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2010年高考英语语法精要讲解

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2010年高考英语语法精要讲解 2010年高考英语语法精要讲解 名词     1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题   名词的数:单数、复数和不可数;   名词的格:通格和属格 (’s )   名词的限定:特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或   其它限定词, 例如: some, many , this, my 等   2、名词的数和单位词   1)复型名词 + 复数动词   The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.   备用词: s...

2010年高考英语语法精要讲解
2010年高考英语语法精要讲解 名词     1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题   名词的数:单数、复数和不可数;   名词的格:通格和属格 (’s )   名词的限定:特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或   其它限定词, 例如: some, many , this, my 等   2、名词的数和单位词   1)复型名词 + 复数动词   The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.   备用词: shoes, stockings, glasses, socks   NOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.   2)复型名词 + 单数动词   A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.   备用词:mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States   B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.   备用词: five pounds, two feet, six weeks   3) 集合名词 + 复数名词   The police have surrounded the building.   Cattle are selling for record price (创 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 ).   备用词: the enemy, (the) people   NOTICE: 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,   但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:   My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.   The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.   4)不可数名词作可数的情况   A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况   a (an) + adj. + n.   It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲)   a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics.   备用词: snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education   B.口语特例(特定场合)   A (One) beer, please.   Two teas and four coffees, please.   5)既是可数又是不可数的名词   I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)   Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)   备用词: paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);   ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)   6) 单位词   A.个数   a piece of information (furniture, advice…)   B. 以形状表示个数   a grain of rice, a flight of stairs   C. 容量   a box of matches, a cup of tea   D. 计量   a metre of cloth, a ton of coal   E.其它   a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)   3、名词的格:   1)’ s 的用法   A . 与时间有关的名词   a night’s sleep ten minutes’ walk   NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hours’walk   B. 和else 连用   book can this be?   A. Who else’s   B. Whose else   C. Who’s else   D. Whose else’s   (A)   C. ‘s 修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略   This is Jack’s book, not Tom’s.   This book is Jack’s not Tom’s.   D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等, ‘s 后面的名词省略   at the Green’s (house), at the doctor’s (office)   2) OF 结构表示所有关系   A. 无生命的名词用of   the price of the success   B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of   Can’t you look at the book of the boy behind you?   3)双重所有格   ‘s 与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等   Miss Smith is a friend of Mary’s mother’s.   that brother of the girl   4)名词 + 名词 (名词用作形容词)   A. 单数名词+名词  a shoe (flower) shop ticket office   NOTICE: the tailor’s (shop)   B. 复数名词 + 名词   sports meet clothes shop women pilots 数词     1、数词在使用时应注意的问题   易错数词:   年月日及介词   计算用词   和数字相关的词   2、综合   1) 数字表达:   123,856,709   one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine   2) 年月日   in the morning; on the morning of September 1;   in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September)   3、计算   + Six and five is (are) eleven.   Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.   - Four from seven is (leaves) three.   Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.   X 16 x 11 = 176   Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six.   ÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3   Nine divided by three equals three.   4、dozen, score   A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggs   B. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times   5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.   分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.   More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses.   70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.   6、“一个半...”的表达法.   one pound and a half ,one and a half years 冠词   1、冠词应注意的问题   习惯用法   同一名词前不同名词的比较   2、不定冠词   1) 成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)   a knife and fork   2) a most + n. “非常“   This is a most beautiful country.   3) a (an) 与 one 之区别   A. 数字对比用one   It was one coffee we ordered, not two.   B. 对比   A knife is no good.  (刀子不行)   One knife is no good.  (一把刀子不行)   C. 通用   a (one) million, a (one) quarter   4) a (an) 与every 之比较:   three times a year;   twice every three years   5) 惯用法   A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !   quite a nice day rather a good idea   such a funny expression   B. too cold a day How lovely a dress!   so strange a person as good a map as   3、定冠词   1)普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace   2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean)   3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)   A. 指一类人,谓语用复数   The old are being taken good care of.   B. 指一类事,谓语用单数   The beautiful is not always the same as the good.   4)用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体   部位前 He hates the telephone.   5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前   The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,   dressed in blue ) is a student.   4、零冠词   1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等   National Day   Nanjing Road   2)职位充当补语、同位语时   He was elected headmaster of the school.   3)成对出现的成语   arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face,   side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,   from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end   5、冠词比较   1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途)   go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身)   2) I’ll go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准)   In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准)   3) by air (plane, boat…)   in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)   4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)   The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)   5) be at table   be at the table   6) a cup of coffee   Two coffees, please. I like white coffee.   This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Tom’s.   7) Mr. White is waiting to see you.   A Mr. White is waiting to see you.   The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.   8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal.   Horses are useful animals.   9) the best season of the year the best time of year. 人称代词   1、多个人称代词的排列顺序   ①you and I   ②he and I   ③you and he   ④you, he and I   ⑤you, they and we(情况多)   2、It 的用法   ① 代替this, that   That’s a book, isn’t it ?   ② 做某动作的人或婴儿   ---Someone is coming. Who can it be ?   ---It may be Jack.   It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?   ③表示时间、距离、自然现象   It’s 20 miles to (from) Paris.   3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况   ①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so:   think, hope, believe, I’m afraid, It seems (appears), etc.   ---Is it true that he had a heart attack?   ---I’m afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.   ②否定答语中用not:   ---Has Anne got into university?   ---I’m afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not.   ③协力动词中也可以用not…so:   believe, think, suppose, expect, etc   I don’t believe so. / I don’t think so.   ④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时,   do后常用so / it:   ---Please lay the table.   ---I’ve just done so (it). 指示代词     that, one, it的区别   ①one 代替可数名词,表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名词 ,表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的同一事物。   ●There is an old engineer and a young one here.   ●His attitude to me is that of a friend.   ●I’ve lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?)   ② the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones   I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.   ③the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句   ●The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class.   ●The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than   the one (that) she bought last year.   ④ one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词   Don’t use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)   ⑤those , ones   ● These machines are better than those we made last year.   ● ---I’d like a pound of apples.   ---Which ones?   ---The red (ones).   ● ---Why don’t we take a little break ?   ---Didn’t we just have ? (NMET2000)   A. it   B. that   C. one   D. this   (C) 物主代词       1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语,不能作定语   This is my cup. Yours is the one that’s green.   These things are mine. Those are theirs.   2、名词性物主代词与 of 结构连用   That brother of yours looks healthy.   He is an old friend of mine.   3、下列结构用 the 代替物主代词   He pulled Jack by the hair (arm).   He was wounded in the leg.   He was blind in the right eye. 反身代词、     1、加强语气(可前可后)   The headmaster spoke to me himself.   → The headmaster himself spoke to me.   Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it . (NMET 1996)   A. themselves   B. oneself   C. itself   D. himself   (A)   2、own: 反身代词无所有格形式,用 own 表达   I’d love to have my own room / a room of my own. 不定代词     1、every each   ①every指时间: every other day,   every three days = every third day   ②each放在复数主谓语之间:   We each have a book.   ③each放在句尾:   She gave her children an apple each.   2、some- any- every- no-   ①作单数看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor?   ②不与 of 连用:   不说 someone of; no one of. etc   可说 some one of; none of, etc.   ③+ adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on ?   ④+ else: This isn’t mine. It’s someone else’s.   3、some any   ①表示请求、建议的问句用some   Would you like some (more) coffee ?   ②some + n.(singl.)   You will realize it some day.   ③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)   Any child can answer that.   Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do.   ④any (some) of + 限定词 + n.   some of the oil , any of my water   4、both all   ①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面   ● The girls are both ready.   ● --- Are you ready ? --- Yes, we both (all) are.   ②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面   He gave some to us all (both).   ③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数   ●All is lost.   ● All are here.   5、either neither   ① either…or; neither…nor 作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则   Neither he nor I am going to London.   ②作定语,修饰单数名词   Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.   6、another (the) other (the) others   ①another  另外的,另一个的   Please show me another (one).   Do you need another cup ?   ②another + 基数词(few) + n.   I need another three days. (three more days)   ③(the) other (+ n.) (the) other   the other six (persons) / the others / the other day   7、(a) few (a) little   ① few 的搭配   ●We had a good few letter this morning(很多).   ●Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少)   ● ---How many do you want ?   ---Just a few, please. (不多)   quite a few (相当多)   only a few (只有几个,几乎没有)   ② little 的搭配   ●There’s only a little soup left.   ● ---How much do you want ?   ---Just a little, please.   8、much many   ①(much /far) too much far too many   Your son got much (far) too much pocket money.   There are far too many accidents at this crossing.   ②much修饰   ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级   ●比较级+不可数名词   There’s much / far less water in the river than usual.   many修饰“比较级 + 可数 名词复数”   There are many / far more people than I expected.   9、全部否定与部分否定   ①全部否定用词   neither nothing no one nobody none   ②not与all, both, every, every- 连用时表示部分否定   Not all his work is successful. 形容词     1、多个形容词得排列顺序   限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+ 基数词 + 描述性形容词 + 大小新旧 + 颜色 + 产地 + 物质( 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 、用途)+ 名词   a beautiful new red dress   a little brown box   2、系动词 + adj. ( 除 be 外的其它连系动词)   The cake looks good but it tastes awful.   3、subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)   The man is easy to get along with.   The bed is too small for him to lie on.   4、It is (was) + adj. + of (for) sb. to do sth.   下列形容词后用 of: good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.   其它形容词后用for   5、the more of the two   He is the stronger of the two brothers.   6、倍数   three times as big as   This room is twice bigger than that one.   three times the size of   7、比较级和最高级的被修饰   ①比较级可以被下列词修饰:much, far, any, even, still, rather, a little, a lot, a bit, no, by far   It’s no use asking me. I don’t know any more than you.   ②最高级可以被下列词修饰:much, the very, by far   This cake ought to be good, because I used the very best butter 副词     1、程度副词 (quite, rather, fairly)   ★ quite: 不修饰比较级,但: He is quite better.   ●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如:old, interesting, polite, tired, etc.   ●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地),和下列词连用,   如:perfect, impossible, different, etc. 此时,可修饰adj., adv., v.,等.   The job is quite impossible.   That’s not quite what I want.   ★rather: 可与比较级及too 连用 rather older, rather too many people   ●rather than 表示选择,“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”   I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July.   I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.   ●or rather   表示“更确切地说“   I’ll meet him, or rather, I’ll ask him to meet me.   ★fairly: 不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用   ●强弱程度的顺序:   very → rather → quite → fairly → not   This film is very good. (rather good 胜过多数影片;   quite good 值得一看; fairly good 勉强还可以看看)   2、频度副词(often, usually, always, ever, never, seldom, hardly 等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后   He is always making a joke.   ●never, hardly, seldom等放在句首时,用倒装   Never have I seen anything so wonderful as that.   ●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前   ---He is late again. ---Yes, he always is.   3、too much much too   ●too much   ① + 不可数名词,意思“太多”   I drank (far much, a lot , a little, rather) too much beer last night.   ②作 adv.   You work too much.   ③作 pro.   Too much was happening all at once.   ●much too + adj. “实在太…”   You are much too kind to me.   4、形近词   ● ① deep / deeply deep into the night (the woods, the future)   be deeply moved (hurt, sorry) deeply regret   ② late / lately / later / latest arrive (come) late   What have you been doing lately ?   ③ near / nearly go (come, live) near nearly finished (midnight)   ④ loud / loudly / aloud   ● --adj. --adv.   an early train a fast driver hard work a deep hole   arrive early drive fast work hard drink deep. 介词     1. be + adj. + prep.   be good at, be afraid of, be anxious about (of), be kind to, be fit for, etc.   2. be + v.-ed + prep.   be satisfied with, be worried about, be surprised at, be pleased at (by)   3. v. + prep.   agree with (to / on), apologize for, arrive at (in), believe in, depend on   4. v. + n. + prep.   pay attention to, take part in, make use of, have a word with   5. v. + adv. + prep.   go on with, go in for, go ahead with, keep up with, make up for   6. prep. + n. + prep.   in charge of, in time of, in place of, on top of, at the end (edge) of   7. out of + n.   out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of sight, out of work (order)   8. n. + after + n.   hour after hour, year after year, battle after battle, defeat after defeat   9. n. + by + n.   step by step, side by side, one by one   10. n. + to + n.   face to face, heart to heart   11. n. + in + n.   hand in hand, arm in arm   12. from + n. + to + n.   from side to side, from place to place, from door to door   13. a + n. + of   a bit of, a great deal of, a few of, a drop of, a line of   14. with + n.   with a long history, with satisfaction (care), with pleasure, with one’s help   15. on + n.   on a trip (journey), on a visit (to), on fire, on business, on sale, on watch   on the team, on show, on duty, on foot   16. without + n.   without help, without mercy, without delay   17. in + n.   in silence, in danger (trouble, surprise, fear), in high spirits, in love (return)   18.as + n.   as a matter of fact, as a rule, as a whole   19. by + n.   by now (then), by hand, by mistake, by this means, by chance, by the year   20. at + n.   at sea, at sunset, at Christmas, at the doctor’s, at the station, at a time   21. for + n.   for a moment, for a time, for ever, for example   22. to + n. (… + to )   to one’s delight (joy, surprise), to the east (west), to the right, due to,   thanks to, according to, to this day. 基本句型     英语的五种基本句型结构:   主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)   主语 + 连系动词 (SVC)   主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)   主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOD)   主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)   1. S + V   He works. He is studying.   ① 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 状语(从句)   The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere   ② 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 名词短语   We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years.   2. S + V + C   He is a student / in yellow / there…   ① 主语 + be + 表语  表语由下列词充当:名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等   ② 主语 + 其它连系动词 + 表语   这些连系动词包括:appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于…状态), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turn   Bob lay sick.   His dream comes true.   3. S + V + O   An idea struck me.   ① 主语 + 谓语(v. + prep) + 宾语   It depends on the weather. 备用词:act as, agree on / with / to,   arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to,   prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about   ② 主语 + 谓语(v. + adv.) + 宾语   I thought over the plan. I thought it over.   备用词:bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give in   NOTICE: ● v + adv. + prep.   get along with, add up to, do away with,   break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with   ● v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of,   take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in   ③ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语   The teacher punished him for being late.   Congratulate him on his success.   Compare this with that.   4. S + V + O + D (间接宾语由代词和名词充当)   ① 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语   Will you lend me your pen, please ?   She bought him many toys.   ② 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 代词或名词   Will you lend your pen to me, please ?   She bought many toys for him.   备用词:pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer, explain, sing, leave   5. S + V + O + C 宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种:● 主表关系;   主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当   主表:① I find the book interesting. (主谓宾+形容词)   ② I saw him there.    (主谓宾+副词)   ③ I found the book on the desk. (主谓宾+介词)   ④ We elected him monitor. (主谓宾+名词)   主谓:①They saw the thief running away. (主谓宾 + 现在分词)   ②Where did you see him knocked down? (主谓宾+过分词)   ③ What makes you think so ? (主谓宾+动词不定式) It句型     1. It + be + adj. + (for sb) to do sth → sth + be + adj. + to do   It is not easy to learn English. (English is not easy to learn.)   备用词:difficult, necessary, important, quick, hard, etc.   2. It + be + adj. + of sb to do sth → sb. + be + adj. + to do sth   It was foolish of Tom to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.   (Tom was foolish to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.)   备用词:wise, clever, bright, kind, nice, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.   3. It takes sb + some time + to do sth → sb spends time in doing sth   It took him two days to find the elephant.   (He spent two days in finding the elephant.)   4. It is no use doing sth.   It is no use regretting your past mistakes.   备用词:no good, useless, etc.   5. It costs sb. + money + to do sth   It cost them 36,000 francs to buy the necklace.   → The necklace cost them 36,000 francs .   They spent 36,000 franc on the necklace.   They spent 36,000 francs (in) buying the necklace.   They paid 36,000 francs for the necklace.   They bought the necklace for 36,000 francs.   6. It + be + adj. (n.) + that-clause   It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.   It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.   备用词:natural, surprising, true, wonderful, etc.   7.It + be + adj. + that-clause (should do sth)   It is necessary that he (should) be present at the meeting.   备用词:strange, important,impossble   8. It + be + p.p. + that-clause   it is said that he has been ill for years. (He is said to have been…)   备用词:reported, known, believed, decided, announced, etc.   9. It + be + p.p. + that-clause (should do sth.)   It is demanded that the homework (should) be finished at once.   备用词:ordered, suggested, required, requested, etc.   10. It seems + that-clause → sb. + seems + to do sth.   It seems that they are talking. (They seem to be talking.)   备用词:happen   11. It is + some time since-clause → sb. has + p.p. + for time   It is three years since he came here. (He has been here for years.)   12. It is + 被强调部分 + that (who)   It is through struggle that we learn this truth.   13. It + be time + for sth / to do sth. / that-clause   It is time for supper. It is time to have supper.   It is time that we should have supper.   It is time that we had supper.   14. It + be + long(时间段)+ before-clause   It will not be long before we turn our hope into reality.   15. It is (just) like sb. to do sth.   该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑。   It’s like him t
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