审计英语讲义

2008年注册会计师审计考试英语辅导讲义 一、相关背景 1、2008年注册会计师全国统一考试将在会计、审计和财务成本管理三门课程中增加10分的英语附加题。这一变化主要是为了满足中国经济和行业发展对国际型人才的需要。财政部CPA考试委员会将逐步推广英文附加题到其他考试科目中。据此看来，在CPA各科考试中加试英语将是一个趋势。 2、增加英语附加题后，会计、审计、财务成本管理的总分为110分，及格分仍为60分，总体考试时间不变。英语附加题要求用英语回答，所以考生朋友们一定要根据本人英语水平选择作答。有一定英语基础（大学英语四、六级水平，掌握一定的财经英语词汇），打算选答英语附加题的考生朋友应该合理规划和安排时间，在考试时认真阅读试卷首页的特别提示和答题导语，争取尽可能多的在英语附加题上拿分。英语基础较薄弱的考生朋友不要慌乱，心态要放平和，力争前面的100分，如果时间允许可尝试做英语附加题。 二、可能的题型 因为只有10分的英语题，所以估计出客观题的可能性不大，很有可能是主观题，并且是专业题。题型可能包括：名词解释，英汉互译，问答（理论性的或业务性的）。从2007年会计、审计两门课的英语加试题判断，出业务核算和以计算为主的专业题的可能性较大。 三、审计英语讲解 Auditing 一、鉴证业务与外部审计Assurance engagements and external audit An assurance engagement is one in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria. Assurance service: external audit Practitioner = Auditor Subject matter = Financial statements Responsible party = Management Intended users = Shareholders Criteria = Accounting standards/law Conclusion = Truth and fairness Level of assurance= High (rendered as “reasonable assurance”) Two general types of assurance engagement: An assertion based engagement where the account declares that a given assertion is either correct or not. A direct reporting engagement, where the accountant reports on issues that have come to his attention during his evaluation. An audit is an exercise to give an independent opinion on the truth and fairness of financial statements. 1．重要性、真实和公允反应、合理保证 Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assurance Materiality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results. 2．注册会计师的聘用，解聘和辞职 Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors 3．审计意见类型：标准无保留意见、带强调事项段的无保留意见、保留意见、否定意见、无法 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示意见 Types of opinion: standard unqualified opinion, Unqualified with emphasis of matter paragraph, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion. 4．职业道德：独立、客观和公正，专业胜任能力，应有的关注，保密性，职业行为 Professional ethics: independence, objectivity and integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behavior 5．审计业务约定 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf Engagement letter 二、审计计划和风险评估Planning and risk assessment 1．一般原则General principles · Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticism · Audit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection risk (1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by account and assertion. (2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control. (3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk. 审计风险=重大错报风险×检查风险 Audit risks = material misstatement risk × detection risk 练习： The auditors assessed a combined inherent risk and control risk at 0.50 and said they wanted to achieve a 0.05 risk of failing to detect misstatements in an account equal to the ￥17,000 tolerable misstatement assigned to the account. What detection risk do the auditors plan to use for planning the remainder of the audit work? · Risk-based approach：audit risk-based approach, business risk-based approach 2．了解被审单位 Understanding the entity and knowledge of the business The CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in (1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration (2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated (3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts) (4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations (5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures 3．估计重大错报或舞弊的风险 Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud    重要性水平            可容忍误差 · Materiality (level) tolerable error Auditors use materiality three ways: (1) as a guide to planning the audit program—directing attention and audit work to the important, uncertain, or error-prone items and accounts; (2) as a guide to evaluation of the evidence; (3) as a guide for making decisions about the audit report. Materiality in auditing is perceived in terms of both potential misstatement (in a planning sense) and known or estimated misstatement (in an evaluation and reporting decision sense). Auditors must examine both quantitative and qualitative factors when assessing materiality. Some of the common factors auditors use in making materiality judgments are: (1) Absolute Size; (2) Relative Size; (3) Nature of the item or issue; (4) Circumstances; (5) Uncertainty; (6) Cumulative Effects The tolerable misstatement is the amount by which a particular account may be misstated, yet still not cause the financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misleading. 练习： (1) Explain the relationship between Materiality, Audit risk and Audit evidence. (2) Discuss the criteria which would determine whether the following sale of an asset would be deemed to be material and require disclosure in the financial statements. AB, a public limited company, manufactures engineering parts, and is preparing its financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2007. AB has sold a building to one of its directors who retired on 31 December 2007. The selling price of the building was 500,000 and the company made profit of 200,000 on the transaction. If the building price index rises more than 50 percent in the next two years then a further 100,000 becomes payable by the director. The company does not normally sell building and this transaction is the first of its kind in the company records. The director was earning 400,000 per annum at the time of her retirement. The company normally makes profits of between 40 million and 50 million but the current year’s operating profits have dropped to 3 million. The net assets of the company are 400 million and the carrying value of building in the balance sheet is 100 million. Answer: (a) Nature and incidence of the transaction The company does not normally sell building and this transaction is the first of its kind. Also the transaction is with a related party. Although the profit on the transaction of 200,000 is unlikely to be material from the company’s point of view, it is likely to be material to the director, as the cost to the director exceeds her annual salary. When considering materiality, the auditor has also to consider the needs of users and so it is likely that this transaction would be considered material by users. (b) Size The size of the profit (200,000) is material based on the operating profit, as it accounts for 6.7% of operating profit. But the size of net assets makes the sale of building immaterial. (c) Disclosure Under CAS××, the profit on sale of tangible non-current assets may be disclosed separately depending on size. As discussed above, the net profit on sale is 6.7% of operating profit and so could be deemed to be significant; particularly as this is the first transaction of its type carried out by the company. (d) Contingency Under CAS××, the auditors also need to consider whether a provision needs to be made for the additional 100,000 that could become payable by the director, within the next two years. The contingency is likely to occur, otherwise the provision would not be included in the contract. However, is the contingent asset of 100,000 immaterial? Once again, it is down to professional judgment as to whether the contingency is material. Taking all the above items together, it is likely that the sale of the asset is material taking particular note of the nature and incidence of the transaction. Therefore it is likely to be disclosed in the accounts, probably in accordance with CAS ×× Related Party Disclosures. 4．分析性复核程序Analytical procedures Analytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages. Analytical procedures are used for 3 purposes: (1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing procedures (2) Substantive tests about particular assertions (3) Overall review in the final stage of audit 5．制定审计计划Planning an audit 6．审计 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 ：工作底稿 Audit documentation: working papers 7．利用其他人的工作 Using the work of others · Rely on the work of experts · Rely on the work of internal audit 三、内部控制Internal control Internal control is a process effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel—designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Five components of internal control (1) control environment (2) risk assessment (3) control activities (4) information and communication (5) monitoring 1．内部控制系统评价 内部控制系统评价 The evaluation of internal control systems · Tests of control · Substantive procedures (time, nature, extent) 交易循环：收入循环、采购循环、生产循环、融资与投资循环，等等 Transaction cycles Revenue and collection cycle, Purchase and expenditure cycle, Production and payroll cycle, Finance and investment cycle. 2．审计证据Audit evidence 获取充分、适当的审计证据 Obtain sufficient, appropriate audit evidence 财务报表 财务报表免费下载29财务报表附注模板下载小企业财务报表下载关于企业财务报表分析excel财务报表下载 所包含的认定：完整性，发生，存在，计价，表达和披露，权利和义务，估价 Assertions contained in the financial statements: completeness, occurrence, existence, measurement, presentation and disclosure, rights and obligations, valuation 具体项目的审计 The audit of specific items · Receivables: confirmation · Inventory: counting, cut-off, confirmation of inventory held by third parties · Payables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmation · Bank and cash: bank confirmation 审计抽样 Auditing sampling: is the application of an audit procedure to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions for the purpose of evaluating some characteristic of the balance or class. Audit procedure: refers to actions described as general audit procedures (recalculation, physical observation, confirmation, verbal inquiry, document examination, scanning, and analytical procedures). An account balance: refers to a control account made up of many constituent items (for example, an account receivable control account representing the sum of customers’accounts, an inventory control account representing the sum of various goods in inventory, a sales account control account representing the sum of many sales invoices, or a long-term debt account representing the sum of several issues of outstanding bonds). A class of transactions: refers to a group of transactions having common characteristics, such as cash receipts or cash disbursements, but which are not simply added together and presented as an account balance in financial statements. Population（总体） is the set of all items that constitute an account balance or class of transactions. A sample（样本） is a set of sampling units. 抽样风险(sampling risk)和非抽样风险(nonsampling risk) Sampling risk is defined as the probability that an auditor’s conclusion based on a sample might be different from the conclusion based on an audit of the entire population. 控制测试中的抽样风险：信赖过度风险和信赖不足风险 Sampling risk in test of controls includes overdependence risk and underdependence risk. 细节测试中的抽样风险：误受风险和误拒风险 Sampling risk in substantive test comprises the risk of incorrect acceptance and the risk of incorrect rejection. 信赖过度风险和误受风险影响审计的效果,信赖不足风险和误拒风险影响审计的效率。 Overdependence risk and the risk of incorrect acceptance are related to the effectiveness of audit, while underdependence risk and the risk of incorrect rejection affects the efficiency of audit. Nonsampling risk is all risk other than sampling risk. 统计抽样(statistical sampling)和非统计抽样(nonstatistical sampling) Statistical sampling is defined as audit sampling that uses the laws of probability for selecting and evaluating a sample from a population for the purpose of reaching a conclusion about the population. Nonstatistical sampling is audit sampling in which auditors do not utilize statistical calculations to express the results. 审计抽样的步骤：steps of audit sampling （一）样本设计：确定测试目标—定义总体与抽样单元（总体、抽样单元、分层）—定义误差构成条件 Designing the sample: specify the test objectives—define population and sampling unit(population, sampling unit, stratification)—define the deviation conditions (e.g. “Select a sample of recorded sales invoices, vouch them to supporting shipping orders, and document cases where the shipping order is missing” is a well defined deviation condition in test of controls ) （二）选取样本：确定样本规模—选取样本—对样本实施审计程序 Select the sample: determine the sample size—select the sample—perform audit procedures on the sample 1．影响样本规模的因素：（1）可接受的抽样风险；（2）可容忍误差；（3）预计总体误差；（4）总体变异性；（5）总体规模 Five influences on sample size: (1)acceptable sampling risk(sample size varies inversely with the amount of sampling risk an auditor is willing to take);(2)tolerable error rate （sample size varies inversely with the tolerable error rate）；when being used in test of controls, tolerable error rate is tolerable deviation rate(可容忍控制偏差率); when used in substantive test, tolerable error rate refers to tolerable misstatement rate（可容忍错报率）(3)Expected population error rate (sample size varies directly with the Expected population error rate) ；Expected misstatement has the effect of reducing the allowable tolerable misstatement. The more misstatement expected, the less “tolerable misstatement cushion” remains. (4)Variability within the population (Generally, this factor is only taken into account in substantive test. Sample size should vary directly with the magnitude of the variability of population. Populations with high variability should be stratified)；(5) Population size (unless the population is very small, generally population size has no effect on sample size) 2．选取样本的方法：（1）使用随机数表或计算机辅助审计技术选样；（2）系统选样：也称等距选样，选样间距=总体规模÷样本规模；（3）随意选样 Methods of selecting the sample: (1) using random number table or computer-assisted auditing technique; (2) systematic random selection: selection interval=population size÷sample size; (3) haphazard selection （三）评价样本结果：分析样本误差—推断总体误差—形成审计结论 Evaluate the auditing results on the sample: analyze the sample error—project the population error—form audit conclusion 练习题： 1．请看2008年审计辅导教材P272-273 Suppose an auditor determines that the acceptable overdependence risk is 10%, the tolerable deviation rate is 7%, and the expected population deviation rate is 1.75%.According to the statistical sampling size table, what is the sample size should be? 2. 请看2008年审计辅导教材P275 Suppose an auditor has performed audit procedures on 56 selected items, and no deviation has been found. If the acceptable overdependence risk is 10%, determine the maximum population deviation rate based on the following risk factor table. Maximum population deviation rate (MDR)= risk factor÷sample size = 2.3÷56=4.1% The result shows that there is a 10% risk that the effective population deviation rate would exceed 4.1%, i.e. you have a 90% confidence level to ensure that the effective population deviation rate do not exceed 4.1%. Given a 7% tolerable deviation rate, it is concluded that the probability that the effective population deviation rate exceeds the tolerable deviation rate is very low, and the population can be accepted. 3．请看2008年审计辅导教材P281表12-9 样本规模表 sample size table 可接受误受风险 acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance 预计错报占可容忍错报的百分比 percentage of estimated misstatement over tolerable misstatement 可容忍错报占总体的百分比 percentage of tolerable misstatement over population 4. 样本规模=保证系数×总体账面金额/可容忍错报 Sample size = assurance factor×population recorded amount/tolerable misstatement P282表12-10 评估的重大错报风险 evaluated risk of significant misstatement 其他实质性程序未能发现重大错报的风险 the risk that other substantive procedures fail to detect significant misstatement 最高、高、中、低 highest/high/moderate/low 5. 请看2008年审计辅导教材P283 推断总体错报 project population misstatement 比率法和差额法 ratio method/average difference method INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.ck100.com/kejian/08kjyy/jychp2/01.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Note: a negative misstatement indicates overstatement of the book value, and a positive misstatement indicates understatement. (1) Applying the difference method: For stratum 1, projected population misstatement (PPM) =-600 For stratum 2, PPM = 80×(-274)/23 = -953 For stratum 3, PPM = 168×(-66)/22 = -504 For stratum 4, PPM = 342×(-88)/22 = -1,368 For stratum 5, PPM = 910×23/23 = 910 Total PPM = -600-953-504-1368+910 = -2,515 (1) Applying the ratio method: For stratum 1, projected population misstatement (PPM) =-600 For stratum 2, PPM = (-274)÷(21700/75068) = -948 For stratum 3, PPM = (-66) ÷(9476/75008) = -522 For stratum 4, PPM = (-88) ÷(4692/75412) = -1,414 For stratum 5, PPM = 23÷(1973/74512) = 869 Total PPM = -600-948-522-1414+869 = -2,615 在细节测试中使用统计抽样 Statistical sampling in substantive test 方法：传统变量抽样和概率比例规模抽样法(PPS) Classical variables sampling/probability proportionate to size sampling 变量抽样包括：均值估计抽样、差额估计抽样和比率估计抽样 Mean estimate sampling/difference estimate sampling/ratio estimate sampling 2008年审计辅导教材P287 (1) Mean estimate sampling Given the following information, determine the projected population misstatement. Population size: 1000 units, recorded value: ￥1,000,000 Sample size: 200 units, average auditing value of the sample after examining the correct purchase price and recalculating the product of unit price and the number of units is ￥980 Estimated inventory value: 980×1000 = 980000 Projected population misstatement = 1,000,000-980000 = 20000 (2) Difference estimate sampling Population size: 1000 units, recorded value: ￥1,040,000 Sample size: 200 units. For each unit, the auditor compared the difference between carrying value and auditing value, and obtained a total difference of ￥12000. Average misstatement of the sample = ￥12000/200 = ￥60 Projected population misstatement = 60×1000 = 60000 (3) Ratio estimate sampling Population size: 1000 units, recorded value: ￥1,040,000 Sample size: 200 units. The book value of the sample is 208000, and the auditing value of the sample is 196000. Ratio = 196000/208000 =0.94 Estimated inventory value = 0.94×1,040,000 = 977600 Projected population misstatement = 1,040,000-977600 = 62400 2008年审计辅导教材P288：初始样本规模的计算公式 初始样本规模：initial sample size 预先估计的标准差：pre-estimated standard deviation 可接受的误受风险的置信系数： confidence coefficient for acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance 可接受的误拒风险的置信系数：confidence coefficient for acceptable risk of incorrect rejection 总体容量：population capacity 总体可容忍错报：population tolerable misstatement 估计的总体错报点估计值：estimated population misstatement point value 2007年审计英语加试题 1．John, a CPA of XYZ accounting firm, is in charge of auditing accounts receivable balance. The sample size is to be decided by using Probability-Proportional-to-Size (PPS) sampling. It is expected that misstatements will be found in the account balance. John plans to use the following PPS sampling tables: （约翰，某会计师事务所注册会计师，负责审计应收账款余额，计划用PPS抽样法决定样本量。账户余额中预期将会发现错报，约翰用下列PPS样表。） Table A: Expansion Factors for the