2021考研英语一新题型历年真题分类版

考研英语(一）阅读新 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 型全真试题（-）TypeOneBlank-filling（完形填句）PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada’spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments)，iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting，mightspareamomenttodosomething，together，toreducehealth-carecosts.They’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets，thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.41.____[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation，prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.____Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare--tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts--recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs，bureaucracy，proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower，allwouldpoolresources，workwithOttawa，andcreateanationalinstitution.42.____[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.____But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial--provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway，onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices，ifpossible，withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince--oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince--negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist，thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan，say，Quebec，negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople，thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers，thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.43.____[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers；theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat，ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist，thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency，butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.____AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment，fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit，aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably，andregrettably，Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew，ifany，stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.____[F]So，iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow，theyshouldprovetheycanrunit，startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication，saveadministrativecosts，preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother，andbargainforbetterdrugprices.____PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively，especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs：“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”45.____[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport：“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”____SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist，theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.[A]Quebec’sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec’sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport：“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark：health-carecostshavebeen，are，andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation，prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[F]So，iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow，theyshouldprovetheycanrunit，startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication，saveadministrativecosts，preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother，andbargainforbetterdrugprices.[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers；theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat，ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist，thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency，butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville，Ind.，homeofDavidWilliams，52，andofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino，Williams，astateauditorearning$35,000ayear，lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino，lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim，asagoodcustomer，aFunCard，whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks，andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams，theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.(41)________.In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime，allnight，untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.，thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino，chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998，afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions，andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblingproblems.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers，andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors，thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42)________.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning：“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead，notoverit.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless，Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino，knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,”intentionallyworkedto“lure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill.”Well.(43)________.ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent，recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44)________.Pushedbyscience，orwhatclaimstobescience，societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45)________.Forty-fourstateshavelotteries，29havecasinos，andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton--youmightsayaddictedto--revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995，competitionforgamblers’dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear，gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb’smostprofitablebusiness.[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented，thecasino’smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.[B]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired，givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?[C]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven，hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500，buthedidnotquit.[D]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever，butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin，orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy：themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.[E]DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonit.[F]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems，oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier，sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[G]Theanonymous，lonely，undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling，whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils，arrangingyourdesk，anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit，andstandup，orliedowntowrite.(41)__________.Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext，butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow，workitintothedraft.(42)________Grammar，punctuation，andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)________Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway，and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere，youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ityouareworkingonawordprocessor，youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)________.Theseprintoutsalsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper，youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentswhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)________Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes“andthenagain”workingtosubstantiateanclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.Tomakerevisingeasier，leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords，sentences，andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequately，developedthebodyofyourpaper，payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast，afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It’sworthremembering，however，thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific，itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakenodifferencehowyouwrite，justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis，youcanassembleyournotesanbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Althoughthisisaninterestingissue，ithasnothingtodowiththethesis，whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph，sheaddedonethatdescribedcrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy”heenforces.Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P”，thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptstorepolicies.Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay，youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s，BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena，includinghumansocieties，changedovertime，advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan，alongwithTylor，wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork，heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica，German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism，whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures，gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44._______________.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology，largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew，especiallygiftedpeoplesthat，accordingtodiffusionists，thenspreadtoothercultures.45.________________.Alsointheearly1900s，Frenchsociologist?mileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean，andespeciallyBritish，anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations，suchasinventions，hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible，Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics，thestudyoflanguages，andinphysicalanthropology，thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger，moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure，suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus，inhisview，diverseaspectsofculture，suchasthestructureoffamilies，formsofmarriage，categoriesofkinship，ownershipofproperty，formsofgovernment，technology，andsystemsoffoodproduction，allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample，BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested，onthebasisofinadequateinformation，thatfarming，potterymaking，andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact，alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying，higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop，thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope，oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses，warriors，entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress，studioandtheatre，paintbrushandgallery，pianoandradio，themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice，thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction，meansofdistribution，siteofreception，andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer，wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First，mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second，themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload，butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart，theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings，sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music，literature，religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines，mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia，apyramidofproductionremains，withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial，aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent，andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere. [A]Ofcourse，itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills，butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationsliketumblr.com，whichallowuserstocombinepictures，wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem，havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing，entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century，muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow，toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand，evenmoreimportantly，meaningfuluploading.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof，therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld，workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport，thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange，security，sustainabledevelopmenta