英语二语法串讲

1．动词的时态和语态 　　 动词的时态和语态一览 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 　　　时态 语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 主动 被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 　 现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 主动 被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing 　 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 主动 被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 　 现在完成进行时 　 　 主动 被动 have been doing 　 　 1．1 现在完成时 　　发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 　　现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 　　过去的过去。 　　1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 　　　　　He missed the train. 　　　　　He said he had missed the train. 　　2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 　　　 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 　　3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中 　　　 If I had tried harder, I would have won. 　　　 I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 　　从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 　　过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 　　过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词 形式 意义 现在分词 　 　 一 般 式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被 动 式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成 过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 　 　 一 般 式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被 动 式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语 　　动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语 I came here to meet you. （目的） 　　　He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果） 　　分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语 Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间） 　　　Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因） 　　　Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因） 　　　Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件) 2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构 　　1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语) 　　2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词） 　　3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句） 　　4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构） 2.4 非谓语动词作定语 　　1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made) 　　2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) 　　3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 　　4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 2.5 动名词和动词不定式 　　作主语和表语 　　动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。 Rising early is good for health. 　　　To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. 　　　It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow. 　　　My biggest wish is to go abroad. 　　　Seeing is believing. 　　作宾语 　　接动名词作宾语的动词： 　　admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc. 　　接动词不定式作宾语的动词： 　　want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 　　接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词： 　　1) forget, remember, regret 　　2) stop, continue 　　3) need/ want 　　4) allow doing/ allow sb to do 　　(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time? 　　　　Sorry, I forgot to lock the door. 　　(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand? 　　(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut. 　　(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3．虚拟语气 　　第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气 时间 从句 主句 与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do 与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done 与将来事实相反 were to do should do should/could/would + do If I were you, I would be happy to do it. 　　　If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier. 　　　If the job were to succeed, you should work harder. 　　第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气 　　1) would rather + 从句 　　2) wish + 从句 　　3) if only + 从句 　　4) as if/ as though + 从句 　　5) It’s time + 从句 I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now. 　　　I would rather you had told me the story yesterday. 　　第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。 　　1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句； 　　2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句； 　　3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中； 　　4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。 It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. 　　　It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. 　　　It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off. 　　　He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4．定语从句和名词性从句 4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句 　　引导定语从句 　　1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose 　　2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how 　　名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 　　引导名词性从句： 　　1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if 　　2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever… 　　3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how 4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别 　　定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that, which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。 　　　1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定语从句 　　　2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句 4.3 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式? 　　如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。 　　　1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. 　　　2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful. 4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句 　　which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如”的意思，而which没有。 　　　1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。 　　　2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。