2019考研英语一真题以及参考答案【完整版】

2019考研英语一真题以及参考答案【完整版】Section ⅠUseofEnglish Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.  1  ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones  2  onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.  3  yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou  4  can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate  5  tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...Whenyoufindyourselfwell  6  atrail,butnotinacompletely  7  area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which 8  isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.  9  ,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould  10  seesignsofpeople.Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe  11  howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another  12  :Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.  13 ,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto  14   gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve 15  thewoods.Headtowardthese  16  tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor  17  lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution. 18 ,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe  19  weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan  20  youtocivilization.1. [A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3. [A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4. [A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5. [A]back  [B]next[C]around[D]away6. [A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8. [A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9. [A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10. [A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11. [A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12. [A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13. [A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14. [A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15. [A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16. [A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17. [A]artificial     [B]mysterious              [C]hidden      [D]limited18. [A]Finally       [B]Consequently   [C]incidentally[D]Generally19. [A]memories   [B]marks              [C]notes        [D]belongings    20. [A]restrict       [B]adopt               [C]lead          [D]exposeSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe ANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.21. AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.A. enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibilityB. helpcorporationsachievelargerprofitsC. buildanewsystemoffinancialregulationD. guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives22. AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.A. theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofitsB. governments’impatienceindecision-makingC. thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompaniesD. “short-termism”ineconomicsactivities23. Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. TheUSandFranceexamples areusedtoillustrate____________.A. theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.B. thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.C. theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.D. theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A. FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB. PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC. DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD. FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers                                                                                                                     Text2Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.    Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.    Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.    Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”  Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.  Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.26. Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.    Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B.    Students’indifferencetoGPAS.C.    Colleges’neglectofGPAS.D.    Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.27.     Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A. Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B. Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.C. Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D. Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.28.     AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto_________.A. obtainmorefinancialsupportB. boosttheirstudentenrollmentsC. improvetheirteachingqualityD. meetlocalgovernments’needs29.     Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?A. Tocounterbalanceeachother.B. Tocomplementeachother.C. Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D. Tobecontradictorytoeachother.30.     Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby________.A. assessingitsfeasibilityB. analyzingthecausesbehinditC. comparingdifferentviewsonitD. listingitslong-runeffectsText3  ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.  Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:”Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.Just how peoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.31. MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseitA. fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.B. hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C. involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.D. hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.32. InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessA. helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B. canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.C. inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D. istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.33. ThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclesA. canhardlyeverbefound.B. isstillbeyondourcapacity.C. causeslittlepublicconcern.D. hasarousedmuchcuriosity.34. Theauthor’sattitudetowardGoogle’spledgeisoneofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A. AI’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB. Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC. TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD. AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl                                                                                                                   Text4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon.com,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate. Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”36. TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillA. Dettebusiness’relutionswithstatesB. putmostonlinebusinessinadilemmaC. makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestaxD. forcessomestatestocutsalestax37. Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions A.    haveledtothedominanceofe-commerceB.    havecostconsumersalotovertheyearsC.    werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasesD.    wereconsideredupfavorablebystates38.     AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehasA.       hinderedeconomicdevelopmentB.        broughtprosperitytothecountryC.        harmedfairmarketcompetitionD.       boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue39.     WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtrulingA.Internetentrepreneurs   B.Big-chairownersC.Third-partysellers      D.Smallretailers40.     IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorA.       givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesB.        describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingC.        presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemD.       citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes. ParagraphCandF havebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.       Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.If