英美概况名词解释

英美概况名词解释1.theHardian’sWall:ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.2.AlfredtheGreatAlfredwasastrongkingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.3.WilliamtheConquerorWilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct,1066anddefeatedKingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.4.thebattleofHastingsIn1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday’sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.5.DomesdayBookUnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwasestablished.WilliamsentofficialstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichcompletedin1086.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEnglandmadein1085.Itstatedtheextent,value,thepopulation,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItseemedtotheEnglishliketheBookofdoomonJudgementDay.6.theGreatCharterKingJohn’sreigncausedmuchdiscontentamongthebarons.In1215,hewasforcedtosignadocument,knownasMangnaCara,ortheGreatCharter.Ithas63clauses.ThoughithaslongbeenregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberities,itsspiritwasthelimitationoftheking’spowers,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.7.theHundredYears’WarItreferredtotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastfrom1337to1453.Thecauseswerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.AtfirsttheEnglishweresuccessful,butintheend,theyweredefeatedandlostalmostalltheirpossessionsinFrance.TheexpellingoftheEnglishwasablessingforbothcountries.8.JoanofArcShewasanationalheroineofFranceduringtheHundredYears’War.ShesuccessfullyledtheFrenchtodrivetheEnglishoutofFrance.来源:(;a9d9e570100ats3.html)-英美概况备考资料!---名词解释部分1_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客9.theBlackDeathItwasthedeadlybubonicplaguewhospreadthroughEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandwithoutwarningandanycure,andsparingnovictims.Itkilledbetweenhalfandone-thirdofthepopulationofEngland.Thus,muchlandwasleftuntendedandlabourwasshort.Itcausedfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.10.theWarsofRosesTheyreferredtothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.Theformerwassymbolizedbytheredrose,andthelatterbythewhiteone.Afterthewars,feudalismreceiveditsdeathblowandtheking’spowerbecamesupreme.ThdormonarchsruledEnglandandWalesforovertwohundredyears.11.BloodyMaryHenryVIII’sdaughterandadevoutCatholic.WhenshebecameQueen,shepersecutedandburntmanyProtestants.Soshewasgiventhenickname“BloodyMary”.MaryisalsorememberedasthemonarchwholosttheFrenchportofCalais.12.ElizabethIOneofthegreatestmonarchsinBritishhistory.ShereignedEngland,WalesandIrelandfor45yearsandremainedsingle.HerreignwasatimeofconfidentEnglishnationalismandofgreatachievementsinliteratureandotherarts,inexplorationandinbattle.13.OliverCromwellTheleaderduringtheCivilWarwholedtheNewModelArmytodefeatthekingandcondemnedhimtodeath.ThenhedeclaredEnglandaCommonwealthandmadehimselfLordofProtector.HeruledEnglandtilltherestorationofcharlesIIin1660.14.theBillofRightsIn1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.15.WhigsandToriesItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.16.JamesWattTheScottishinventorwhoproducedanefficientsteamenginewithrotarymotionthatcouldbeappliedtotextileandothermachinery.17.WinstonChurchillPrimeMinisterofBritainduringtheSecondWorldWar.HetookoverChamberlainin1940andreceivedmassivepopularsupport.Heledhiscountrytofinalvictoryin1945.Hewasdefeatedinthegeneralelectionof1945,butreturnedtopowerin1951.18.AgribusinessItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseit’sequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintothefarmofprocesseswhichoccuronthefarm,andoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.19.theBritishConstitutionThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues.20.QueenElizabethIIThepresentSovereign,bornin1926,cametothethronein1952andwascrownedin1953.TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation,thecenterofmanynationalceremoniesandtheleaderofsociety.21.theOppositionIntheGeneralElection,thepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomestheoffcialOpposition,withitsownleaderand“shadowcabinet”.TheaimsoftheOppositionaretocontributetotheformulationofpolicyandlegislation,toopposegovernmentproposals,toseekamendmentstogovernmentbills,andtoputforwarditsownpoliciesinordertowinthenextgeneralelection.22.thePrivyCouncilFormerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepower.ItgavetheSovereignprivate(“privy”)adviceonthegovernmentofthecountry.Todayitsroleismainlyformal,advisingtheSovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecreesandissuingroyalproclamation.Itsmembershipisabout400.23.commonlawAwrittenlawgatheredfromnumerousdecisionsofthecourtsandothersources.24.thejuryAlegalsystemestablishedinEnglandsincekingHenryII.Thejuryconsistsofordinary,independentcitizenssummonedbythecourt:12personsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,and15personsinScotland.Incriminaltrialsbyjury,thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidetheissueofguiltorinnocence.25.theNHSTheNationalHealthServicewasestablishedintheUKin1948andbasedfirstonActsofParliament.ThisServiceprovidesforeveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.Itisbasedupontheprinciplethatthereshouldbefullrangeofpubliclyprovidedservicesdesignedtohelptheindividualstayhealthy.Itisnowalargelyfreeservice.26.comprehensiveschoolsStatesecondaryschoolswhichtakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.About90percentofthestatesecondaryschoolpopulationinGBattendcomprehensiveschool.27.publicschoolsFee-payingsecondaryschoolswhicharelongestablishedandhavegainedareputationfortheirhighacademicstandards,aswellastheirexclusivenessandsnobbery.Theboys’publicschoolsincludesuchwell-knownschoolsasEtonandHarrow,andgirls’famousschoolsincludeRoedean.MostofthemembersoftheBritishEstablishmentwereeducatedatapublicschool.28.theGreatLakesTheGreatLakesarethemostimportantlakesintheUnitedStates.TheyareLakeSuperior,whichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan——theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.——LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexceptLakeMichigan.29.NewEnglandNewEnglandismadeupofsixstatesoftheNorth-East.TheyareMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.ItissometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.来源:(;a9d9e570100ats5.html)-英美概况备考资料!---名词解释部分2_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客30.babyboom“babyboom”referstothegreatincreaseofbirthratebetween1946and1964.Peopleborninthisperiodarecalledbabybammers31.theChineseExclusionActItwaspassedbytheU.S.Congressinmay,1882.ItstoppedChineseimmigrationfortenyears.32.theBillofRightsIn1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentationsaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andbecamethefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution——theBillofRights.33.theEmancipationProclamationDuringtheCivilwar,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheUnionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.34.theConstitutionalConventionIn1787,aconferencewasheldinPhiladelphiatoconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticlesofConfederationadequate.AllthedelegatesagreedtorevisetheArticlesofConfederationanddrawupanewplanofgovernment.Afterstruggle,theConstitutionwasratifiedatlast.ThisconferenceiscalledtheConstitutionalConvertion.35.theProgressiveMovementTheProgressiveMovementisamovementdemandinggovernmentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialconditions.Itspreadquicklywiththesupportoflargenumbersofpeopleacrossthecountry.Itwasnotanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.36.thePeaceConferenceThePeaceConferenceortheParisConference,beganonJanuary18,1919.TheconferencewasactuallyaconferenceofdivisionofcoloniesofGermany,Austro-HungaryandtheOttomanEmpireandthegrabbingofasmuchaspossiblefromthedefeatednations.ItwasdominatedbytheBigFour(theUnitedStates,Britain.France,andItaly)37.theTrumanDoctrine:OnMarch12,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinaspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheTrumanDoctrinemeanttosaythattheU.S.governmentwouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingagainstCommunism.38.theMarshallPlanOnJune5,1947,theSecretaryofStateGeorgeMarshallannouncedtheMarshallPlan,whichmeantthatinordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansion,theUnitedStatesdecidedtoofferWesternEuropeancountrieseconomicaid.39.theNewFrontierItwasthePresidentKennedy’sprogramwhichpromisedcivilrightsforblacks,federalaidtofarmersandtoeducation,medicalcareforallandtheabolitionofpoverty.40.checksandbalances:Thegovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial,eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Andeachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheotherbranches.Thethreebranchesarethusinbalance.Thiscalled“checksandbalances