应注意的26个英文字母及发音音标规则.doc

应注意的26个英文字母及发音音标规则.doc 26个英文字母及发音音标如下: A a [ei] B b [bi:] C c [si:] D d [di:] E e [i:] F f [ef] G g [d3i:] H h [eit?] I i [ai] J j [d3ei] K k [kei] L l [el] M m [em] N n [en] O o [?u] P p [pi:] Q q [kju:] R r [ɑ:] S s [es] T t [ti:] U u [ju:] V v [vi:] W w [′d?blju:] X x [eks] Y y [wai] z[zi:][zed] 以上我们可以看出,英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素.如: 1)含元音音素[ei] 字母: Aa Hh Jj Kk 音标: [ei] [eit?] [d3ei] [kei] 2) 含元音音素[i:] 字母: Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Pp Tt Vv 音标: [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [d3i:] [pi:] [ti:] [vi:] 3) 含元音音素[e] 字母: Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz 音标: [ef] [el] [em] [en] [es] [eks] [zed] 4) 含元音音素[ju:] 字母: Uu Qq Ww 音标: [ju:] [kju:] [`d?blju:] 5) 含元音音素[ai] 字母: Ii Yy 音标: [ai] [wai] 1 名词 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类: 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 ?可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; ?不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information . 3、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 (1)、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下: ?在单数名词词尾加s。如:map ? maps,boy? boys,horse? horses, table? tables. ?s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class?classes, box?boxes, hero?heroes, dish?dishes, bench?benches. [注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo?photos, piano?pianos. 2 ?以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family?families, city?cities, party?parties. ?以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf?shelves, wolf?wolves, life?lives, knife?knives. (2)、不规则变化:man?men, woman?women, sheep?sheep,tooth?teeth, fish?fish, child?children, ox?oxen, goose?geese 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice?two bags of rice, a piece of paper?three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk?five bottles of milk. 4、名词所有格: (1)、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下: ?表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加‘s。如:Childern‘s Day(儿童节), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的书) ?以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加‘。如:Teachers‘ Day(教师节) ?有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加‘s. 如: today‘s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes‘ break(十分钟的课间休息), China‘s population(中国的人口). ?无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如: a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). 3 (2)、[注解]: ? ?s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所) ? 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) ? ―of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词‖,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) 5、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: (1)、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可 数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) (2)、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句 子主语时, ? 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) ? 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图) (3)、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵 羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) (4)、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 4 (5)、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故 谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) (6)、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单 数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学 生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那 个工作上)(被动句) (7)、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构 成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) (8)、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) (9)、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) (10)、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。 如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) (11)、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语 采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你 和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都 不打算去那里) 5 (12)、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。 如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) (13)、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语 时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正 在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流 中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What‘s the population of China?(中国人口是多少,)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿 拉伯人)(句子用复数) 6、部分名词用法辨析: (1)、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指―户外运动‖,以锻 炼为主,概念较大;game意思是―运动、比赛‖,不管户内户外还是脑力体力, 指以胜负为主的运动;match意为―竞赛、比赛‖,多指正式比赛;race主要 表示―赛跑、赛马、赛车‖。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全 世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 6 (2)、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival―节日‖,指喜庆的日子或 持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯, 复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation―假期‖,指学习或工作中一段长时间 的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上 海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情,) (3)、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或 空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的 巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行, 如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确 目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗,) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) (4)、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指―噪 音‖;voice指人的―嗓音‖。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失 去了她银铃般的嗓音) 7 (5)、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指―鱼肉‖时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼) 代词: 人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。 主格形式: I、you 、 he、she、 it、 we、 you、they 宾格形式:me、you、him、her、it、us、you、them 1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。 如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗,) Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了,) That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他～) 2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。 如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语,) Help me!(救救我～) We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信) 3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。 如:--Who is it?(是谁,) –It‘s I/me.(是我。) 8 4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you?he?I”的顺序表达。 如:Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿,) –You and me.(你和我) 5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。 如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样,)—It‘s fine.(天气晴好) --What‘s the time?(几点啦,) –It‘s 12:00.(12点) It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) 物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。 形容词性形式: my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their 名词性形式: mine、Yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs 1、 形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。 如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗,) I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) They are their books.(是他们的书) 9 2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。 如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿,) Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小) 3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。 如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。) [试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。) 反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。 myself yourself形容词性物主代词+self ourselves yourselves形容词性物主代词+selves himself herself人称代词宾格+self themselves人称代词宾格+selves 反身代词用法: 一般放在人称代词之后，如I myself want to go on a picnic, He himself does it alone 做同位语的反身代词就是强调的作用，他亲自做作业为He himself does the homework.himself就有(他)亲自之意。 10 few、a few、little、a little的区别和联系: few / a few用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有; a few表示有肯定意思， 有几个。 例如: He has few friends here, he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友，他感觉 寂寞。 There are a few eggs in the basket. 篮子里有几个鸡蛋。 little / a little用来修饰不可数名词，little表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。 a little 表示肯定意思，有一点儿。 例如:There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink? 我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗, [考考你] 1. My father has many books, but he has_____ English books. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few Answer 2. The twins can speak only ___ French. A. a few B. few C. little D. a little Answer [辩析] 1. few 与 little 作形容词用，都表示―几乎没有‖，相当于一个否定词。具体 区别: (1) few 后面跟复数可数名词。 e.g. few books few students (2) little 后面跟单数不可数名词。 e.g. little water little food e.g. He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。 They has little money. 他们没有什麽钱 2. a few 与 a little 都表示肯定的意思，指―有一点，有一些‖。具体区别: (1) a few 后加可数名词复数 11 (2)a little 后加不可数名词单数。 e.g. I'm going to buy a few bananas. I can speak only a little Chinese. 3. a little 与 little 也可以用作副词， 表示―有点‖―稍稍‖ 表示―很少‖ e.g. ----Can you speak English? ----Yes, but only a little. This book is a little more difficult than that one. ( 可修饰形容词比较级) 12 辨析 however和 but 二者都意为―可是，但是‖; but是并列名词，连接两个并列分句，上下二句在总的意义上构成了对比。 I really don't like cheese, but I will try just a little this time.我实在是不喜欢吃奶酪，但是这次我要尝一点。 however不能直接连接两个分句，必须另起新句，并用逗号隔开。 however 意为“可是，然而，尽管”，较 but 的意味弱，通常用作连接性状语。其位置可以在句首，句末或插入句中。当其被用来对照两个分句时，中间需要有一个逗号;当它被用作句子的插入语时，则前后应各有一个逗号。 It was raining hard. However, we went out to look for the boy. 雨下得很大，不过我们还是出 However， we need not do that now. 可是，我们现在不需要做那个。 He said it was so; he was mistaken， however. 他说是那样的，然而他却弄错了。 His friends， however， had other ideas. 然而他的朋友们却另有见解。 13