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DesignofSpillwaysSpillwaysareordinarilyclassifiedaccordingtotheirmostprominentfeature.Commonlyreferredtotypescanbelistedasfollows.1.FreeOverall(StraightDrop)SpillwaysAfreeoverfallorstraightdropspillwaysisoneinwhichtheflowdropsfreelyfromthecrest.Thistypeissuitedtoathinarchordeckoverflowdamortoacrestiswhichhasanearlyverticaldownstreamface.Occasionallythecrestisextendedintheformofanoverhangingliptodirectsmalldischargesawayfromthefaceoftheoverfallsection.Wherenoartificialprotectionisprovidedatthebaseoftheoverfall,scourwilloccurinmoststreambedsandwillformadeepplungepoll.Thevolumeanddepthoftheholearerelatedtotherangeofdischarges,theheightofthedrop,andthedepthoftailwater.Afreeoverfallspillwaysisnotadaptableforhighdropsonyieldingfoundations,becauseofthelargeimpactforceswhichmustbeabsorbedbytheapronatthepointofimpingementofthejet.Vibrationsincidenttotheimpactmightcrackordisplacethestructure,withdangerfromfailurebypipingorundermining.Ordinarily,theuseofthisstructureforhydraulicdropsfromheadpooltotailwaterinexcessof20feetshouldnotbeconsidered.2.Ogee(Overflow)SpillwaysTheogeespillwayshasacontrolweirwhichisogeeorS-shapedinprofile.Theuppercurveoftheogeeordinarilyismadetoconformcloselytotheprofileoflowernappeofaventilatedsheetfallingfromasharp-crestedweir.Flowoverthecrestismadetoadheretothefaceoftheprofilebypreveningaccessofairtotheundersideofthesheet.Fordischargesatdesignedhead,theflowglidesoverthecrestwithnointerferencefromtheboundarysurfaceandattainsnearmaximumdischargeefficiency.Theprofilebelowtheuppercurveoftheogeeiscontinuedtangentalongaslopetosupportthesheetonthefaceoftheoverflow.Areversecurveatthebottomoftheslopeturnstheflowontotheapronofastillingbasinorintothespillwaydischargechannel.Anogeecrestandapronmaycompriseallentirespillway,suchastheoverflowportionofaconcretegravitydam,ortheogeecrestmayonlybethecontrolstructureforsomeothertypeofspillway.Becauseofitshighdischargeefficiency,thenappe-shapedprofileisusedformostspillwaycontrolcrests.3.SideChannelSpillwaysThesidechannelspillwayisoneinwhichthecontrolweirisplacedalongthesideofandapproximatelyparalleltotheupperportionofthespillwaydischargechannel.Flowoverthecrestfallsintoanarrowtroughoppositetheweir,turnsanapproximaterightangle,andthencontinuesintothemaindischargechannel.Dischargecharacteristicsofasidechannelspillwayaresimilartothoseofanordinaryoverflowandaredependentontheselectedprofileoftheweircrest.Thedischargeconstrictionmaybeapointofcriticalflowinthechannel,anorificecontrol,oraconduitortunnelflowingfull.Althoughthesidechannelisneitherhydraulicallyefficientnorinexpensive,ithasadvantageswhichmakeitadaptabletocertainspillwaylayouts.4.Chute(OpenChannelorTrough)SpillwaysAspillways,whosedischargeisconveyedfromthereservoirtothedownstreamriverlevelthroughanopenchannel,placedeitheralongadamabutmentorthroughasaddle,mightbecalledachute,openchannel,ortroughtypespillway.Thesedesignationscanapplyregardlessofthecontroldeviceusedtoregulatetheflow.Thus,aspillwayhavingachute-typedischargechannel,thoughcontrolledbyanoverflowcrest,agatedorifice,asidechannelcrest,orsomeothercontroldevice,mightstillbecalledachutespillway.However,thenameismostoftenappliedwhenthespillwaycontrolisplacednormalornearlynormaltotheaxisofanopenchannel,andwherethestreamlinesofflowbothaboveandbelowthecontrolcrestfollowinthedirectionoftheaxis.Thechutespillwayhasbeenusedwithearthfilldamsmoreoftenthananyothertype.Factorsinfluencingtheselectionofchutespillwaysarethesimplicityoftheirdesignandconstruction,theiradaptabilitytoalmostanyfoundationcondition,andtheoveralleconomyoftenobtainedbytheuseoflargeamountsofspillwaysexcavationinthedamembankment.Chutespillwaysordinarilyconsistofanentrancechannel,acontrolstructure,adischargechannel,aterminalstructure,andanoutletchannel.Thesimplestformofchutespillwayhasastraightcenterlineandisofuniformwidth.Often,eithertheaxisoftheentrancechannelorthatofthedischargechannelmustbecurvedtofitthealignmenttothetopography.Insuchcases,thecurvatureisconfinedtotheentrancechannelifpossible,becauseofthelowapproachvelocities.Wherethedischargechannelmustbecurved,itsfloorissometimessuperelevatedtoguidethehigh-velocityflowaroundthebend,thusavoidingapilingupofflowtowardtheoutsideofthechute.5.ConduitandTunnelSpillwaysWhereaclosedchannelisusedtoconveythedischargearoundorunderadam,thespillwayisoftencalledatunnelorconduitspillway,asappropriate.Theclosedchannelmaytakethefromofaverticalorinclinedshaft,ahorizontaltunnelthroughearthorroke,oraconduitconstructedinopencutandbackfilledwithearthmaterials.Mostformsofcontrolstructures,includingoverflowcrest,verticalofinclinedorificeentrances,dropinletentrances,andsidechannelcrests,canbeusedwithconduitandtunnelspillways.Withthedropinletororificecontrol,thetunnelorconduitsizeisselectedsothatitflowsfullforonlyashortsectionatthecontrolandthencepartlyfullforitsremaininglength.Toguaranteefreeflowinthetunnel,theratiooftheflowareatothetotaltunnelareaisoftenlimitedtoabout75percent.Airventsmaybeprovidedatcriticalpointsalongthetunnelorconduittoinsureanadequateairsupplywhichwillavoidunsteadyflowthroughthespillway.Tunnelspillwaysmaypresentadvantagesfordamsitesinnarrowcanyonswithsteepabutmentsoratsiteswherethereisdangertoopenchannelsfromsnoworrockslides.Conduitspillwaysmaybeappropriateatdamsitesinwidevalleys,wheretheabutmentsrisegraduallyandareataconsiderabledistancefromthestreamchannel.Useofaconduitwillpermitthespillwaytobelocatedunderthedamnearthestreambed.6.DropInlet(ShaftorMorningGlory)SpillwaysAdropinletorshaftspillway,asthenameimplies,isoneinwhichthewaterentersoverahorizontallypositionedlip,dropsthroughaverticalorslopingshaft,andthenflowtothedownstreamriverchannelthroughahorizontalornearhorizontalconduitortunnel.Thestructuremaybeconsideredasbeingmadeupofthreeelements;namely,anoverflowcontrolweir,averticaltransition,andacloseddischargechannel.Wheretheinletisfunnel-shaped,thistypeofstructureisoftencalleda"morningglory"or"gloryhole"spillway.Dischargecharacteristicsofthedropinletspillwaymayvarywitharangeofhead.Forexample,astheheadsincreaseonagloryholespillway,thecontrolwillshiftfromweirflowoverthecresttotubeflowinthetransitionandthentofullpipeflowinthedownstreamportion.Adropinletspillwaycanbeusedadvantageouslyatdamsitesinnarrowcanyonswheretheabutmentsrisesteeplyorwhereadiversiontunnelorconduitisavailableforuseasthedownstreamleg.Anotheradvantageofthistypeofspillwayisthatnearmaximumcapacityisattainedatrelativelylowheads.7.SiphonSpillwaysAsiphonspillwayisaclosedconduitsystemformedintheshapeofaninvertedU,positionedsothatinsideofthebendoftheupperpassagewayisatnormalreservoirstoragelevel.Theinitialdischargesofthespillway,asthereservoirlevelrisesabovenormal,aresimilartoflowoveraweir.Siphonicactiontakesplaceaftertheairinthebendoverthecresthasbeenexhausted.Continuousflowismaintainedbythesuctioneffectduetothegravitypullofthewaterinthelowerlegofthesiphon.Theprincipaladvantageofasiphonspillwayisitsabilitytopassfullcapacitydischargeswithnarrowlimitsofheadwaterrise.Afurtheradvantageisitspositiveandautomaticoperationwithoutmechanicaldevicesormovingparts.设计溢洪道溢洪道设计溢洪道通常分类根据其最突出的特征。通常称为类型可以列出如下。1。自由溢洪道整体（直线下降）自由溢流式溢洪道或直线下降是一种自由流滴从嵴。这种类型是适合薄拱坝溢流坝或甲板或一个波峰是具有接近垂直，下游面。偶尔波峰是扩展的形式，悬垂的嘴唇直接小放电远离面对溢流段。在没有人工提供保护，在该基地的溢流，冲刷将大多数发生在河床，将形成一个深插民意调查。体积和深度的孔是与该范围的放电，高度的下降，和深度的尾。自由溢流式溢洪道是不适合高滴在高产的基础，因为大的冲击力，必须吸收围裙在撞击点的飞机。振动的影响，裂缝或事件可能会取代结构，从失败的危险或破坏管道。通常，使用这种结构的液压滴头池尾超过20英尺，不应被视为。2。坝顶溢洪道（溢出）溢洪道控制堰的边缘有是形或S-简介。上的椭圆曲线通常是由符合密切的简介下覆的通风板从一个薄壁堰。流动的波峰是坚持面对的配置防止空气进入到下片方。排放在设计水头，流量滑过嵴无干扰的边界 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面和达到最大放电效率。简介低于上曲线的切线斜率S继续沿着一个支持表的脸上溢出。反向曲线在坡底转流到停机坪的消力池或进入溢洪道泄洪通道。一个反弧顶和围裙可以包括所有整个溢洪道，如溢出的部分混凝土重力坝，或边缘嵴可能只是控制结构的一些其他类型的溢洪道。由于其放电效率高，nappe-shaped的配置文件是用于大多数溢洪道控制徽章。3。侧槽式溢洪道侧槽溢洪道控制堰是一种放置沿一侧大致平行的上半部分的溢洪道泄洪通道。流动的嵴落入一个窄槽对面的堰，变成一个近似直角，然后继续到主放电通道。放电特性的一个侧槽溢洪道是类似于那些普通的溢出和依赖于选定的剖面堰顶。放电收缩可能是一个临界点流动的渠道，一个孔控制，或一个管道或隧道流满。虽然侧通道没有液压效率也不便宜，它的优点，使它能适应一定的溢洪道设计。4。陡槽溢洪道（开放通道或槽）一个溢洪道，其放电转达了水库下游河道的水平，通过一个开放的通道，无论是沿坝肩或通过鞍，可以被称为一个降落伞，打开通道，或槽式溢洪道。这些名称可以适用，无论控制装置用来调节流量。因此，一个溢洪道具有chute-type放电通道，通过控制溢流顶，门孔，侧沟嵴，或其他控制装置，可能仍然被称为陡槽溢洪道。然而，这个名字是最常应用在溢洪道控制在正常或接近正常的轴，一个开放的通道，并在流动简化的上方和下方的控制顶在轴方向。槽溢洪道已用于土坝多于任何其他类型。影响因素的选择陡槽式溢洪道简单的设计和施工，其适应几乎任何基础条件，和整体经济往往得到大量使用溢洪道开挖的坝式路堤。陡槽式溢洪道通常包括一个入口通道，一个控制结构，放电通道，一个终端结构，和一个输出通道。最简单的形式的陡槽溢洪道有中心线，宽度均匀。通常，无论是轴的入口通道和放电通道的必须被弯曲以适应调整地形。在这种情况下，曲率是局限于入口通道，如果可能，因为低办法速度。在放电通道必须弯曲，其地板有时是超引导高速流动周围的弯曲，从而避免堆放流向外槽。5。管道和隧道式溢洪道在一个封闭的通道是用来传达排放周围或下一个大坝，溢洪道，通常被称为一个隧道或管道溢洪道，适当。封闭通道可以从一个垂直或倾斜轴，横向隧道穿越地球或突变，或管道建造露天和回填土料。大多数形式的控制结构，包括溢流坝顶垂直，斜孔入口，入口的入口侧沟滴，和徽章，可用于管道和隧道式溢洪道。用滴入口或孔控制，隧道或管道的大小选择，让它充满的只有一小部分在控制并由此部分全为剩余的长度。保障自由流动的隧道，流动比率为全隧道区往往是有限的约百分之75。通风口可以提供在临界点沿隧道或管道，确保提供足够的空气，以避免非定常流动通过溢洪道。隧道式溢洪道可能优势坝址峡谷陡峭的基牙或在网站哪里有危险打开通道从雪或岩石的幻灯片。管道式溢洪道，可能是适当的在坝址在宽阔的山谷，在桥台逐渐上升，在相当大的距离从河道。使用导管将允许溢洪道位于大坝下附近的河床。6。滴进（轴或牵牛）溢洪道一滴入口或竖井溢洪道，顾名思义，是一种在水进入了横向定位唇，滴通过垂直或倾斜轴，再向下游河道通过水平或近水平管道或隧道。这种结构可以被认为是由三种元素构成的；即，溢出控制堰，垂直过渡，和一个封闭的放电通道。在入口漏斗状，这种类型的结构通常被称为一个“牵牛花”或“光荣洞”溢洪道。放电特性下降入口溢洪道可能与一系列的头。例如，作为元首增加一个荣耀孔溢洪道，控制将从堰流冠管流动的过渡，然后满管流的下游。跌落进溢洪道可以有利地用在坝址峡谷中桥台急剧上升，或在引水隧道或管道可用于下游腿。另一个优点是，这种类型的溢洪道最大容量达到较低的头。7。虹吸式溢洪道虹吸溢洪道是一个封闭的管道系统的形状形成一个倒，这样定位在弯曲的上部通道在正常库容水平。初始排放的溢洪道，作为水库的水位高于正常，类似的流量超过堰。虹吸作用发生后，空气中的弯曲的嵴已耗尽。连续流动是由吸效应由于重力的水在下肢的虹吸管。主要利用虹吸溢洪道是它能够通过充分的能力与局限源头崛起。进一步的优势是其积极和自动操作，无机械装置或移动部件。