莎士比亚 (1)课件

WilliamShakespeareAboutWilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(baptised26April1564;died23April1616)英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld’excellentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon".Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaborations,consistofabout37plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.AboutWilliamShakespeareShakespearewasbornandraisedinStratford-upon-Avon.英格兰沃里克郡斯特拉福镇Attheageof18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,withwhomhehadthreechildren:Susanna,andtwinsHamnetandJudith.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingcompanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.HeappearstohaveretiredtoStratfordaround1613,wherehediedthreeyearslater.AboutWilliamShakespeareFewrecordsofShakespeare'sprivatelifesurvive,andtherehasbeenconsiderablespeculationaboutsuchmattersashisphysicalappearance,sexuality,religiousbeliefs,andwhethertheworksattributedtohimwerewrittenbyothers.ThreePeriodsofHisWritingCareerFirstPeriod(1590-1600)MainlyhistoryplaysandcomediesRichardⅢ(1592)HenryⅣ(1597),Part1&Part2HenryⅤ(1598)JuliusCaesar(1599)AMid-SummerNight’sDream(1595)MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598)AsYouLikeIt(1599)TheTwelfthNight(1600)TheMerchantofVenice(1596)RomeoAndJuliet(1594)ThreePeriodsofHisWritingCareerSecondPeriod(1601-1608)FourGreattragediesHamlet(1601)Othello(1604)KingLear(1605)Macbeth(1605)ThreePeriodsofHisWritingCareerLastperiod(1609-1612)DramaticromancesTheWinter’sTale(1610)TheTempest(1612)SonnetsSonnetApoemconsistingof14lines(11syllablesinItalian,generally12inFrenchand10inEnglish),withrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprinciple,namely:(1)abbaabba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines,withapauseinthethoughtaftertheoctave;(2)ababcdcdefefgg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.ThesonnetwasintroducedtoEnglandbyWyattanddevelopedbySurreyandwasthereafterwidelyused,notablyinthesonnetsequencesofShakespeare,Sidney,Daniel,Spenser,andotherpoetsoftheGoldenperiod,mostofwhichareamatoryinnature,andcontainacertainnarrativedevelopment:latersonnetsequencesonthethemeofloveincludethoseofD.G.RossettiandE.B.Browning.Milton,Donne,Keats,HopkinsandYeatshaveallusedtheformtogreatandvariedeffect,anditcontinuestoflourish.Hamlet创作于1601-1602年，并于1603年出版，《哈姆雷特》一直以来被誉为莎士比亚的巅峰之作。这部作品取材于一个王子阿姆莱斯（PrinceAmleth）的故事，该故事来源可追溯到12世纪。但是，莎翁的《哈姆雷特》并非第一个关于哈姆雷特的历史故事。早在16世纪八十年代，由托马斯·基德（ThomasKyd）创作的同名戏剧就已闻名英国社会，不过基德的版本《哈姆雷特》剧本已经失传。HamletHamletisShakespeare'slongestplayandamongthemostpowerfulandinfluentialtragediesintheEnglishlanguage.Ithasastorycapableof"seeminglyendlessretellingandadaptationbyothers.“DuringShakespeare'slifetime,theplaywasoneofhismostpopularworksIthasinspiredwritersfromGoetheandDickenstoJoyceandMurdoch,andhasbeendescribedas"theworld'smostfilmedstoryafterCinderella"经典选段在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故;谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生?谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去?这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。MacbethTheTragedyofMacbeth(commonlycalledMacbeth)isaplaybyWilliamShakespeareaboutaregicideanditsaftermath.ItisShakespeare'sshortesttragedyandisbelievedtohavebeenwrittensometimebetween1603and1607.TheearliestaccountofaperformanceofwhatwasprobablyShakespeare'splayisApril1611,whenSimonFormanrecordedseeingsuchaplayattheGlobeTheatre.ItwasfirstpublishedintheFolioof1623,possiblyfromapromptbook.MacbethShakespeare'ssourceforthetragedyaretheaccountsofKingMacbethofScotland,Macduff,andDuncaninHolinshed'sChronicles(1587),ahistoryofEngland,ScotlandandIrelandfamiliartoShakespeareandhiscontemporaries.However,thestoryofMacbethastoldbyShakespearebearslittlerelationtorealeventsinScottishhistory,asMacbethwasanadmiredandablemonarch.MacbethShakespeareborrowedthestoryfromseveraltalesinHolinshed'sChronicles,apopularhistoryoftheBritishIslesknowntoShakespeareandhiscontemporaries.InChronicles,amannamedDonwaldfindsseveralofhisfamilyputtodeathbyhisking,KingDuff,fordealingwithwitches.Afterbeingpressuredbyhiswife,heandfourofhisservantskilltheKinginhisownhouse.InChronicles,MacbethisportrayedasstrugglingtosupportthekingdominthefaceofKingDuncan'sineptitude.HeandBanquomeetthethreewitches,whomakeexactlythesamepropheciesasinShakespeare'sversion.MacbethandBanquothentogetherplotthemurderofDuncan,atLadyMacbeth'surging.KingLearKingLearisatragedybyWilliamShakespeare.Thetitlecharacterdescendsintomadnessafterfoolishlydisposingofhisestatebetweentwoofhisthreedaughtersbasedontheirflattery,bringingtragicconsequencesforall.TheplayisbasedonthelegendofLeirofBritain,amythologicalpre-RomanCelticking.IthasbeenwidelyadaptedforthestageandmotionpicturesTheplaywaswrittenbetween1603and1606andlaterrevised.KingLearKingLear,whoiselderly,wantstoretirefrompower.Hedecidestodividehisrealmamonghisthreedaughters,andoffersthelargestsharetotheonewholoveshimbest.GonerilandReganbothproclaiminfulsometermsthattheylovehimmorethananythingintheworld,whichpleaseshim.ForCordelia,thereisnothingtocompareherloveto,norwordstoproperlyexpressit;shespeakshonestlybutbluntly,whichinfuriateshim.Inhisangerhedisinheritsher,anddividesthekingdombetweenReganandGoneril.Kentobjectstothisunfairtreatment.Kentobjectstothisunfairtreatment.LearisfurtherenragedbyKent'sprotests,andbanisheshimfromthecountry.TheKingofFranceisimpressedbyCordelia’shonestyandmarriesher.KingLearGonerilstabsherselfandconfessestopoisoningRegan.DyingEdmundrevealshisordertokillLearandCordelia,butitistoolate:CordeliaisdeadthoughLearslewthekiller.LearcarriesthedeadCordeliainhisarmsonstage.LearcollapsesanddiesKingLear李尔王是英国的一个古老传说，故事本身大约发生在公元前8世纪左右。后在英国编成了许多戏剧，现存的戏剧除莎士比亚外，还有一个更早的无名氏作品，一般认为莎士比亚的李尔王是改编此剧而创作的。Thetragedyisparticularlynotedforitsprobingobservationsonthenatureofhumansufferingandkinship.GeorgeBernardShawwrote,"NomanwilleverwriteabettertragedythanLear"AMidsummerNight'sDreamwrittenbetween1590and1596.ItportraystheeventssurroundingthemarriageoftheDukeofAthens,Theseus,andtheQueenoftheAmazons,Hippolyta.TheseincludetheadventuresoffouryoungAthenianloversandagroupofamateuractors,whoaremanipulatedbythefairieswhoinhabittheforestinwhichmostoftheplayisset.TheplayisoneofShakespeare'smostpopularworksforthestageandiswidelyperformedacrosstheworld.AMidsummerNight'sDream书中讲述了由“魔汁”引起的冲突及冲突被解决、有情人终成眷属的故事。有两个男青年拉山德（Lysander）、狄米特律斯（Demetrius）同时爱上了女青年赫米（Hermia），而赫米娅恋着拉山德，她的好友海伦娜（Helena）又恋着狄米特律斯。赫米娅为了反对包办婚姻和情人私奔，来到约定好的森林里。海伦娜将这一消息告诉了狄米特律斯，二人也跟着赶到了森林里。这个森林里本来住着仙王、仙后和侍奉他们的小仙、精灵，此时仙王、仙后正因为一个“换儿”（传说中仙人常于夜间将人家美丽的小儿窃去充做侍童）而不和。仙王为了让仙后做出让步，便派小精灵迫克（Puck）去取来魔汁（西方一朵纯洁的白色小花因为误中了丘比特的爱情之箭，受创伤后而流出的汁液）以戏弄仙后。这种魔汁有这样的魔力：如果它滴在睡者的人的眼皮上，无论男女，醒来一眼看见的生物，就都会发疯似的爱上它。AMidsummerNight'sDream因为魔汁的出现，整个故事发生了戏剧性的变化。魔汁滴在睡着的拉山德的眼皮上，他醒来时一眼看见的是误闯进来的海伦娜，因此而“移情别恋”，对海伦娜大献殷勤，这让可怜的赫米娅伤心万分；而狄米特律斯醒来时一眼看见的恰是被精灵引来的海伦娜，因而“旧情复燃”，这让可怜的赫米娅苦恼万分。ThefourquarrelwitheachotheruntilLysanderandDemetriusbecomesoenragedthattheyseekaplacetodueleachothertoprovewhoseloveforHelenaisthegreatest.OberonordersPucktokeepLysanderandDemetriusfromcatchingupwithoneanotherandtoremovethecharmfromLysander,sothathegoesbacktobeinginlovewithHermia.AMidsummerNight'sDream仙后在魔汁的作用下与一个闯入林中的织工荒唐的“相爱”。这个滑稽可笑的织工本来是和几个同是手艺人的伙伴们来林中来排戏，而仙后在接触魔汁后一觉醒来时正是看见了这个可怜的家伙。而这一切都取决于魔汁的威力、仙王的旨意和小精灵迫克的顽皮。后来也正是按着仙王的旨意，魔力得以解除、情人终成眷属、仙人和好如初，仙界、人间复归太平。AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》是威廉·莎士比亚最著名的喜剧之一。整部戏剧情调轻松，总的来说就是一个“乱点鸳鸯谱”的故事。剧中有穿插了小闹剧当作笑料，即众工匠为婚礼所排的“风马牛不相及”的喜剧以及排戏经过。它所包含的，只是纯净的快乐，仿佛是一部戏剧的狂欢，中间也掠过一丝爱情所固有的烦恼。