实用口译unit 4 Memory in Interpreting

实用口译Unit4MemoryInInterpretingOutline1.   Introduction2.Theoreticalframework3.  Skilltraining4.   InterpretationPractice5.PerformanceAppraisal1. IntroductionWhatisthemostdifficultthingstorememberininterpreting?AnExperimenttoCheckLongsegmentofinformationDenseinformationPropernamesFiguresunfamiliarLackoflogicallinksLackofbackgroundknowledgeLackofinterestThemostdifficultthingstorememberininterpretingare:Normalspokendelivery:120—220 word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 s/minThemore“meaningful〞theinformation,theshorterittakesforittobecommittedtomemoryandtheeasieritistoremember.theinterpreterconcentratesonbothmeaningandthewordsused口译记忆的根本原理：记忆的根本原理及口译记忆的特点：同声传译：“超短期记忆〞，即记即译。交传：译员需要有超强的记忆力。通过后天的科学、系统的训练来大大提高。记忆中的两个重要环节：存储(storage)和提取(retrieval)。我们的目标：提高存储的条理性，把握提取的线索。2. TheoreticalFramework2.记忆的分类：瞬时记忆(instantmemory),也称感觉记忆(sensormemory):持续时间很短。短时记忆(short-termmemory),记忆容量为7+-2个互不关联的信息单位，且始终处于活泼状态，不需要被激活。长时记忆(long-termmemory),也称永久记忆(permanentmemory)可以长达数日、数月乃至数年，记忆容量几乎是无限的，但需要被激活。工作记忆(Workingmemory),是短时记忆与长时记忆中被激活的局部的结合。2. TheoreticalFramework“记词〞还是“记意〞？译员运用的主要是意义记忆的方式：在听辩理解的过程中注意分析并整合发言人语词所表达的意义，并把它作为记忆存储和提取的对象。3.口译记忆的运作方式1)听辩理解过程中的“有意识的〞筛选---缩小记忆的量去粗取精，留存有意义的信息。2)对记忆的信息进行“条块化〞处理---扩大记忆的容量言语的记忆主要采取以“命题〞为单位的意义储存的方式。“以命题为单位的意义模块〞可以包括一句话、一个语段、乃至一个语篇的意思。2. TheoreticalFramework3)理解记忆及意义记忆—口译“工作记忆〞的核心译员一定要注意对源语意义的分析、整合，并有意识地分析讲话者的思路，以便建立起记忆中各个意义模块之间的联系。4)强化口译记忆练习—提高信息的提取速度记忆中信息检索和提取的速度和可能性取决于记忆的激活程度，而激活程度又取决于记忆使用的频率和使用的新近程度。2. TheoreticalFramework记忆训练的必要性：DanielGile：交传包括两个阶段：听取和理解信息阶段以及信息重组阶段2. TheoreticalFramework第一阶段：听取和理解信息阶段I=L+M+NI=口译L=听取并分析源语信息M=从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需要的短期记忆N=笔记第二阶段：信息重组阶段I=Rem+Read+P在这一阶段，译员从短期记忆中提取并解构源语信息(Rem)，读取笔记(Read)，然后重新产出译语信息(P)。2. TheoreticalFramework口译记忆的技巧：1.口译记忆的原那么口译过程中经选择后的记忆对象主要包括：主题词、关键词、逻辑联系，这三者综合起来就构成了源语语篇的意义框架。为提高记忆存储的效率，有必要对记忆的信息进行“条块化〞处理。口译记忆可以借助口译笔记的辅助，从而提高记忆的准确性。2. SkillTraining2.口译记忆的常用方法：记忆的根本手段：声觉记忆、视觉记忆、意义记忆。成像法：visualization，即把源语语篇的意义框架想象成一副图像，或把源语语篇所表达的情景复原成思维中的视觉影像。较易掌握的方法：有的语篇是以时间顺序为线索的，如发言人回忆历史、讲述经历时，往往有一个开头、开展、结尾的顺序；2. SkillTraining有的语篇是以空间次序为线索的，如发言人介绍景点、说明构造时，往往遵循由上而下、由里而外的空间次序；spatialbarometers有的语篇是以分类为线索的，由总到分，由大类到小类。categorization有的语篇是以比照，比较为线索的，先说相似之处，再说不同之处；comparison有的语篇是以逻辑论证为线索的，要么先说观点，再细说理据1、2、3点，要么先陈述原因，再得出结论。argument2. SkillTraining中国承担着越来越多与本国国力相符的国际责任。我国已经兑现对联合国?千年宣言?的承诺,向120多个开展中国家提供了经济援助,累计免除49个重债穷国和最不兴旺国家的债务。我们向发生地震、海啸等灾害的国家积极捐资捐物,并派遣多支医疗队和救援队赴当地实施人道救助。中国积极参加联合国国际维和行动,是安理会常任理事国中派出维和人员最多的国家,累计向24项联合国维和行动派出上万人次,中国维和官兵甚至付出了生命的代价。———杨洁篪外长第十一届中国开展高层论坛年会演讲语篇成像法举例：发言人每个语段的开头、结尾都应成为记忆的重点。1)开头往往包含了整个语段的主题，结尾往往是呈现结论、总结的局部2)只有记好了开头和结尾，译员才能清楚地把握好本节口译是从哪里开始说起，说到哪里为止。2. SkillTrainingMemorytraining(1)Encoding,storageandretrievalPsychologiststellusthatmemoryinvolvesencoding,storageandretrievalofinformation.Forgettingmaymeanthematerialwasneverencoded;itmaymeantheinformationwasnotstored;oritmayreflectretrievaldifficulties.2. SkillTrainingMemorytraining:(2)Categorization,generalizationandcomparisonPeoplebelievememorycanbefortifiedbyconsciouslyresortingtotactics(retrievalcues)suchascategorization(groupingitemsofthesameproperties,origins,firstletters,etc.);generalization(workingoutsomeheadingstoembracethesupportivedetails);2. SkillTrainingcomparison(noticingthedifferencesaswellassimilaritiesbetweendifferentthings,facts,orevents);noticingthetime-markersorspatialbarometerswhichoftenindicatethesequenceofanevent;descriptionofascene,ortheshapeandsizeofasubstance.2. SkillTrainingThreewaysoftrainingmemory1.Shadow-speaking2.Retellingintheoriginallanguage3.Retellinginthetargetlanguage2. SkillTrainingRetellingexercises:Direction:Listentothefollowingpassages,thenretellinyourownwordsinthesamelanguagetheinformationyouhavejustheard.Exercise1:金福实业从一个打火机五金塑料作坊起步，开展成为现在相当规模的实业公司。这个过程确实来之不易，是经过了十年艰苦努力，不断开拓，广聚人才和开展原始积累而成。我们近几年新开展的塑料包装瓶盖，拥有世界最先进的注塑系统及成型模具。我们先进的技术、舒适洁净的工作环境、科学的管理方法、勇于开拓进取和至诚待客的精神，受到所有客户的一致好评。在这里我代表公司全体员工向曾经给予过和即将给予我们关心和支持的人们表示深深的诚挚的谢意！我们将秉承一贯以诚待人的经营作风，戒骄戒躁，在愈演愈烈的经济大潮中与您携手共进。同时，欢送您择日莅临指导工作，谢谢！Analysis:主要概念为：----小五金公司经过十年创业开展成为金福实业----新开发的瓶盖技术先进----在技术、工作环境、管理方法、创新客户效劳方面受好评----代表员工表示感谢----坚持诚信、戒骄戒躁、共同进步----欢送光临Exercise2:Whenaguy’sprintertypebegantogrowfaint,hecalledalocalrepairshopwhereafriendlyclerkinformedhimthattheprinterprobablyneededonlytobecleaned.Becausethestorecharged$50forsuchcleanings,hetoldhimhemightbebetteroffreadingtheprinter’smanualandtryingthejobhimself.Pleasantlysurprisedbyhisfrankness,theguyasked,“Doesyourbossknowthatyoudiscouragebusiness?〞“Actually,it’smyboss’sidea,〞theemployeerepliedsheepishly.“Weusuallymakemoremoneyonrepairsifweletpeopletrytofixthingsthemselvesfirst.〞Analysis:主要概念为：---printerhassomeproblem---repairshopclerkaskedhimtocleanithimselftosave$50---surprisedandasked---astonishedbytheanswer---theshopmakesmoremoneybyworkingontheprinterdamagedbyinnocentusersShadow-speakingexercises:Direction:Listentothefollowingpassages,thenreiterateitsimultaneously.Exercise1&2:HistoryofWorldExpoTheuniversalExpo,alsoknownasWorld'sFair,isoneofthethreelargesteventsintheworldintermsofeconomicandculturalimpact.However,comparedwiththeothertwogreatevents--themodernOlympicGamesandtheWorldCup,theExpohasthelongesthistory.In1851,thefirstExpowasheldinLondon,underthetitle“GreatExhibitionoftheWorksofIndustryofAllNations〞.AttheExpo,participatingcountrieswillsetupnationalpavilionsindistinctivearchitecturalstyleswithaviewofattractingbusinesspeopleandtouristsallovertheworld.UsuallyanExpowilllastbetween3and6months.Thecharactersofworldexpositionshavedevelopedthroughhistory.Thefirsteracovered,roughly,theperiodfrom1800to1950.Inthesedays,worldexpositionswereespeciallyfocusedontradeandfamousforthedisplayofscientificandtechnologicaladvancements.Theseconderastartedwiththe1939NewYorkWorld'sFair.Fromthenon,World'sFairbecamemorestronglybasedonaspecificthemeofculturalsignificance.Finally,intheearly1990s,countriesstartedtousetheworldexpomorewidelyandmorestronglyasaplatformtoimprovetheirnationalimages.SignLanguageSignlanguageisawayoftalkingbyusingsigns.Indiansusedsignlanguagewhentheymetstrangers.Inthisway,theycouldfindoutwhetherthestrangerwasafriendoranenemy.InIndiansignlanguage,signsweremadewiththehands.Onesignmeant"man".Anothermeant"horse".Totellthetimeofdaywhensomethinghappened,anIndianpointedtothesky.Heshowedwherethesunhadbeenatthetime.Indiansusuallyusedsignalswhentheywantedtosendmessagestosomeonefaraway.Tomakesignals,anIndianmightuseasmallhorse.Hemightusesmoke,amirrororfirearrows.Tosignalthathehadseenmanyanimals,anIndianrodehissmallhorseinalargecircle.SometimestheIndiangaveasignallikethisandthenwentawaytohide.Thismeantthattherewasdanger.Hecouldalsosendmanysignalswithamirror.Heusuallyusedthemirrortowarnsomeoneofdanger.Orheattemptedtogettheattentionofapersonfarway.Buthealsousedittosendmessagesincode.Ofcourse,mirrorscouldonlybeusedwhenthesunwasshining.Atnight,Indiansusedfirearrowsforsignaling.IV.Improvingactivelistening(提高积极记忆)Keyfactorsofinterpretation:Gaininginformation,comprehensionandmemorizing.Thereasonsforforgettingthecontentwhichwasjustheard:1.Notenoughconcentration.2.Notfamiliarwiththetopicorcannotunderstandthesourcelanguagethoroughly.Activelistening:Activelyanalyzeandmemorizetheinformationpointswhichtheinterpreterjustheardandfindtherelationshipbetweentheinformationpoints.Exercise:Listentothefollowingpassage,tryyourbesttograspthemaininformationandmakeclearthedevelopmentorientationofthematterandlogicalconnections.Goodmorning.SinceItookofficeI’vedoneeverythinginmypowertoprotectourchildrenfromharm.We’veworkedtomaketheirstreetandtheirschoolssafer,togivethemsomethingpositivetodoafterschoolandbeforetheirparentsgethome.We’veworkedtoteachourchildrenthatdrugsaredangerous,illegalandwrong.Thisweek,wetookamajorsteptoprotectourchildren,indeed,allAmericansfromthedangersofdrunkdrivingbyproposingbipartisanlegislationtolowerthelegallimittopointzeroeightineverystate.1.讲话内容的中心主题是谁？2.发言人就任以来在保护孩子不受伤害方面有哪些业绩？TodayIwanttotalktoyouaboutthehistoricopportunitywenowhavetoprotectournation’sChildrenfromanevendeadlythreat:smoking.SmokingkillsmorepeopleeverydaythanAIDS,alcohol,caraccident,murders,suicides,drugsandfirescombined.Nearly90percentofthosesmokerslittheirfirstcigarettebeforetheyturned18.Today,theepidemicofteensmokingisragingthroughoutournationas,onebyone,ourchildrenareluredbymultimilliondollarmarketingschemesdesignedtodoexactlythat.Considerthis:3,000childrenstarttosmokeeverydayillegally,and1,000ofthemwilldiesoonerbecauseofit.3.今天讲话的主题是什么？4.吸烟的危害如何？5.导致青少年吸烟的一个重要原因是什么？记住了相关数据吗？ThisisnationaltragedythateveryAmericanshouldbehonor-boundtohelpprevent.Formorethanfiveyearswe’veworkedtostopourchildrenfromsmokingbeforetheystart,launchinganationwidecampaignwithFDAtoeducatethemaboutthedangersofsmoking,toreducetheiraccesstotobaccoproducts,andtoseverelyrestricttobaccocompaniesfromadvertisingtoyoungpeople.6.在过去的5年里政府采取了什么措施防止青少年吸烟？Buteventhisisnotenoughtofullyprotectourchildren.Toputanendtotheepidemic,Congressmustact.Lastfall,IcalledonCongresstoputasidepoliticsandpasscomprehensivebipartisanlegislationtoreduceteensmokingbyraisingthepriceofcigarettesbyupto$1.50apackoverthenext10years,imposingstrongpenaltiesifthetobaccoindustrykeepssellingcigarettestoourchildren’saccesstotobaccoproducts,andtorestricttobaccoadsaimedatyoungpeople,sothatourchildrencan’tfallpreytothedeadlythreatoftobacco.7.发言人的身份是什么？谁可以呼吁国会通过议案？8.能复述议案的主要内容吗？Now,welearnedlastmonththatifwedothis,we’llcutteensmokingbyalmosthalfoverthenextfiveyears.Thatmeansifweactnow,wehaveitinourpowertostop3millionchildrenfromsmoking—andtosaveamillionlivesasaresult.Today,thereareasfewas70workingdaysleftbeforethisCongressadjourns.Oneveryoneofthosedays,1,000adultswilldiefromsmoking.Oneveryoneofthosedays,3,000childrenwilllighttheirfirstcigarettes.Oneveryoneofthosedays,thisCongresshastheopportunitytostopit.9.采取行动可能带来怎样的积极效果？10.在这次行动中占主导地位的是哪个机构？WillthisCongressberememberedforputtingpoliticsasideandprotectingourchildrenfromtobacco—orforlettingthepublichealthopportunityofalifetimepassusby?Therewillbenogreatermeasureofyourcommitmenttothehealthofourchildrenorthefutureofournation.Thankyou.11.国会在这个问题上将面临两种怎样的选择？视觉记忆练习989989756657107701288882603306872278192112911006600125722752234664323021120349766794122126624554788760068998