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirstclause.3.Similarity:bothofHornandLevinsonbasetheirQ-principleonthefirstsubmaximofQuantityMaxim.Deference:Horn'sR-principleisbasedonthesecondsubmaximofQuantityMaxim,relationmaximandpartofMannerMaxim,whileLevinson'I-principleisbasedonthesecondmaximofQuantityMaximandhisM-principlebasedonMannerMaxim.4.AccordingtotheQ-principlewhichstipulatesthatthespeakerhasgivensufficientinformationandtheR-principlewhichsuggeststhattheinformationsuppliedmustsatisfytheuppermostlimitofexpectation,in"it'sthetaste","thetaste"meansmorethan"ataste",butagoodtasteYes,.It'sthetastewhichIhatemost.Otherexamples:"Sheistheone."/Makethechange.（新李宁）5."身材"，"长相"meansgoodfigureandgoodappearance."有钱"meansnotjusthavingmoneybutbeingrich."有个性"meanssheisspecialoruniqueinherpersonality.ExamplesinEnglish:She'sgotlegs.Heisamanwithajob.6.Open.Unit6[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.f3.f4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.(1)a."yours","(right)now"b."here","your"(2)Tobringtheaddresseescloserandmakethemidentifywithaddressers.Impresstheaddresseesasifthingsarehappeningatthemoment.2.(1)No(2)Whethertheyconcerntheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationofthespeakerinthespeechevent.3.(1)Yes.Weuse"here"toreplacetheplace'sname.(2)Sometimesthespeakermayusehisorhernameinsteadofusing“I”tohighlighthisorheridentityorindividuality.4.(1)Onlywhenthedateofmanufacturingandthatofsellingarethesame.(2)"最后三天"isnotdefinite,becauseonemaynotknowfromwhichdaythelastthreedaysbegin.(3)Itisnotknownwhattimethespeakerleft.(4)Yes.WhatisthepresentpriceThepricemaychangeovertime.Theword“当前”isdeictic.5.(1)Yes.Itisusedforemphasis(2)Yes."Booksonsalehere!"6.(1)A."we","ourselves"B."we","today"C."I","here","now"D."I","lastplace"E."YOU","here"F."I"G."today"(2)Theremaybeadifferenceinthecodingtimeandthereceivingtime;theremaybethespeakerperspectiveandthehearerperspective.7.(1)“I’mcoming”takestheaddresseeasthedeicticcenter.(2)Yes.ExercisesTask31.A."there".B."you"2.Ina,thespeakerusestheprogressiveaspectinsteadofthenormalsimplepr