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高中语文课文总结高中语文课文总结 语文课文要点总结(高一至高三) 第一册 讲读课文复习提示 共14篇 《沁园春?长沙》毛泽东 选自《毛泽东诗词集》,沁园春,词牌名。 内容概要:上阕写景为主,生动描绘了美丽壮观的深秋湘江景色,后一句即景抒情,提出苍茫大地应该由谁来主宰的问题;下阕追忆往事,突出了当年年轻的诗人与同学以身许国的抱负和意气风发的神情。这就含蓄地回答了“谁主沉浮”的问题:正需要这样胸怀崇高理想、敢于英勇斗争的热血青年来肩负主宰大地的重任。 艺术手法:用词精准,富有表现力;景中寓情,情景交融。 《跨越百年的美丽》梁...

高中语文课文总结
高中语文课文总结 语文课文要点总结(高一至高三) 第一册 讲读课文复习提示 共14篇 《沁园春?长沙》毛泽东 选自《毛泽东诗词集》,沁园春,词牌名。 内容概要:上阕写景为主,生动描绘了美丽壮观的深秋湘江景色,后一句即景抒情,提出苍茫大地应该由谁来主宰的问 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ;下阕追忆往事,突出了当年年轻的诗人与同学以身许国的抱负和意气风发的神情。这就含蓄地回答了“谁主沉浮”的问题:正需要这样胸怀崇高理想、敢于英勇斗争的热血青年来肩负主宰大地的重任。 艺术手法:用词精准,富有表现力;景中寓情,情景交融。 《跨越百年的美丽》梁衡 选自《光明日报》。梁衡,新华社高级记者,当代散文家。 内容概要:以“美丽”为主线,表明居里夫人的美丽不在于容貌,而在于心灵和人格。她为人类作出了伟大的贡献,实现了自己的人生价值。 艺术手法:多角度、多侧面表现人物的创作手法。 《边城(节选)》沈从文 沈从文,湖南凤凰人,现代作家。代表作有中篇小说《边城》,长篇小说《长河》,散文集《湘西散记》、《湘西》等。本文节选自《边城》的第一章、第十三章。 全篇故事情节:在风光秀丽的湘西,生活着相依为命的祖父孙女二人。翠翠美丽纯洁,情窦初开,她爱上了船总的二儿子傩送。船总的大儿子天保也喜欢翠翠。天保和傩送相约以唱歌来进行爱情的“决斗”。后来天保为了成全弟弟,外出闯滩而死。傩送心怀内疚,也离开故乡,祖父忧心去世,只剩下翠翠苦等傩送回来。 边城描绘了一幅民风淳朴的风情画,作者深情歌咏亲情、爱情、人与人之间的友爱之情的美丽,充分展示了湘西的古老民俗与人物的心地善良。 边城中的诗意,首先表现在对地方风物的描绘上。边城处于川湘交界处,四周环山,河流汇集,青山绿水,诗意盎然。与世隔绝,更添几分诗意和“牧歌情调”。其次,诗意还体现在人物性格上。翠翠这个人物是最完美的诗意结晶。最后,边城中人物寂寞、封闭、停滞的生存状态也是一种诗意。 《合欢树》史铁生 史铁生,北京人。当代作家。代表作有《我的遥远的清平湾》、《我与地坛》、《命若琴弦》、《务虚笔记》等。 内容概要:文章表现了对自己有成就而母亲辞世,“子欲养而亲不待”的伤感,表现深沉的母爱以及作者对母亲的缅怀。 艺术手法:沉静淡然的语言风格 象征手法的运用:合欢树的象征意义:母爱的象征;命运多舛的作者的象征;作者寄托哀思的载体。 《最后的常春藤叶》欧?亨利 欧?亨利,美国小说家,代表作《警察与赞美诗》、《麦琪的礼物》、《没有完的故事》。作品被称为“美国生活的幽默百科全书”。 世界三大短篇小说之王:欧?亨利、契诃夫、莫泊桑。 内容概要:老画家贝尔曼为了贫病交加的青年画家顽强地活下去,在风雨之夜挣credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 扎着往墙上画了一片永不凋零的常春藤叶。他为此杰作付出了生命的代价,但青年画家却因此获得勇气而活下来。作品歌颂了艺术的伟大力量和苍凉的人生中崇高的艺术家品格。 艺术手法:幽默、夸张、讽刺的语言风格,欧?亨利式的结尾:意料之外,情理之中。 《邂逅霍金》葛剑雄 葛剑雄,教授,历史学家。霍金,英国理论物理学家,所著科普著作《时间简史》。 内容概要:作者以在剑桥邂逅霍金的一次经历,表达对霍金克服病痛攀登科学高峰的毅力精神表示了深深的敬意,还对培育、涵养了霍金的人文环境给予了高度赞美。 《再别康桥》徐志摩 徐志摩,浙江海宁人。现代诗人,新月派代表人物。主要诗集《翡冷翠的一夜》、《志摩的诗》、《猛虎集》。 新月派的另一位代表人物闻一多曾提出新诗应该具有“音乐美、建筑美、绘画美”的主张,强调要有韵律和节奏、诗行形态的美观与色彩的和谐美丽。《再别康桥》正体现了这“三美”的主张。 《蒹葭》 选自《诗经?秦风》。 《诗经》是我国最早的一部诗歌总集。收录了西周初年至春秋中叶的诗歌作品305篇。按其内容分为“风”、“雅”、“颂”三部分。“风”又称十五国风,大都是民间歌谣,共160篇。“雅”分大雅和小雅,共105篇,是宫廷乐曲歌词,属正统音乐。“颂”分周颂、鲁颂、商颂,是宗庙祭祀的乐歌,共40篇。 《诗经》的表现手法有赋、比、兴。 表现手法: 兴——本诗以秋景起兴,营造朦胧的意境,塑造伊人神秘缥缈的形象,同时也深化了作者追寻伊人,可望而不可即的痛苦。 赋——诗中直接描写秋天景色,这是赋的手法。 《种树郭橐驼传》柳宗元 柳宗元,字子厚,唐代河东人,世称柳河东,又称柳柳州,唐代文学家,唐宋八大家之一。 本文是一篇带有寓言及政论色彩的传记文。通过对郭橐驼种树情况的记叙,映照当时弊政,表达了作者关于“养民”的思想。 对比手法的运用:将郭橐驼种树的结果、过程和“他植者”种树的结果、过程对比,突出树木的本性,揭示种树的要领“顺木之天,以致其性”,引出下文论证“养树”与“养人”的道理。 类比手法的运用:将“养树”与“养人”类比,“长人者好烦其令”与“他植者”的不善种树相呼应,点明了本文的主旨:国家在元气大伤之后想要恢复元气并长治久安,就要“养民”,使百姓得到休养生息。 《病梅馆记》龚自珍 龚自珍,又名巩祚,字璱人,号定庵。近代杰出思想家、文学家。 内容概要:通过对病梅的批评,批判社会政治,状物和议政融为一体。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 艺术手法:通过托物言志的手法,以梅喻人。文中梅的遭遇正是清朝封建专制统治下人才的遭遇;作者对梅的态度,正是作者对人才的态度;作者对造成梅病态的痛斥,正是作者对封建统治阶级摧残人才、扼杀人才罪行的痛斥;作者要求恢复梅的本性,保全梅的自然健康的形态,正是作者要求个性解放“不拘一格降人才”的迫切心情。 《促织》蒲松龄 蒲松龄,字留仙,世称聊斋先生,清代文学家。《聊斋志异》是文言短篇小说集,也是我国古代文言短篇小说的创作高峰。“聊斋”是蒲松龄书斋的名字,“志”即记,“志异”即记叙奇闻轶事。 内容概要:作品以斗促织的宫廷嬉戏作为线索,通过成名一家曲折的命运揭露黑暗的社会现实。 艺术手法: 1(借古讽今的笔法:借明朝喻清朝,讽刺揭露官贪吏虐。 2(跌宕起伏的情节:“求神问卜”推动了情节的发展。“身化促织”的情节增加了故事的曲折性和神奇色彩,也加深了故事的悲剧性。 “异史氏曰”的一段文字是蒲松龄对故事所作的评论,这也是笔记小说常用的一种形式,通过评语直接表达自己的观点。这段评论主要有三点:第一,从官贪吏虐追溯到天子宫廷,指出“天子一跬步,皆关民命,不可忽也”,寄讽谏之旨;第二,就成名的一贫一富 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 是“天将酬长厚者”,反映了“善恶有报”的宿命论思想;第三,针对抚臣、令尹蒙受促织“恩荫”,证实“一人飞升,仙及鸡犬”的说法,生动地表明封建官僚的升迁发迹是建立在百姓苦难之上的,在此作者抒发了愤懑不平之感。 《香菱学诗》曹雪芹 节选自《红楼梦》第四十八回和第四十九回,原回目是“滥情人情误思游艺 慕雅女雅集苦吟诗”、“琉璃世界白雪红梅 脂粉香娃割腥啖膻”。 曹雪芹,名霑,字梦阮,号雪芹,又号芹圃、芹溪。清代小说家。 内容概要:香菱在黛玉指导下学习写诗,分为黛玉指导读诗和香菱练习写诗两个阶段。原书回目中“苦吟”二字正是全篇主旨,梦中成诗是“苦吟”的最鲜明体现。 艺术手法:通过语言、动作、神态表现人物心理,刻画人物个性;引用诗句丰富小说内容。 《群英会蒋干中计》罗贯中 罗贯中,名本,号湖海散人,元末明初小说家。作品全称《三国志通俗演义》。 内容概要:周瑜利用蒋干设下反间计,曹操中计,杀掉蔡瑁、张允。全文虽是节选,但结构完整,主线突出。 艺术手法:以“计”贯穿全文,章回小说环环相扣的手法;通过言谈举止、音容笑貌来描摹人物形象。(写周瑜六笑,刻画其心思缜密,足智多谋的个性。) 《林教头风雪山神庙》施耐庵 施耐庵,元末明初小说家。 内容概要:围绕林冲的遭遇展开情节,反映了林冲由安分守己、随遇而安到彻底反抗的思想变化过程。 艺术手法:以“风雪”为线索贯穿全文;环境描写推动情节发展;擅用“巧合”推动情节;人物形象在情节发展中变化。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 第二册 讲读课文复习提示 共13篇 《老王》杨绛 选自《杨绛散文》 杨绛(1911,),原名杨季康。剧作家、文学翻译家、评论家、散文家。主要译著有西班牙塞万提斯的长篇小说《堂?吉诃德》,西班牙小说《小癞子》,法国勒萨日的长篇小说《吉尔?布拉斯》等。散文集《干校六记》、《将饮茶》等。小说有《倒影集》(长篇小说《洗澡》)。剧本有《称心如意》、《弄假成真》、《风絮》。回忆录:《我们仨》。 内容提要: 用第一人称,讲述了旧社会一个普通的人力车车夫的故事,表达出作者对一个无依无靠的车夫的怜惜及对下层劳动阶层人的愧怍。 艺术特色: 1(运用对比的写作 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 塑造人物形象。 老王外表的丑陋与内心的纯朴善良,体质的羸弱多病与精神的洁净,地位的卑微与品格的高尚,文化水平的低与思想境界的高,自己的贫苦与对别人的慷慨,生活的“苦”与灵魂的“善”,这重重对比,深化了人物形象。 2( 详略得当。 先略写,使读者知其大概,再详细地叙述几件小事,高潮处作者着力描写老王临死前的外貌和给“我”送鸡蛋、香油的感人言行,给读者留下深刻的印象。 3(融情于叙事、描写中。 文中多运用叙述、描写的表达方式;很少抒情,也很少涉及人物的心理描写。 4(语言平淡中见深情的独特风格。 《项链》莫泊桑 作者简介:居伊?德?莫泊桑(Guy de Maupassant),(1850,1893),“世界三大短篇小说之王”之一,19世纪后半期法国优秀的批判现实主义作家。 世界三大短篇小说之王: 莫泊桑(1850—1893)法国,代表作:《我的叔叔于勒》《项链》(《首饰》)《羊脂球》《漂亮朋友》(《俊友》) 契诃夫(1860—1904)俄国,代表作:《变色龙》《装在套子里的人》(《套中人》)《小公务员之死》 欧?亨利(1862—1910)美国,代表作:《警察与赞美诗》《麦琪的礼物》 内容概要: 女主人公玛蒂尔德是一个小公务员的妻子,由于虚荣心作祟向一个贵妇人借了一条项链。后来这条项链不慎在舞会上丢失,路瓦栽夫人为了赔给朋友一模一样的项链,开始了艰辛的生活,葬送了十年的青春。最后,当她在还清欠款后,偶遇那位贵妇人时,妇人却告诉她那条项链其实是假的。 艺术特点: 1(情节曲折,构思精巧。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 全文以“项链”为线索从“借项链”、“失项链”、“赔项链”到“告知项链是假的”,步步展开,情节跌宕起伏、引人入胜。 运用出人意料的情节和伏笔。 2(作者通过细腻的心理描写,用对比的手法,刻画了主人公玛蒂尔德丢项链前的心理状态和十年后的心理变化,把人物形象刻画得真实感人、栩栩如生。 路瓦栽夫人的悲剧: 现实和梦想尖锐矛盾(痛苦)?突然来张请柬(高兴)?没有服饰(苦恼)?借项链、陶醉舞会(狂热)?丢项链(惊慌)?赔项链(愁苦不堪)?十年还清债务(欣慰)?项链是假的(感慨万千) 3(语言值得咀嚼、耐人寻味。 谁知道呢,谁知道呢,人生是多么奇怪,多么变幻无常啊,极细小的一件事可以败坏你,也可以成全你~ 4(主旨的深刻性和多元性。 (1)小说尖锐地讽刺了小资产阶级的虚荣心与追求享乐的思想。 2)小说表现了人生的无常,命运的无常。 ( (3)小说对女主人公追求奢华生活遭到失败的不幸表示同情,对其以诚实劳动偿还债务的行为予以肯定,对其虚荣心作了批评。 (4)小说描写了发生在小人物身上的灾难,从而表达对小人物人生命运的关怀,对其不幸遭遇予以同情。 《回忆鲁迅先生》萧红 萧红(1911,1942),原名张迺(nǎi)莹,笔名萧红、悄吟。1911年出生于黑龙江省呼兰县一个地主家庭。1930年为了反抗父母包办的婚姻离家出走。1934年在鲁迅的帮助下和萧军一起来到上海。同年完成长篇小说《生死场》。1942年1月23日病逝于香港九龙。代表作:《生死场》、《马伯乐》、《呼兰河传》、《小城三月》。 节选的部分共由八个生活片断叠加而成,自然空行成段。 笑声明朗(个性) 1. 2.步履轻捷(习惯动作) 3.鉴赏服饰(审美情趣) 4.真诚待友(四处)(革命情怀) 5.认真读信(对青年的关爱) 艺术手法: 1(从人物不同的身份来多侧面描写人物(作为男性、父亲、师长、丈夫的鲁迅); 2(善于撷取日常生活琐事,描摹人物神态表现人物性格; 3(语言浅白质朴、清新隽永。 《小溪巴赫》肖复兴 作者肖复兴,北京人,当代作家。 西方艺术巨人约翰?塞巴斯提安?巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach,1685,1750),欧洲音乐史上的伟人、巴洛克音乐盛期代表人物,德国最伟大的古典作曲家之一。主要作品有:《马太受难曲》、《b小调弥撒曲》、《平均律钢琴曲集》、《无伴奏奏鸣曲》、《勃兰登堡协奏曲》等。 文章思路: 开头(1,2节):独特的心情与感受。 主体(3,15节):挖掘“小溪”的丰富内涵,深入了解巴赫的“性格与品格”,印证巴赫正如小溪般平凡又伟大。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 结尾(16,18节):听巴赫的音乐,想象到潺潺流淌的小溪。 两条行文线索: 一是作者对“小溪”意象的充分挖掘; 二是对巴赫的走近和深入了解。 写作特点: 1(借助意象塑造人物的写作方法(托物抒情); 2(运用通感手法将无形的音乐化作有形的画面。 《在马克思墓前的讲话》恩格斯 恩格斯(1820,1895),马克思主义的创始人之一,全世界无产阶级的伟大导师,马克思的亲密战友。卡尔?马克思(1818,1883),伟大的无产阶级革命导师、科学共产主义创始人;饮誉世界的思想家、科学家、社会活动家;以毕生精力创立了马克思主义思想体系,影响了20世纪的人类生活,并将继续推动人类社会的发展。两人共同起草了共产主义同盟纲领——《共产党宣言》;列宁评价他们的友谊:“超过了古人关于人类友谊的一切最动人的传说。” 马克思的逝世及安葬: 1883年3月14日因病与世长辞。 1883年3月17日,遗体被安葬在英国伦敦郊区海格特公墓。 在葬礼上,恩格斯用英语发表演说——《在马克思墓前的讲话》,代表全世界无产阶级对马克思的逝世表示了深切的悼念,对于马克思一生为无产阶级所作的伟大贡献作了崇高的评价和热情的赞颂。 悼词:一种文体,对死者表示哀悼的话。属于议论文范畴。其结构一般为: 开头——述其哀——悼念:介绍去世者的姓名、身份、去世时间、地点、原因、享年等。 主体——赞其功——评价:追述死者的经历和一生中做出的成就、贡献、影响,肯定其社会意义和社会价值,并简要作出评价。 结尾——颂其德——悼念:寄托哀思,并慰问去世者家属。 按一般的常规,与这种结构相对应的思想感情应该是惋惜(悲痛)——敬仰(颂扬)——悼念。 文章思路: 第一部分(第1自然段)追述马克思逝世的时间、地点和情景。 第二部分(第2,8自然段)论述马克思的伟大贡献和影响。 第三部分(第9自然段)表达对马克思的深切悼念之情。 艺术手法: 1(本文是悼词,具有议论性文章思路严谨缜密的结构特点; 2(评述性语言客观,有分寸感。 《为了忘却的记念》鲁迅 选自《鲁迅全集(卷五)南腔北调集》 鲁迅,原名周树人,字豫才,浙江绍兴人,辞世时享年55岁。中国现代伟大的无产阶级文学家、思想家和革命家称“文思革”。代表作:小说集《呐喊》、《彷徨》等,散文集《朝花夕拾》,散文诗集《野草》,杂文集《华盖集》等。 怀人记叙散文。 第一部分:点明本文写作的动机,烈士遇难的日子,扼要回忆与白莽三次会面的情景。 第二部分:着重记述与柔石的亲密关系,赞扬柔石的高贵品质。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 第三部分:简述左联成立后对白莽新的了解及白莽柔石的被捕。 第四部分:记述了柔石等五烈士被捕、遇难的经过和这期间鲁迅自己的处境与心情。 第五部分:抒发自己无法抑制的悲愤之情,同时表达了对革命必胜的坚定信念。 文章以时间和感情为线索将五个人物与零碎的材料贯穿起来。 贯穿全文的感情线索: 1(渗透在字里行间对五烈士的深切的悼念、热烈的颂扬; 2(对国民党凶残卑鄙的法西斯暴行的强烈愤恨; 3(对革命同志的热情激励和对革命未来的乐观。 文章记实部分主要写了鲁迅与白莽、柔石、冯铿三位革命青年的交往及他们革命斗争的经历,选材与笔法上很有讲究。 其一,逐一引带,自然天成。白莽引出柔石,柔石引出冯铿,又由柔石狱中的第二封信,引发柔石的母亲、珂勒惠支的木刻、李伟森、胡也频等等; 其二,围绕革命,着力揭示其共同的品质——忠诚、坚强; 其三,变换角度,展现不同的个性风采。 对鲁迅《为了忘却的记念》中“忘却”一词,历来有不同解释,如: (1)鲁迅曾说他写文章“好用反语”。这里的“忘却”,也就是“不能忘却”的反语。 (2)从鲁迅的一贯思想和实际行动来看,“忘却”一词确实具有反语的含义,是“告诫同志们要牢记国民党反动派这笔血债”。 (3)鲁迅曾痛慨于人们的健忘,正是为了惟恐人们忘却烈士的牺牲,他写了这些悼念文字,使之永远显示着烈士的英勇和敌人的卑劣。这里说要“忘却”,“实在是要化悲愤为力量”。 艺术手法: 1.运用记叙、议论、抒情相结合的方法; 2.委婉曲折地表情达意:含蓄而不晦涩,委婉而富有情致; 3.矛盾冲突,在“记念”与“忘却”的心理矛盾冲突中悲愤交织; 4.旁征博引,善于引用古人、古事,或作比喻或影射今人今事和借古讽今。 《哦,香雪》铁凝 铁凝,当代小说家,中国作家协会主席。代表作:短篇小说《哦,香雪》等,中篇小说《没有纽扣的红衬衫》等,长篇小说《玫瑰门》、《无雨之城》、《笨花》等。 抒情短篇小说。 小说以北方小山村台儿沟为背景,通过对香雪等一群乡村少女的心理活动的生动描摹,叙写了每天只停留一分钟的火车给一向宁静的山村生活带来的波澜。重点写了少女香雪的一段小小的历险经历:她在那停车一分钟的间隙里,毅然踏上了火车,用积攒的40个鸡蛋,换来了一个向往已久的带磁铁的泡沫塑料铅笔盒。为此,她甘愿被父母责怪,而且一个人摸黑走了30里的山路。 写作特点: 1(将人物置身于广阔的背景中进行描写(环境描写)。 2(注重从语言描写和心理描写等角度刻画人物,展现了主人公香雪的淳朴、自尊、执着与坚毅的品质。 3(小说语言清新淡雅,文章充满抒情之美。 《变形记》卡夫卡 弗兰兹?卡夫卡(Franz Kafka,1883,1924)奥地利表现主义小说家;西方现代主义文学奠基者之一。代表作:短篇小说:《判决》、《变形记》、《乡村医生》等;长credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 篇小说:孤独三部曲《美国》、《审判》、《城堡》,《饥饿艺术家》等。 《变形记》故事情节: 第一部分:写格里高尔发现自己变成了“巨大的甲虫”,惊慌而又忧郁。家人既惊慌又同情,父亲大怒,把他赶回自己的卧室。 第二部分:写格里高尔的甲虫习性,以及逐渐成为全家的累赘。而父亲、母亲和妹妹也对他逐渐憎恨。 第三部分:写家人为了生存只得打工挣钱,并把格里高尔赶出家门。格里高尔又饿又病,绝望死去。 情节的发展由两条线索交互展开: 格里高尔:变成甲虫—成为累赘—绝望而死 家里亲人:惊慌、同情—逐渐憎恨—“把他弄走” 格里高尔为什么会变为甲虫, 格里高尔现实的生存状态与变成甲虫后的状态有许多的相似性。其沉重的“甲壳”隐喻性地暗示了其生活与工作的沉重压力: 工作压力(长年奔波,睡眠不足,精神不佳,缺少朋友,不受尊重,压力很大); 债务压力(承担整个家庭的经济负担与债务); 精神压力(不公平的待遇、失业威胁)。 变形的根本原因是人性的丧失。人失去了自己本来应有的东西,就异化为“非人”了。而人之所以会丧失人性是由于:工作压力,人际关系的冷漠,人对自身的命运感到无法把握。 主题探究: 作品深刻反映了资本主义社会中人的孤独与恐惧,展现荒诞的世界和人的异化命运,形成了独特的“卡夫卡式”艺术风格和思想内容。 1(真实地表现了西方现代资本主义社会里人的异化。 2(表现了在现代社会里人的生存恐惧。 3(表现了现代社会中人与人之间的冷漠关系。 艺术特点: 1(借助荒诞的情节揭露资本主义社会的变形异化; 2(真实的细节和心理描写(内心独白)刻画格里高尔的思想感情和个性特点; 3(格里高尔变成的大甲虫具有象征意义,象征了人在现实生活中的“异化”处境,象征了自我的一种怯懦、逃避和封闭。 《阿房宫赋》杜牧 选自《樊川文集》。 杜牧(803-852),字牧之。晚唐著名诗人、文学家,唐宰相杜佑之孙。文学主张:“文以意为主,以气为辅,以辞采章句为兵卫。”诗歌与李商隐齐名,世称“小李杜”。 篇章结构: 第1段:极写阿房宫的雄伟壮观。 第2段:写阿房宫里的美人和珍宝,铺叙统治者生活的荒淫、奢靡。 以上为第一部分:一二两段由外到内,分别写宫殿建筑、宫内生活两个方面。 第3段:由上文的描写转入议论,指出秦必亡之命运。 第4段:总结教训,警告当世戒奢爱民。 第二部分(第3、4段)议论分析,指出“秦爱纷奢”不恤民力自然会导致灭亡的命运,规劝唐敬宗李湛勿蹈秦王朝之覆辙。 写作特点: credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 1(善用想象、对偶、比喻、排比、夸张等修辞方法。 2(句式骈散结合,长短错落的艺术运用。 3(描写、铺排和议论的综合运用,描写为议论蓄势、议论使描写增加深度,以达到借古讽今、讽时刺世的写作目的。 《黄州快哉亭记》苏辙 选自《栾城集》。 苏辙,字子由,晚年退居颍川,自号颍滨遗老,又号栾城,眉山人,苏洵之子,苏轼之弟。 “一门父子三词客,千古文章八大家。” “子由之文,词理精确,有不及吾;而体气高妙,吾所不及。”——苏轼 “记”,是古代的一种文体。主要是记载事物,并通过记事、记物,写景、记人来抒发作者的感情或见解,即景抒情,托物言志。如《桃花源记》。宋代杂记体名篇,有王禹偁《黄冈竹楼记》、范仲淹《岳阳楼记》、欧阳修《醉翁亭记》、《丰乐亭记》、苏轼《超然台记》、《凌虚台记》。 本文共四个自然段,各段大意。 (一)记叙快哉亭的建造和命名。 (二)记叙快哉亭上之所见。(亭以“快哉”命名的原因。) (三)说明心中坦然,不以物伤性者,将无所不快,赞颂张梦得“何适而非快”的旷达胸怀。 (四)交代时间、作者。 全文结构: 前两段为一层,重在描写亭上所见景物及由此生发的历史联想,说透“快哉”的含义,为后面文字作好铺垫。 第三段为一层,重在议论,是以推理笔法证明“快哉”的确切无误;蕴含苏辙对张梦得豁达不羁的赞赏,也隐含作者对其兄的慰勉之情。 写作特点: 1(脉络清晰,构思精巧。 2(叙议结合,情景交融。 3(风格雄放而雅致,笔势迂徐而畅达。 《项脊轩志》归有光 选自《震川先生集》。 归有光(1507,1571),明代散文家。字熙甫,号项脊生,又号震川,昆山人。和王慎中、唐顺之、茅坤等人并称为“唐宋派”。 归有光散文特点: ?即事抒情,真切感人。 ?注重细节,刻画生动。 ?篇幅短小,言简意赅。 ?结构精巧,波折多变。 项脊轩命名原因:一是说它窄小,如在颈脊之间;一是因作者远祖归道隆曾在江苏太仓县的项脊泾住过,有追念祖先的意思。 本文借项脊轩的兴废,写与之有关的家庭琐事和人事变迁,表达了人亡物在、三世变迁的感慨,以及对祖母、母亲、妻子的深切怀念,真切感人。 古代的四种常见文体:记、表、书、志: “记”,即记载事物的书籍和文章,又为古时公文的一种,如奏记、笺记等。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted “表”,为采用表格形式编纂的著述。又为古代奏章的一种。 “书”,即信函,如手书、家书等。 “志”,记事的书或文章,也有“记”的意思,是记叙事物、抒发感情的一种文体。 都属于古代与韵文相对的“散文”的范畴,其共同特点是以记事为主,夹叙夹议。 古时对年龄的称谓: 襁褓(qiǎng bǎo):未满周岁的婴儿。 孩提:二、三岁的儿童。 总角、垂髫:幼年儿童。 豆蔻:女子十三四岁。 及笄(jī):女子十五岁(女子成年)。 束发:古代男孩成童时束发为髻,也是成童的代称。一般认为是十五岁以上。 加冠:男子二十岁(男子成年)。 弱冠:男子刚成年。 而立之年:三十岁。 不惑之年:四十岁。 知命、知天命、半百、知非之年:五十岁。 耳顺、花甲:六十岁。 耆(qí):六十岁以上。 古稀、不逾距:七十岁。 耋(dié):七十至八十岁。 耄(mào):八十至九十岁。 期(jī)颐:一百岁。 本文线索: 1(项脊轩的兴废变迁; 2(作者的思想感情变化。 结构: 第一段:记叙项脊轩修葺前后的情况,主人公的读书生活。 第二段:叙写人事的变迁,引起了对家庭生活琐事的回忆。 第三段:补叙,写项脊轩多次遭火不焚和自己的读书生活。 第四段:补记了亡妻在轩中的生活片断和项脊轩的变迁,抒发了作者怀念妻子的真挚情意。 第五段:借庭树写对亡妻的思念之情。 写作特点: 1(托物寄情的表现手法。借轩写人,借轩抒情。所抒之情:文人闲适、今昔盛衰、物在人亡。 2(撷取细节,表情传意。内外多置小门,墙往往而是。东犬西吠,客逾庖而宴,鸡栖于厅。 儿寒乎,欲食乎,时至轩中,从余问古事,或凭几学书。 3(质朴自然,毫无矫饰。“不事雕琢而自有风味”白描。“无意于感人,而欢愉惨恻之思,溢于言语之外。” 4(多用叠字。用叠字摹声、绘景、状物,增加形象性和音乐美。 “寂寂”——烘托环境之清静; “往往”——渲染门墙之杂乱; “呱呱”——描摹小儿的哭声; “默默”——状写作者攻读之刻苦。 又如写月下之树随风摇曳,用“珊珊”;写枇杷树高高耸立,用“亭亭”。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》乐府民歌 我国古代文学史上最早也是最长的一首长篇叙事诗(共357句、1785言),称“古今第一首长诗”。最早见于南朝陈代徐陵编的《玉台新咏》。诗题《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》,后人常以诗的篇首句“孔雀东南飞”作为篇名。 《玉台新咏》是《诗经》、《楚辞》之后最早的一部古诗总集,是我国最早的乐府诗集。 汉乐府《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》(又名《孔雀东南飞》)和北朝民歌《木兰诗》,并称“乐府双璧”,被视为我国古代民间叙事诗的两大高峰。 梳理情节结构: 全诗线索:按兰芝仲卿的别离、抗婚、殉情的悲剧发展线索来叙述。起兴——遣归——誓别——逼嫁——殉情——化鸟 起兴(第1节)悲凉基调、提摄全篇、引出下文 开端(1,7节)兰芝被遣 第一层(1,2节)兰芝倾诉,自求遣归 第二层(3,7节)仲卿求情,遭母训斥 发展(8,12节)兰芝惜别,夫妻共誓 第一层(8,10节)兰芝惜别 第二层(11,12节)夫妻共誓 再发展(13,24节)兰芝回家后的悲惨遭遇,兰芝抗婚,阿兄逼婚。 第一层(13节)母女相见 )县令遣媒 第二层(14,17节 第三层(18,24节)阿兄逼婚 高潮、结局(25,32节)双双殉情 尾声(33节)合葬化鸟 个性鲜明的人物形象: 刘兰芝:勤劳善良、美丽贤惠、知书达礼、柔顺刚强、多才多艺。追求爱情婚姻的自由,维护自己人格尊严,具有一定的反抗精神。 焦仲卿:忠厚、孝顺,忠于爱情,有正义感,有反抗精神。存在懦弱、服从的弱点,因为谨守孝道而不敢直接反对母亲,对母亲的责难默默无声,只能消极反抗,忍辱负重,在夹层中忍受煎熬。(幻想?绝望 软弱?坚强) 他们俩对爱情忠贞不渝,对封建家长制、封建礼教充满抗争精神。 焦母:她是一个反面人物,是封建旧礼教的代表人物。蛮横无理,独断专行。无视焦、刘的美好爱情,折磨兰芝,对仲卿软硬兼施,要速遣兰芝。是一个摧残青年、摧残爱情的封建家长。 刘兄:性行暴戾,趋炎附势,丑态毕露,典型的势利市侩小人形象。 焦母和刘兄是封建家长制的代表,封建礼教的化身。 艺术特点: 1、人物语言个性化 刘兰芝与焦仲卿 焦母与刘兄 2、民歌气息和抒情意味 ?序曲的象征性。依恋情调、凄楚气氛,暗示了刘焦的生离死别。统摄全篇。 ?尾声的理想化色彩。加强震撼力量,表达劳动人民美好愿望。 ?铺陈的酣畅淋漓 关于铺陈: A、两次罗列刘兰芝的成长过程 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 突出了兰芝良好的教养、才艺和品德。批判了焦母的蛮横无理。 B、遣归前的精心打扮 突出了兰芝外表的美丽,表现她虽受屈辱、遭遇不幸却镇定自若、不甘示弱的倔强性格;谴责了扼杀“精妙世无双”这一美好婚姻的封建家长制和封建礼教。 C、太守府的迎娶场面 表现了兰芝不慕富贵,忠于爱情的高贵品质;与“生人作死别”的情景形成鲜明对比,增强了故事的悲剧气氛。 《梦游天姥吟留别》李白 李白,字太白,号青莲居士,称为“诗仙”,唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其诗风豪放飘逸,想象丰富,语言流转自然,音律和谐多变。与杜甫并称“李杜”。 古体抒情诗,浪漫主义诗歌代表作。“梦游天姥吟留别”,一作“梦游天姥山别东鲁诸公”。“梦游”,即“梦中游历”,是诗歌内容。 “吟”,表明体裁,诗体名,乐府歌行体的一种。“吟”作为诗体,大概宜于吁嗟慨叹悲忧深思。如《梁甫吟》《江上吟》《玉壶吟》《梁园吟》(均为李白诗作)。 歌行体:由古乐府发展而来的一种诗体。一般篇幅较长,形式灵活自由,不拘格律。多以七言为主,常兼用杂言,有时还插入散文句式和语气词。可以换韵,不讲平仄,故可酣畅淋漓地抒发感情。如杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》,白居易《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》等,皆为歌行名篇。也有少数五言歌行,如李白的《长干行》等。 “留别”,表明目的,赠别。即自为亲友留赠以诗歌示告别的意思。 标题七个字,包含了诗歌内容、诗体、写作目的(或叫写作缘起)等诸多信息,但关键字是一个“梦”字。 诗的脉理围绕“梦游”展开: 梦前,交代入梦缘由; (入梦) 梦中,描写梦游所见种种境界; (梦游)(山景——仙境) 梦醒,抒发人生感慨,点明诗歌主旨。 (梦醒抒感) 写作特点: 1(结构美。突破了我国古代留别诗的一般程式,别出心裁地用“梦游”这一奇特方式来构思全诗。 2(意境美。驰骋想象,描绘出一幅幅瑰丽变幻的奇景。 3(修辞美。丰富的想象,大胆的夸张。 4(情感美。对自由生活的向往,对权贵的蔑视。 陶渊明与李白: 1(两位诗人都独守高节,不肯随波逐流,两诗都抒发了鄙弃黑暗尘世、蔑视权臣豪贵的情怀。 “心远地自偏”一句也蕴含着“安能摧眉折腰事权贵,使我不得开心颜”的意思。陶渊明正是因为“不为五斗米折腰”而辞官归田的。所谓“车马喧”,实指蝇营狗苟、醉心利禄的行为和环境,独守高节,是因为“心远”,即志趣高远,精神上超凡脱俗。 2(两位诗人都鄙弃尘世、蔑视权贵,都愤然离开官场,但所持生活态度却又有所不同。 陶渊明归隐田园,但并未脱离人世,而是身在世间,却摆脱了尘世的束缚,保持credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 了人格上的独立。李白则是骑白鹿,访名山,作神仙游,以表现自己对现实的反抗和对豪贵的蔑视。 第三册 讲读课文复习提示 共13篇 《读书示小妹十八生日书》贾平凹 作者简介: 贾平凹,当代作家, 1952年生,陕西丹凤人。贾平凹的小说描写新时期西北农村,特别是改革开放后的变革,视野开阔,具有丰富的当代中国社会文化心理内蕴,富于地域风土特色,格调清新隽永,明晓自然。著有小说集《商州散记》《腊月•正月》《天狗》,长篇小说《浮躁》《秦腔》,散文集《月迹》《心迹》等。 课文要点: 1(课文是采用书信体和第二人称的写法,通过作者对往昔读书生活的回味,向即将跨入成人行列的妹妹讲述自己读书和做人的经验,其中始终充溢着深厚的手足之情和人生的诸多感慨。 2(作者对读书之道进行了具体的阐发,总的来说可归纳为三个方面:读书万万不能狭窄;读书不要忘了精读,注意觅寻大作家的踪迹;要知其长,晓其短,师精神而弃皮毛。可以说这些都是读书方法的精要所在,值得认真体会学习。 写作特色: 1(本文语言洗练,无赘语,多短语,表达畅达有力,直导肺腑。 2(语言风格和布局谋篇在一定程度上继承了古典书信散文的美学风格。 3(作者善于捕捉和再现事物精微的传神之处,进行细节描写,在富有生活气息的琐事中传达出浓浓的手足亲情。 作文运用: 1(贾平凹的读书生活经历可用于“读书”、“磨难”、“追求”、“书品与人品”等之类的话题。 2. 关于读书的观点可作为论据使用。 《获得教养的途径》赫尔曼?黑塞 赫尔曼?黑塞(1877—1962),诗人,小说家,生于德国,后入瑞士籍,获1946年诺贝尔文学奖。作品有《彼得?卡门青特》、《荒原狼》等。 内容概要: 获得教养的重要途径之一是阅读优秀的文学作品,获得教养应该以个性或人格作为提要,为获得教养而学习能使人的精神追求不断地进入新的境界。这种重复阅读、不断感悟、不断有所发现的过程,正是获得教养的途径。 艺术手法: 紧扣中心话题,多角度论证;举例论证,以亲身体验说明问题,论述充溢着对读书的感情;对比论证,如:把不同的阅读品位作对比,以人成长的不同追求作对比等。 《白莽作孩儿塔序》鲁迅 关于作者: 鲁迅(1881,1936),原名周树人,我国现代伟大的文学家、思想家、革命家,中credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 国无产阶级文学的奠基人。代表作品:短篇小说集《呐喊》、《彷徨》;散文集《朝花夕拾》;诗集《野草》、杂文集《南腔北调集》、《而已集》、《且介亭杂文》等。《狂人日记》是他首次用鲁迅笔名发表的第一篇反封建的白话小说,也是现代文学史上第一篇白话小说。 关于白莽: 白莽(1909——1931年),原名徐祖华,笔名殷夫、白莽等。浙江象山人。现代诗人,中共党员。1927年到上海,同年4月间被捕;秋天,被释放后入同济大学读书。1927年加入“太阳社”。从事共青团工作。1929年,再度被捕,后又获释。1930年春加入“左联”,经常为刊物《萌芽》、《拓荒者》、《巴尔底山》写稿。1931年1月17日,同其他23位革命同志(包括其他4位革命作家在内)一同被捕,2月7日被秘密杀害于龙华,时年仅22岁。主要作品有《别了,哥哥》,《血字》,《孩儿塔》,《伏尔加的黑浪》等。他是我国早期无产阶级诗人。其诗多取材革命斗争,格调新颖,境界开阔,气魄雄浑,声调激昂,具有强烈的时代感和战斗气息。 文体知识: 序,也叫序文,序言,前言。多说明写书宗旨和经过。也有别人写的,多介绍或评论本书内容。本文即鲁迅为白莽诗作的《孩儿塔》的序文。 作者感情变化: 凄凉,惆怅 ? 更加惆怅 ? 回忆,思念 ? 抨击,讽刺当时社会,愤慨之情 ? 对白莽作品的赞美 ? 对革命文学 充满信心。 语言特色(指第四段): 形象的比喻,既含蓄,又蕴含更深意蕴,充分赞扬了《孩儿塔》诗的战斗性。 整散句式结合,语势充沛,文气更酣畅,战斗性更强,被称为诗与政论的结合。 《无韵之离骚——太史公笔法小议》资中筠 关于作者: 资中筠(1930— ),女,天津人,国际问题及美国研究专家,中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员。 着眼于《史记》全书,所议涉及太史公笔法之“奇”共有五处: 1(以极其简洁、凝练的文字囊括了广袤的空间和绵远的时间——纵横万里,上下千年; 2(生动地刻画了数以百计的文臣、武将、帝王、游侠、骚人、处士,个个栩栩如生,跃然纸上; 3(以克制、含蓄的笔法,表达了深沉的感情和强烈的爱憎。通篇没有雕琢的形容词,也极少激昂慷慨的议论,而在那貌似平淡的叙事之中,却蕴藏着极大的感染力; 4(在《孝武本纪》中,他是以独特的省略来表达他对汉武帝的怨怼; 5(为项羽立《本纪》,把当朝开国皇帝手下败将写成悲壮的英雄。 司马迁简介: 司马迁(前145年——,),西汉史学家、文学家、思想家,字子长,夏阳(今陕西韩城南)人,司马谈之子,世代史官家庭。早年遍游南北,考察风俗,采集传说。公元前108年继父职,任太史令(38岁),前104年订太初历,对历法进行改革,后因对李陵军败降匈奴之事有所辩解,被判死罪而下狱,后受腐刑(47岁)。按汉朝刑法:死罪犯人有两种方法可以免死,一为缴纳五十万钱,二为宫刑。司马迁清贫,只能受刑免死,出狱后任中书令(传达文件的宦官),发愤著书,前后花了16年的时间完成了《史记》这部不朽的著作。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 《史记》的体例: 《史记》是“前四史”之首,(前四史:《史记》、班固《汉书》、范晔《后汉书》、陈寿《三国志》),共130篇,全面记述了上自黄帝,下至汉武帝近三千年的历史。 《史记》由书(8)、表(10)、本纪(12)、世家(30)和列传(70)五部分组成,开创了纪传体,首创以人载事的写法,是我国第一部纪传体通史。 本纪:“本纪”是全书提纲,按年月记述帝王的言行政绩 《五帝本纪》 《项羽本纪》 世家:“世家”记述子孙世袭的王侯封国史迹。《陈涉世家》 《孔子世家》 列传:“列传”是重要人物传记。其中的本纪和列传是主体。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 《酷吏列传》 表:“表”用表格来简列世系、人物和史事。 《三代世表》 《汉兴以来诸侯年表》 书:“书”则记述制度发展,涉及礼乐制度、天文兵律、社会经济、河渠地理等诸方面内容。 《封禅书》 司马迁叙述历史,实事求是、公正无私,对历史人物的善恶功过敢于秉笔直书,具有实录精神。他又是伟大的文学家,笔下的历史人物多姿多彩,栩栩如生。鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》”,前句颂扬《史记》在史学上的高度成就,后句说《史记》虽然不是用韵文写的,但却像《离骚》那样表露出浓郁的怨愤不平之情。 《爱因斯坦与艺术》赵鑫珊 常识: (赵鑫珊:教授、哲学家、作家、文学家。 1 2(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein)(1879,1955),美籍德国犹太人。1921年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者。他创立了代表现代科学的相对论,并为核能开发奠定了理论基础,在现代科学技术和它的深刻影响及广泛应用方面开创了现代科学新纪元,被公认为自伽利略、牛顿以来最伟大的科学家、思想家。 爱因斯坦热爱科学,也热爱人类。他没有因为埋头于科学研究而把自己置于社会之外,一直关心着人类的文明和进步,并为之顽强、勇敢地战斗。他说过:“人只有献身于社会,才能找出那实际上是短暂而又有风险的生命的意义”。 可用作作文的角度: 赵鑫珊:20岁那年,我读到日本物理学家、诺贝尔奖金获得者汤川秀树写的一本物理书。在扉页上,作者用庄子的一句名言作为题记:“判天地之美,析万物之理。”这给了我的精神双重的震撼。 第一重震撼当然是这句格言本身所具有的气魄。研究数学、物理学和天文学的人当拥有这般审视天地之大美的心胸,这才是自然科学研究的最高目标。只有怀着这一崇高目标的人才有可能作出伟大贡献。为什么在我国的高等院校数学、物理教科书的扉页上,不把庄子的这句格言写上去呢?写了,会拔高广大理工科学生的心胸,并造就一个中国的爱因斯坦。第二重震撼,我是从一位外国人,而且是一位杰出的理论物理学家那里第一次知道庄子这句格言的。从那以后,我就没有放松过从中华古诗文中吸收营养。 《想北平》老舍 文学常识: 老舍 (1899—1966) ,一位京味很浓的现、当代作家。原名舒庆春,字舍予,满族。出生于一个贫民家庭。中华人民共和国成立后,曾任中国文联副主席、中国作家协会副主席、中国民间文艺研究会副主席等职。曾因创作优秀话剧《龙须credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 沟》而被授予“人民艺术家”称号。“文化大革命”初期因被迫害而弃世。 老舍一生写了约计800万字的作品。以长篇小说和剧作著称于世。优秀长篇小说《骆驼样子》、《四世同堂》便是描写北京市民生活的代表作。他的作品已被译成20余种文字出版,以具有独特的幽默风格和浓郁的民族色彩,以及从内容到形式的雅俗共赏而赢得了广大的读者。 概括: 老舍把对北平的感情上升到爱母亲的地位,他抛开一切美好的词语,用最通俗质朴的言辞,用最能引人共鸣的表达方式,通过与巴黎等城市的比较突出北平的特点,表明北平与老舍是“你”中有“我”,“我”中有“你”,融为一体的关系,表达“我的每一思念中有个北平”。 作者爱北平的理由: 整体感觉:动中有静,复杂而有边际 布置:在人为之中显自然 物质上:花多菜多果子多 环境:使人更接近自然 最后一句话的深层含义 : 这篇散文写于1936年,作者当时不在北京。那时日本帝国主义已经加紧了对中国的侵略,丧权辱国的“何梅协定”的签订,适应日本侵略需要的“冀察政务委员会”的成立,都说明华北危急,北京危急。作者作为一个热爱北京的爱国知识分子忧心如焚,思念家乡之情,较平日更为强烈,这一声呼唤,充满了民族忧患意识,震人心弦。 要点: 1(从平凡的事物入手,抒写自己的主观感受和感情 2(对比、衬托手法 《我所认识的蔡孑民先生》冯友兰 选自《人民日报》(海外版),作者冯友兰(1895—1990),哲学家,著有《中国哲学史》、《新原道》、《新原人》等。 内容概要: 蔡元培是中国近代最伟大的教育家,蔡先生的教育有两大端,一个是春风化雨,一个是兼容并包。 艺术手法: 以小见大,巧妙地选择平凡的事例来勾画一位“蔼然仁者,慈祥诚恳”的大教育家形象,又以精粹的议论恰当地点出了蔡先生的精神境界的内涵;人物描写正面与侧面相结合。 《诸子喻山水》 选自《论语》,孔子(公元前551,前479),名丘,字仲尼,春秋鲁国人,古代著名思想家、教育家,儒家学派创始人。 选自《韩非子》,韩非子,战国末期韩国人,著名思想家,法家学派的主要代表人物。著有《孤愤》、《说难》等。 选自《管子》,管子(公元前770~前476)中国春秋时期,齐国政治家、思想家管仲及管仲学派的著述总集。 选自《孟子》,孟子(约前372,前289)名轲,字子舆,战国人,著名的思想家、政治家、教育家,孔子之后的儒家大师,后世称为“亚圣”。 选自《老子》老子,姓李名耳,又名老聃。春秋时期思想家,道家学派创始人,credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 著有《道德经》。 选自《孙子》,孙子名武,字长卿,春秋后期齐国人,军事理论家。著有《孙子兵法》。 内容概要: 通过先秦诸子有关山水的思索和感悟,表达了他们山水悟出的生命体验和人生哲理。 艺术手法: 设喻说理的议论方法,将抽象的道理形象化,将深奥的折理浅显化,给人以鲜明清晰的认知和生动形象的美感。 《 秋水(节选)》庄子 选自《庄子•外篇》。庄子,名周,世称南华真人,道家代表人物,他继承并发展了老子的思想,后世并称老庄。主要作品为《庄子》,又名《南华经》,现存33篇,由内篇、外篇和杂篇组成。 主旨: 在无限广大的宇宙中,个人的认识和作为都要受到主客观条件的制约,因而是十分有限的,它的客观思想意义在于人的认识既然是有限的,人们就不能囿于个人有限的见闻而自满自足,而应不断开阔眼界,不停止学习。 艺术特色: 1(庄子散文善于运用寓言来进行说理。 2(文章开头有一段景物描写,这有两个作用: 一是从河伯初见河水上涨的壮观景象,到看到大海苍茫无垠的气象,形象渲染主旨,表现人的认识是有限的,而客观世界是无限的; 二是用河景与海景这样具体的景物互相比照,来衬托河伯与北海若两种不同的认识境界。 (庄子散文善于援譬设喻。 3 “井蛙不可以语于海”“夏虫不可以语于冰”“曲士不可以语于道”比喻人的认识不可能超越其生存活动的客观环境,因而是有限的,“吾在天地之间,犹小石小木之在大山也”等几个比喻,说明事物的大小都是相对的,人的认识十分有限,因而应该不断开拓自己视野。 使抽象的的结论蕴含于形象的比喻之中。 4(本文采用逐层推进式论证方法。 由小及大,由河伯至大海;再由大至小,说明事物的大小是相对的,人的认识能力是有限的,通过层层比较得出“方存乎见少,又奚以自多”的道理。文章运用排比与反问两种修辞手法,使说理极有气势。 5(对话体的好处对话体多通过两个人物的问答和辩论来阐述道理,善于将不同思想的碰撞或逻辑思辨的过程有机地呈现出来,其语言也容易具有生动、活泼和个性化的特点。 6(在阐述哲理时,本文使用了拟人、比喻、对比、排比、反问、对偶多种修辞手法,,说理形象而有力。 《前赤壁赋》苏轼 苏轼,字子瞻,号东坡。“唐宋八大家”之一。在文学艺术领域中,诗词、散文、书画无一不精。与父亲和弟弟并称“三苏” 宋代四大书法家:苏轼,米芾,蔡襄,黄庭坚 赋是我国古代一种文体,兼具诗歌和散文的特点。铺陈事物,讲究文采,句式以credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 四言六言为主,隔三、四句或五、六句押韵。汉朝贾谊、司马相如、班固、张衡都是辞赋的大家。中唐以后,受古文运动影响,篇幅较小,句式参差,押韵较随便,几近散文,以抒情为主。叫做文赋。象杜牧的《阿房宫赋》、苏轼的《赤壁赋》都是文赋的佳作。 主旨: 文章通过泛游赤壁的所见所闻,以及主客问答,反映了作者由故作旷达到陷于苦闷,又由苦闷到解脱的思想过程,表现了作者在“乌台诗案”遭到巨大的挫折后,虽身处逆境却仍然热爱生活的积极乐观的人生态度。 艺术特色: 1(写景、抒情、议论紧密结合。 全文不论抒情还是议论,始终不离江上风光和赤壁故事。这就创造出一种情、景、理的融合,充满诗情画意而又蕴涵着人生哲理的艺术境界 。体现了苏轼大气磅礴,挥洒自如的风格。 2(“以文为赋”的体裁形式。 本文既保留了传统赋体那种诗的特质和情韵,同时又吸收了散文的笔调和手法,打破了赋在句式、声韵和对偶等方面的束缚,更多的是散文的成分,使文章兼具诗歌的深致情韵,又有散文的透辟理意。 结构特点: 1(主客问答,抑客伸主(采用了赋体传统的对话手法,巧妙地表达了自己感情转折和思想矛盾解决的过程。) 2(以泛舟赤壁过程中思想感情起伏变化为主线,以水月为背景,寓情言理,意趣横生。 《宋词四首》 《雨霖铃》柳永 选自《乐章集》。柳永,北宋词人,原名三变,字耆卿,别称柳七,柳屯田。主要作品为《雨霖铃》《八声甘州》等,有《乐章集》传世。大量创制慢词(长调)。是婉约派的代表。 《踏莎行》秦观 选自《淮海词》。踏莎行,词牌名。秦观,字太虚,一字少游,号淮海居士。北宋词人。与黄庭坚、晁补之、张耒同为“苏门四学士”。 《苏幕遮》周邦彦 选自《清真集》。北宋词人。字美成,号清真居士。精通音律。作品多写闺情、羁旅,也有咏物之作。格律谨严,语言曲丽精雅。长调尤善铺叙。为后来格律派词人所宗。旧时词论称他为“词家之冠”。 《声声慢》李清照 选自《漱玉词》。李清照,号易安居士。主要作品有《武陵春》《如梦令》、《声声慢》等,古代最重要的女诗人,宋代婉约词派代表。倡导词“别是一家”说。 《窦娥冤》关汉卿 关汉卿,名一斋,号己斋叟,金末元初大都(现北京)人。元代杂剧的代表作家,也是我国戏剧史上最早也最伟大的戏剧作家。他与郑光祖、白朴、马致远齐名,被称为“元曲四大家”。元代的阶级矛盾和民族矛盾十分尖锐,关汉卿不满社会现实,不仅写作剧本,有时还登台演唱,借杂剧来揭露黑暗现实,寄托自己的社会理想。他一生创作杂剧有60多部,但大都散失,现仅存15部。《窦娥冤》《救风尘风望江亭》《单刀会》等流传很广。其中的《窦娥冤》是我国十大古典悲剧之credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 一。1956年,他的名字被列入世界文化名人之列。 “元曲”,一般包括杂剧和散曲。杂剧是元代文学最高成就的标志。 散曲包括小令和套数两种形式。小令是独立的只曲,相当于一首单调的词,主要是从民间的小曲和词调变化来的。如我们熟悉的马致远的《越调?天净沙?秋思》。套数是由两支以上同宫调的曲子联缀而成的组曲,各套曲子的联缀多有一定的顺序,末曲多以尾声结束。 元杂剧的体裁特点: 杂剧通常由四折组成。之外可以加楔子。楔子一般放在第一折之前,类似现代剧中的序幕;剧本由曲词,宾白,科介三部分。 曲词:剧中人物的唱词 宾白:剧中人物的说白 科介:关于动作,表情和音响效果的舞台指示 在音乐上,杂剧的每折用同一宫调的若干曲牌组成套曲。楔子只能用一二支小令,不能用套曲。宫调,即调式,相当于现代音乐的C调D调等。曲牌,是曲调的名称,每个曲牌都属于一定的宫调,就好比词有词牌子。 元杂剧的角色: 元杂剧角色大致可分为末、旦、净、杂四类。 末是男角,男主角叫正末,还有副末、冲末、大末、二末等。 旦是女角,女主角叫正旦,还有贴旦、花旦、老旦、小旦等。 净多扮刚勇人物或喜剧角色,有净、副净、二净之别。 杂是杂角,如孤(官员)、祗从(侍从)、孛老(老头)、卜儿(老妇)、徕儿(小孩)、细酸(书生)、邦老(盗贼流氓)等。 元曲四大家: 关汉卿 代表作《窦娥冤》 马致远 代表作《汉宫秋》 白朴 代表作《墙头马上》《梧桐雨》 郑光祖 代表作《倩女离魂》 誓愿顺序 誓愿内容 所用典故 誓愿实质 第一桩 血溅白练 苌弘化碧望帝啼鹃 希望刑场上人了解她的冤屈 她希望自己的冤屈会在上天得到反第二桩 六月飞雪 飞霜六月因邹衍 应 她不仅希望个人的冤屈得到申张,而第三桩 亢旱三年 东海曾经孝妇冤 且希望上天能够惩治邪恶。 结尾安排的“三大奇愿”: 窦娥临刑的三桩誓愿,层层深入,由个人冤屈到社会黑暗,由对冤案的证实到揭示制造冤案的深层原因,表现了她对自己蒙冤受刑的强烈愤怒和坚决抗争。这既是本折的高潮,也是全剧的高潮,主人公的反抗精神由此得到完美的体现,人物性格也得到充分的展示,一个善良而又有强烈反抗精神的妇女形象丰满、鲜明地立在我们面前。 这三愿充分揭露了当时社会官吏昏聩,法制腐败,人民蒙受奇冤而又呼告无门的真实情况。它着力表现主人公至死不屈的斗争精神,这种精神甚至产生了感动天地的力量。 三桩奇愿充分体现了人民伸张人间正义,杀尽贪官污吏,洗雪冤屈的良好意志与愿望。 誓愿的实现采用浪漫主义手法;既能证明窦娥冤情实在是真,又能增强悲剧气氛。从观众来看,符合一般民众善恶有报的心理,反映了人民伸张正义、惩治邪恶的credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 愿望,能引起观众更多的共鸣;也表现了作者鲜明的爱憎。 人物形象: 窦娥是一个饱受封建压迫与摧残的充满反抗精神的劳动妇女的形象。她善良勤劳、孝顺贤惠,同时又刚毅顽强,敢于与恶势力斗争到底。她生于严酷的腐败的封建统治之下,注定要走向悲剧的结局。 主题: 《窦娥冤》是我国十大古典悲剧之一。作者通过窦娥蒙受的千古奇冤,揭露了封建社会的黑暗,统治阶级的昏庸残暴,歌颂了窦娥的美好心灵和反抗精神。窦娥的形象壮美动人,她的悲剧性格,具有深刻的社会意义和强烈的感染力量。 艺术特色: 1(作品在艺术上,体现出现实主义与浪漫主义风格的融合。 2(作品用丰富的想像和大胆的夸张。 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 超现实的情节,显示出正义的强大力量,寄托了作者鲜明的爱憎,反映了广大人民伸张正义、惩治邪恶的愿望。 3(语言通俗自然,朴实生动,极富性格。评论家以“本色”二字概括其特色。课文中的曲词,都不事雕琢,感情真切,精练优美,浅显而深邃。 《元曲二首》 《〔双调〕寿阳曲•远浦帆归》马致远 马致远号“东篱”,以示效陶渊明之志。与关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴同称“元曲四大家”,是我国元代时著名大戏剧家、散曲家。有辑本《东篱乐府》。〔双调〕是宫调名,寿阳曲是曲牌名,远浦帆归是曲题 《〔中吕〕山坡羊•潼关怀古》张养浩 选自《云庄休居自道小乐府》。张养浩,字希孟。号云庄。〔中吕〕是宫调名,山坡羊是曲牌名,潼关怀古是曲题 (自读)《长亭送别》王实甫 选自《西厢记》。王实甫,名德信,大都(北京)人,元代杂剧作家,代表作《西厢记》是根据唐代作家元稹的传奇《莺莺传》创作的,共5 本,21折,以歌颂反封建的爱情为主题,歌颂张生和莺莺为争取婚姻自由所进行的斗争,矛头直指封建礼教和婚姻制度,具有强烈的反封建思想。 [端正好]碧云天,黄花地,西风紧。北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉,总是离人泪。 通晓流畅和秀丽华美相统一,诗意浓郁,哀愁绵长,堪称“情景交融”的元曲绝唱: 1(意象的组合,典雅华美: 端正好一曲,前四句,一句一景,点染了一幅空间广阔、色彩斑斓的图画:蓝天白云,黄花 满地,西风凄紧,北雁南飞,霜林染红。 2(情感的抒发,委婉含蓄: 前四句,以具有深秋时节特征的景物,衬托出莺莺为离别所烦恼的痛苦压抑心情。后两句是莺莺自问自答,在为离别的痛苦而流了一夜眼泪的莺莺心中,经霜 的树林是被她的离情感动而变红的。 3(动词的运用,恰到好处: 一个“染”字,不但写出了景物色彩的遽然变化,而且沟通了景与情的联系,使得大自然的景物融入凝重的离愁,蒙上一层沉郁忧伤的感情色彩。 4(修辞的运用:比喻、比拟、设问、夸张 巧笔画尽 化用诗词 典雅凝练 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 精心用典 富有内蕴 巧用修辞 生动形象 选用意象 寄意深远 情景交融 感人至深 愁与恨 真挚爱情 封建礼教 第四册 讲读课文复习提示 共15篇 《故都的秋》郁达夫 作者: 郁达夫(1896,1945),名文,字达夫,浙江富阳人,现代著名作家,“创造社”发起人,代表作有小说《沉沦》等。1938年底,郁达夫应邀赴新加坡办报、宣传抗日,后被迫做日军翻译,其间利用职务之便暗暗救助、保护大量人士。1945年 8月29日,郁达夫被日本宪兵秘密杀害在苏门答腊,终年四十九岁。 作品:1921年发表处女作、早期代表作《沉沦》。随后,陆续发表了《春风沉醉的晚上》、《薄奠》、《飘儿和尚》、《迟桂花》、《迟暮》等作品。由于其作品中有不少色情的描写,影响了主题的严肃性,削弱了作品的表现力。 理清思路、把握主旨: 总起:? 对北国之秋的感受和追寻 ? 江南之秋不能让人赏玩到十足 记叙和描写:?清晨院中所见景象 分写:?槐树的落蕊 ?秋蝉的残声 ?秋雨、雨后话凄凉 ?枣树的奇景 议论:凡有情趣的人类,对于秋,总是……感触 总结:?重申南国之秋色味比不上北国之秋 ?抒发对故都之秋的无比眷念之情 主旨:抒发对故都的热爱和眷恋,表达对光明的向往和渴求。 写作手法: 1(联想:作者在写故都的秋时,时刻联想起南国的秋,把它与南国的秋作对比,credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 这是对比理想的手法。 2(对比:文中既有整体性的对比,又有各种自然景象的对比。 整体性的对比:北国之秋: 清、静、悲凉; 南国之秋: 看不饱、尝不透、赏玩不到十足。 自然景象的对比:天色、草木、秋蝉、秋雨 天色:故都的天色是“很高很高的碧绿的”,充满阳光;南国的天色是“淡”的; 草木:故都的草木凋得快;南国的草木凋得慢; 秋蝉:故都秋蝉的残声随处可闻;南方是非要上郊外或山上去才听得到的; 秋雨:故都的秋雨比南方的“下得奇、下得有味、下得更像样”。 结论:南国的秋比起北国的秋,“色彩不浓,回味不永”;故都的秋“特别地来得清、来得静、来得悲凉”。 3(写作角度: 从“味”入手,写故都的秋的“清”、“静”、“悲凉”。 《晨昏诺日朗》赵丽宏 赵丽宏(1951— ),上海市崇明县人,上海作家协会副主席。著有散文集《生命草》、《爱在人间》、《赵丽宏散文选》、《艺品》等,诗集《珊瑚》、《沉默的冬青》、报告文学集《心画》等五十余种著作。 1(内容概要:作者用他的和生花妙笔描绘了诺日朗瀑布的雄伟神奇,那奔泻喧腾的漫流、震天撼地的声响、奇妙如梦幻的姿态……体现了诺日朗瀑布雄浑壮阔的气势,给人以精神的震撼。 (艺术手法:作者语言清新明丽,凝练流畅,色彩感强。描摹景物,大胆联想2 和想象,创造了很多的生动奇特的比喻句。 《瓦尔登湖》梭罗 作者简介: 梭罗(1817--1862) 美国浪漫主义时期散文家,文豪爱默生、霍桑等的朋友,超验主义(强调直觉作用,对纯朴的农村生活、丰富深邃的大自然、荒芜人烟的旷野丛林一往情深)的中心人物之一。梭罗生性独立高洁,一生憎恶强暴不公,同情贫苦大众。他与孤僻结伴,常常是一个人。1845-1847年幽居山林,1854出版了《瓦尔登湖》。 《瓦尔登湖》的创作: 1845年,28岁的梭罗撇开金钱的羁绊,来到瓦尔登湖畔。至1847年间,他独自一人幽居在自筑木屋中,渔猎、耕耘、沉思、写作,由此产生了意义深远的《瓦尔登湖》的创作。 理清思路: 1:湖水的特点及周围的环境(总写) 2-6:湖水的色彩变化、清澈(分说) 7:湖的历史变迁及对湖的赞美(总括) 主题思想: 本文细腻地描绘了瓦尔登湖的优美景色,表达了作者热爱自然、融入自然的情怀。 《守财奴》巴尔扎克 巴尔扎克:19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家,欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表(他创作的《人间喜剧》被称为法国社会的“百科全书”,共91部小说,包括长篇、中篇、短篇小说和随笔等,长篇小说《欧也妮?葛朗台》、《高credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 老头》、《幻灭》等。《人间喜剧》提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史,为世界文学史上建立了一座丰碑。 四大吝啬鬼之三: 《吝啬鬼》莫里哀,又译《悭吝人》——主人公阿巴公 《威尼斯商人》莎士比亚——夏洛克 《死魂灵》果戈里——泼留希金 葛朗台形象:葛朗台是世界文学史上最成功的守财奴形象之一。 节选部分紧紧抓住人与物(金子)、情(夫妻之情、父女之情)与钱在葛朗台心理天平上的份量这一矛盾,刻画了一个贪婪、吝啬、专横、凶狠、虚伪的守财奴形象。这个守财奴带有资本原始积累时期资产者的显著特点。 艺术手法: 细节性的人物语言、动作、肖像及其它细节描写。 1(“那简直是抹自己的脖子”(细节性内心独白) 点评:语言符合人物性格——爱财如命,财产落到独生女儿手里也要他的命——吝啬鬼的本性。 2(“老头儿身子一纵,扑上梳妆匣,好似一头老虎扑上了一个熟睡的婴儿。” 点评:金钱占有欲支配一切,失去理智,早忘了初衷——金子占有狂的本性。 3(“……这交易划得来……你真是我的女儿”“得啦,孩子,你给了我生路,我有了命啦……人生就是一件交易” 点评:从看见金子先惊喜地狂喊,到“这交易划得来”,充分暴露他投机商人把一切都看作交易的肮脏灵魂——唯财是图,人生即交易(人生观) 4(“箍桶匠看着盒子……永远不提了”“小乖乖”,“妈妈,小妈妈,好妈妈……”他热烈地、紧紧地拥抱她,使她喘不过气来 点评:太太一死,几百万遗产便要被女儿继承,利益大小对比,马上清醒——唯利是图本性,厚颜无耻,不择手段。 5(“拿了一把金路易……把钱拈着玩……他把金路易装到袋里” 点评:守财奴的本能,吝啬鬼的本性。 6(“要不要花很多钱,要不要吃药呢,”“要是我女人还有救,请你救救她,即便要我一百两百法郎也行。” 点评:吝啬到极点——即使救妻子,也是为了财产——本性所致。 7(“他来搀了她去用饭……仿佛她是金铸的一般”“老箍桶匠变得厉害,常在女儿面前哆嗦” 点评:女儿即几百万财产,女儿就是金子;怕女儿不肯放弃继承权。 8(葛朗台老头的眼光从文书转到女儿,从女儿转到文书,紧张得脑门子上尽是汗,一刻不停地抹着 点评:有命无命的“生死”关头,既有诱骗将要成功的激动,又有担心万一女儿反悔的紧张——性格特征。 9(“别多嘴,克罗旭。一言为定。”“欧也妮,你决不翻悔,你是有信用的姑娘,是不是,” 点评:怕证人说清,立即制止,又好言哄骗。为财产不择手段——贪婪无耻。 10、他连狗在院子里打哈欠都听得见……他会立即清醒。“在那里吗,在那里吗,” “你看住金子~……拿来放在我面前~” “这样好教我心里暖和” “把一切照顾得好好的~到那边来向我交帐~” 他几小时地盯着(金子),好像一个才知道观看的孩子呆望着一件东西;也像孩credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 子一样,他露出一点很吃力的笑意。 脸上的表情仿佛进入了极乐世界 点评:金钱是他唯一的生命支撑——守财奴的本能。 写作角度: 巴尔扎克塑造了葛朗这一典型的形象,成功地把握了金钱时代人性异化的本质特征,而且他还表述了人类生存发展中的悖谬现象:历史的进步是靠财富的创造来推动,而财富创造的过程必然伴随着人性的失落;金钱所点燃的情欲驱动着人们去疯狂,忘我地积聚财富,而情欲之火烤干了人性的脉脉温情,也耗尽了追求者的精力与生命;人类在与物质世界的不懈斗争中不断征服自然,创造物质文明,而与之抗衡的对象又不断吞噬着人类,使人沦为物的奴隶。是人类发展进程的“对物的依赖”阶段尤其如此,这是人类文明发展所要付出的沉重代价。 《<关汉卿>(节选)》田汉 田汉,中国现代戏剧奠基人,剧作家,诗人。作品有《丽人行》、《忆江南》、《梨园春梦》等戏剧和电影剧本。 内容概要: 全文以对话的形式描写了关汉卿看到民女朱小兰蒙冤受害而罪犯李驴儿却逍遥法外,为伸张正义,毅然创作并上演《窦娥冤》,用生命与权贵酷吏作斗争的绚丽篇章,表达了关汉卿仗义执言、宁死不屈、忠贞不渝、刚正不阿的崇高品质。 主要人物的性格: 关汉卿:刚直不阿、宁折不弯、忠贞不渝;朱帘秀:豪爽侠义、忠直善良、勇于牺牲;叶和甫:阴险狡诈、助纣为虐、卑劣无耻。 艺术手法: 利用有限的时间、空间、人物,通过尖锐的矛盾冲突展现人物性格;本文人物对话的作用:展现人物性格;推动矛盾冲突的发展;侧面介绍相关情节。 《别了,哥哥》殷夫 选自《殷夫集》。殷夫,现代诗人,中共党员,原名徐祖华,1931年被国民党反动派杀害于上海龙华。哥哥,即殷夫的大哥徐培根。 《拿来主义》鲁迅 文化常识: 鲁迅以笔代戈、奋笔疾书,战斗一生,被誉为“民族魂”。毛泽东评价他是伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家,是中华文化革命的主将。“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”是鲁迅先生一生的写照。 课文概要: 中心:本文批判了国民党的卖国主义政策,和一些人对待文化遗产的错误态度,阐明了批判继承文化遗产的基本原则和方法,指出了正确的继承和借鉴仍是建设民族新文化不可缺少的条件。 “放出眼光,运用脑髓,自己来拿。” 现实意义:鲁迅的见解,与毛泽东“古为今用”、“洋为中用”、“剔除糟粕,吸取精华”的主张是一致的,这写对我们今天,是仍有借鉴意义的。 写作手法: 1(先破后立,破立结合: 先谈送去主义、闭关主义再谈拿来主义。作者把对待文化遗产的问题放在历史和现实的背景中加以考察,文章一开始就从“闭关主义”说起,进而揭露政府在“学”credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 上实行“送去主义”的种种媚外求荣欺世惑众的事实,揭示“送去主义”必然使中国陷入被侵略受奴役的悲惨境地。因此,“送去”之外,还要“拿来”~ 2(运用比喻论证,化深奥抽象为浅显具体: “大宅子”比喻文化遗产。 A、怕:徘徊不敢走进门的孱头(逃避主义者); B、怒:勃然大怒,放一把火烧光的昏蛋(虚无主义者); C、羡慕:欣欣然接受一切的废物(投降主义者)。 以上三种态度都是错误的,正确的态度和方法应该是: A、占有:这是前提; B、挑选:这是关键,没有挑选,占有就毫无意义; C、挑选的具体做法:或使用,或存放,或毁灭。 关于几个比喻:“鱼翅”喻文化遗产中的精华部分(使用,吃掉);“鸦片”比喻有益也有害的一类事物(存放,供人治病);“烟灯、烟枪”比喻可做反面教材的一类(留一点,大部分毁掉);“姨太太”比喻供剥削阶级欣赏享用的腐朽淫糜的东西(走散)。 3(语言幽默辛辣 鲁迅的杂文“嘻笑怒骂皆成文章”,语言风格:犀利、幽默、讽刺。 有关例句: 例:捧着“几张古画”“一路的挂过去”“捧”刻画恭敬的媚态,“几张”显得相当贫乏,却一路张扬,见得多么寒枪可怜,可鄙可笑。 例:“活人替代了古董”,“算得显出一点进步了”。反语。媚外求荣又出新的花招, 愈演愈烈,讽刺强烈。 例:“一者见得丰富,二者见得大度”“丰富”“大度”应加双引号,讽刺其不自量力。 《胡同文化》汪曾祺 文学常识: 汪曾祺,现当代作家、散文家、戏剧家。早年毕业于西南联大。小说《受戒》、《大淖记事》是其代表作。汪曾祺被誉为“抒情的人道主义者,中国最后一个纯粹的文人,中国最后一个士大夫。” 关于《胡同文化》一文,我们需要回忆: 1( 胡同文化是一种什么样的文化, ——是一种封闭性的文化,是一种安分守己、逆来顺受的文化,它的精义是“忍”。 2( 作者对胡同文化的看法如何, ——哀而不伤。哀叹胡同文化的没落,这是一种文化人对于传统文化的一种不舍。但面对商品经济的席卷,作者虽是无奈但也坦然地接受了这个事实。 关于这点,在写作时可作相关思考: 由胡同文化可以扩大为传统文化,你如何看待传统文化与现代文明推进的冲撞问题,比如古城墙的推倒、旧城区的改造、名人故居的废除等。 从《胡同文化》看汪曾祺的行文特点: 汪曾祺的散文没有结构的苦心经营,也不追求题旨的玄奥深奇,平淡质朴,娓娓道来,如话家常。比如一“嘿”字,一“北京人,真有你的”句等口语,给文章平添十分趣味,却也不见雕琢之痕。 《南州六月荔枝丹》贾祖璋 文学常识: 本文属于科学小品,属于说明文。所谓小品就是随笔之类的小文章,科学小品则credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 是介绍科学常识的文艺性说明文,既有很强的科学性,又有一定的文学情趣。贾祖璋是我国著名的生物学家、科普作家。他的这一系列科普作品,在我国科普创作的历史上的确具有奠基性和首创性的意义。 常见说明顺序: 1(时间顺序——即按事物发展的时间先后次序来说明。 2(空间顺序——即按事物空间结构的顺序来说明。 如:整体——局部、上——下、外——内、远——近 3(事理顺序——即依据事物之间或某一事物各部分之间的逻辑关系来说明。 如: 主要——次要、一般——个别、原因——结果、现象——本质、总述——分说、简单——复杂 除了说得准确、清晰之外,当然好的说明文是必须借助多种说明方法的。 比如文中“种子外面的一层膜发育而成的,应称做假种皮。”一句使用的是下定义之法;“据记载,南越王尉佗曾向汉高祖进贡荔枝”一句使用的是举例子之法。文中还附图表、数字以助说明。大量的古典诗词、农谚的引用,使枯燥的说明文顿添无限情趣,读来兴味盎然,此为《南州六月荔枝丹》一文最大亮色。 常用的说明方法: 1(举例子2(分类别 3(列数据4(作比较5(下定义 6(打比方7(画图表8(引资料 《廉颇蔺相如列传》司马迁 司马迁,字子长,别称太史公。与司马光并称“史界两司马”,与班固并称"班马"。主要作品为《史记》,又名《太史公书》,全书130篇,包括12本纪、8书、10表,30世家、70列传。《廉颇蔺相如列传》《鸿门宴》 内容概要:本篇通过:“完璧归赵”、“渑池会”、“蔺廉交欢”三个故事,赞美了蔺相如的智勇与爱国主义精神,即对敌斗争的坚持和对同僚的退让;同时也赞美了廉颇的忠于赵国与勇于改过。 从历史著作的特色看,本文突出表现了士阶层的两个杰出人物在特定的历史时代所起的重要的历史作用,而且显示出作为个体的士,怎样在时代中把握机遇,实现自我的价值;而作为文学作品的传记文学,它又有极高的文学价值。 1(三个故事各有首尾,有独立性却又环环紧扣,相互关联。 2(叙事有波澜,曲折抑扬 3(选材的精当 《谏太宗十思疏》魏征 魏征(580—643)字玄成,唐初政治家。 疏,是奏议文体的一种,奏议类文章是古代臣属进呈给帝王的奏章的统称,包括奏、议、疏、表、对策等。 内容概要:文章以自然现象设喻,以历史教训佐证,规劝唐太宗李世民要“居安思危,积其德义”,国戒骄怠奢纵,达到天下的长治久安。体现了魏征不顾个人得失,勇于箴言直谏的精神。 艺术手法:运用了比喻论证、对比论证等方法,使说理形象、透彻;语言上既有骈文的华美、整齐,又有散文的自然流畅、易于诵读;结构谨严,浑然一体,具有雄辩的逻辑力量。 《<新序>二则》刘向 刘向(约前77—前6)又名刘更生,字子政,西汉经学家、目录学家、文学家。credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 代表作有《五经通义》、《新序》、《说苑》、《列女传》等。 《延陵季子将西聘晋》 内容概要:通过季札实践心中许下赠送宝剑给徐君的诺言,赞颂了季子以诚信为贵的高尚行为。 艺术手法:运用对话描写展现人物的诚信品质;故事虽短,然故事的展开一波三折。 《宋人有得玉者》 内容概要:子罕在他人献玉之宝物时,不以物质的“玉”为宝,而是以精神的“不贪”为宝,展现了子罕崇高的精神境界。 艺术手法:在人物对话中文旨显现;在比较选择中结论自明。 《过秦论》贾谊 贾谊(前200—前168),洛阳人,西汉初年著名的政治家、辞赋家。散文如《过秦论》、《论积贮疏》等都很有名;辞赋以《吊屈原赋》、《鹏鸟赋》最著名。 内容概要:本文通过叙述秦从秦孝公至秦亡由盛而衰的一百多年的历史事实,指出秦政的过失在于夺取天下后不施仁义,遭到天下人的反对,终至国破身亡。以此提醒仅统治者要以秦为鉴,广施仁政。 艺术手法:在大量叙述史实的基础上概括出中心论点,用叙事来说理;运用对比手法;大量运用铺陈、夸张、排比的手法表现主旨。 写作特点和语言风格: 气势磅礴,笔力雄浑。大量运用对比、排比、对偶、夸张等手法,铺张渲染,富有说服力和感染力。 结构上逐层推进。1,5段叙述秦国由弱而盛,又由盛而亡的史实,篇末点明论点,论点的出现水到渠成。 本文是一篇议论文,为什么却以大部分篇幅来叙事呢, 本文以大部分篇幅铺张宣扬秦的兴盛史,再以秦的速亡史与之比较照应,运用了先扬后抑的手法,处处予以衬托、对比,得出“仁义不施,而攻守之势异也”的结论,说明秦朝灭亡的重要原因是不施仁政施暴政,劝戒后来的统治者只有施仁义,行仁政,才能长治久安;同时,这也体现了贾谊辞赋家的政论特色,用夸张的手法叙事状物,达到文势滔滔,波澜层迭的艺术效果。 艺术特点: 作者用全篇对比到底的手法写出了他的论点。 本篇精采处却在于作者用了四个方面的对比: 1(秦国本身先强后弱、先盛后衰、先兴旺后灭亡的对比; 2(秦与六国的对比; 3(秦与陈涉的对比; 4(陈涉与六国的对比。 几种对比交织在一起,结构自然宏伟,气势也自然磅礴,话也显得更有分量了。主客观形势的不同,强弱盛衰难易的不同,都从几方面的对比中显现出来。 《 师说》韩愈 选自《韩昌黎文集》。韩愈,字退之,官至吏部侍郎,谥文,世称韩吏部,韩文公,郡望昌黎,又称韩昌黎。唐代古文运动领袖,“唐宋八大家”之一。与柳宗元并称"韩柳"。主要作品为《师说》、《马说》、《原毁》、《进学解》、《祭十二郎文》等,结为《昌黎先生集》。他主张恢复先秦两汉散文传统,掘弃南北朝以来的骈体文,主张文章内容的充实,"唯陈言之务去"。在诗歌创作上主张“以文为诗”,credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 力求新奇。苏轼称他“文起八代之衰”。 古之学者必有师 师道之不传 古之圣人 今之众人 破立对比 于其子 于其身 “耻学于师” 巫医乐师百工 士大夫 “其志乃反不及” 圣人无常师 孔子言:三人行(引证) 孔子行:无常师(例证) 赠李蟠 对比论证: 对比一:“古之圣人”与“今之众人” 结论:圣益圣,愚益愚 反问语气 对比二:“为子择师”与“其身则耻师” 结论:小学而大遗,吾未见其明 否定责备 语气加强 对比三:“巫医乐师百工之人”与“士大夫之族” 结论:“士大夫”之智乃反不及“巫医乐师百工之人。” 强烈讽刺 内容概要:本文论述了从师学习的必要性和原则,批判了当时社会上士大夫阶层“耻学于师”的不良风气,表现出作者“奋不顾流俗”的非凡勇气和斗争精神。 艺术手法:论证严密,说理透彻;对比手法逐层深入论证;整句和散句穿插变化。 《石钟山记》苏轼 苏轼(1037—1101),“唐宋八大家”之一。 内容概要:本文记叙了作者考察石钟山得名的原因的过程;卒意显志,先得出“事不目见耳闻,而臆断其有无,可乎”的观点,再用“叹郦元之简,而笑李渤之陋”的一叹,一笑点明自己的写作意图。 艺术手法:本文不同于一般的记游性散文,先记游,然后议论,而是先议论,由议论带出记叙,最后又以议论作结;景物描写,用笔精炼,生动形象逼真。 说明要认识事物的真相必须“目见耳闻”,切忌主观臆断的道理,表现了作者注重调查研究的求实精神。 第五册 讲读课文复习提示 共13篇 《雨巷》戴望舒 戴望舒(1905—1950),浙江杭州人。现代派象征主义诗人。1928年发表成名作《雨巷》,并成为30年代“现代派”诗人群体的领袖。 《雨巷》最初发表在1928年《小说月报》上,引起很大反响,叶圣陶称《雨巷》“替新诗的音节开了一个新纪元”,戴望舒也因此诗获得“雨巷诗人”的称号。 戴望舒的诗歌主要受中国古典诗歌和法国象征主义诗人影响较大,常用象征的手法表达朦胧的意境。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 艺术特色: 本诗鲜明地体现了戴望舒早期诗歌的创作特色。 1(它采用了象征手法:丁香一样的姑娘 丁香姑娘的美丽高洁——美好的理想和愿望 丁香姑娘的哀怨彷徨——理想难以实现 丁香姑娘的飘然离去——理想的幻灭 2(复沓句式的妙用 第三节:“象我一样”“象我一样地”。 第四节:“象梦一般地”“象梦一般地凄婉迷茫”。 这些连贯的上下句式,可以说是诗歌内在的巧妙拉长,形成了诗歌回环叠唱的效果,使阅读时有起势—强调—飞跃的递进效果。 3(词的重叠运用 有时在同一行诗中,如“悠长,悠长”;有时在两行诗的隔开处,如“哀怨,哀怨又彷徨”;有时在诗节的分开处,如二、三节间的“彷徨”。词的重叠把时值相同的停顿复沓化了,从而形成了舒缓悠扬的节奏。 《荷塘月色》朱自清 朱自清,字佩弦,现代著名作家、诗人、学者、民主战士。代表作《背影》、《荷塘月色》。 本文通过在月下荷塘静谧幽美的景色中独处的心境描述,表达了他抑郁、孤寂和苦闷的心情。他想超脱现实自得其乐,而又不可排遣心中的忧虑,故只能是“淡淡的喜悦,淡淡的哀愁”。文章写出了一个追求进步的知识分子对现实的矛盾及他对自由宁静生活的向往。 全篇小结: 作者以艺术的手法,描绘了一幅令人陶醉的月下荷塘美景图:绿叶田田,荷花朵朵,清香缕缕,月色溶溶,象朦胧的梦幻,象飘渺的歌声。作者追求的总是淡淡的恰是到了好处的意境,展现的是荷塘月色惊人的美。而这种自然的美正是作者的精神避难所。 委婉地抒发了作者不满现实,渴望自由,想超脱现实而又不能的复杂情感,为后人留下了旧中国知识分子在苦难中徘徊前进的足迹。 艺术手法: 1(融情于景的描写 2(多角度、多侧面的写景 3(多种修辞手法的运用 《<宽容>序言》房龙 美国作家,1882年出生在荷兰。他的著作包括《宽容》、《人类的故事》、《文明的开端》、《奇迹与人》、《圣经的故事》、《发明的故事》、《人类的家园》、《伦勃朗的人生苦旅》等,贯穿其中的是理性、宽容和进步。他的目标是向人类的无知和偏执挑战。他采取的方式是普及知识与真理,使它们成为人所尽知的常识。他于1921年出版了《人类的故事》一书,从此饮誉世界,一生出版了30余种书籍,以人文主义的立场,通俗易懂,俏皮睿智的文风,将人类个方面的历史几乎全部都复述了一遍,他的绝大部分著作均是风靡世界的畅销书,历经一个世纪仍不失魅力,影响了一代又一代的读者。房龙本人更是多才多艺,他精通十种文字,善拉小提琴,他还为自己的绝大多数著作配画了许多稚拙可爱的插图。 内容概要: credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 作者以丰富的想象和联想给读者讲述了一个“创新”与“守旧”两大势力斗争的故事,并通过对“无知山谷”村民们生活状态的描写和“先驱者”、“守旧老人”形象的塑造,表现两大社会势力的矛盾:先驱者的悲惨和荣耀,守旧者的猖狂和灭亡。含蓄而深刻地揭示了本文的中心,即《宽容》一书的精髓:人类思想要健康发展,人类社会要文明进步,人类必须具有能接受异己意见的宽容的胸怀。 艺术手法: 1(用寓言的文体写的序言 2(象征手法的运用 3(反复手法对表达主题的作用 《<激流>总序》(巴金) 巴金(1904—2005.10.17),原名李尧棠、字芾甘,四川成都人。主要代表作长篇小说《激流三部曲》(《家》、《春》、《秋》),以及《爱情的三部曲》(《雾》《雨》《电》),中篇小说《憩园》、《第四病室》,长篇小说《寒夜》。 由《家》、《春》、《秋》三部长篇组成的《激流三部曲》,是成就最高、影响最大的一部巨制。其中,第一部《家》不仅是巴金文学道路上树起的第一块丰碑,也堪称中国现代文学史上最优秀的现实主义杰作之一。 内容概要: 本文具有总括的性质,是三部小说所共同着力反映的生活内涵与特征认识的总体概括,即生活是激流,只有敢于征服的人才能探寻到生活的真谛。 名句: 几年前我流了眼泪读完托尔斯泰的小说《复活》,在扉页上写了一句话:“生活本身就是一个悲剧”。事实并不是这样。生活并不是一个悲剧。它是一个“搏斗”。我们生活来做什么,或者说我们为什么要有这生命,罗曼?罗兰的回答是“为的是来征服它”。我认为他说得不错。 艺术手法: 借助物象表现情意、主旨的写法,在表情达意上起到使理念具体化、生动化以及增强可读性的作用。 如:这激流永远动荡着,并不曾有一个时候停止过,而且它也不能够停止;没有什么东西可以阻止它。在它的途中,它也曾发射出种种的水花,这里面有爱,有恨,有欢乐,也有痛苦。这一切造成了奔腾的一股激流,具有排山之势,向着唯一的海流去。这唯一的海是什么,而且什么时候它才可以流到这海里,就没有人能够确定地知道了。 《世间最美的坟墓》茨威格 斯蒂芬?茨威格(Stefan Zweig,1881,1942年),奥地利著名作家、小说家、传记作家。擅长写小说、人物传记,也写诗歌戏剧、传记、散文特写和翻译作品。以描摹人性化的内心冲动,比如骄傲、虚荣、嫉妒、仇恨等朴素情感著称。被公认为世界上最杰出的中篇小说家之一。代表作有小说《最初的经历》、《感觉的混乱》、《人的命运转折点》、《一个陌生女人的来信》、回忆录《昨日的世界》;传记《异端的权利》、《麦哲伦航海记》、《断头王后》、《人类群星闪耀的时刻》、《三位大师》、等。 内容概要:记游托尔斯泰墓,抒发作者对托尔斯泰的崇敬之情。 主要手法:对比烘托和侧面描写 补充:列夫?托尔斯泰 19世纪末20世纪初俄国最伟大的文学家,也是世界文学史上最杰出的作家之一,credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 他的文学作品在世界文学中占有重要的地位。代表作有长篇小说《战争与和平》、《安娜?卡列尼娜》、《复活》以及自传体小说三部曲《童年》《少年》《青年》。 《老人与海》海明威 海明威(1899—1961),美国小说家。代表作:《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》、反法西斯主义的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》、中篇小说《老人与海》(获1954年诺贝尔文学奖) 内容和手法: 老渔夫桑提亚哥在海上连续84天没有捕到鱼。起初,有一个叫曼诺林的男孩跟他一道出海,可是过了40天还没有钓到鱼,孩子就被父母安排到另一条船上去了,因为他们认为孩子跟着老头不会交好运。第85天,老头儿一清早就把船划出很远,他出乎意料地钓到了一条比船还大的马林鱼。老头儿和这条鱼周旋了两天,终于叉中了它。但受伤的鱼在海上留下了一道腥踪,引来无数鲨鱼的争抢,老人奋力与鲨鱼搏斗,但回到海港时,马林鱼只剩下一付巨大的骨架,老人也精疲力尽地一头栽倒在陆地上。孩子来看老头儿,他认为桑提亚哥没有被打败。那天下午,桑提亚哥在茅棚中睡着了,梦中他见到了狮子。“一个人并不是生来要被打败的,你尽可以把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他。”这是桑提亚哥的生活信念,也是《老人与海》中作者要表明的思想。通过桑提亚哥的形象,作者热情地赞颂了人类面对艰难困苦时所显示的坚不可摧的精神力量。孩子准备和老人再度出海,他要学会老人的一切“本领”,这象征着人类这种“打不败”的精神将代代相传。 海明威借助《老人与海》中的桑地亚哥之口喊出一个男子汉的宣言:人不是生来要给打败的。 你尽可把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他。 《未有天才之前》鲁迅 本文是鲁迅先生1924年在北师大附中校友会上所作的一篇著名演讲,收入《坟》。青年学生容易被社会浮躁之风浸染,好高骛远、不切实际,鲁迅在演讲中号召年轻人要甘于当“泥土”,在当今亦有现实意义。 艺术手法:对比论证、比喻论证;语言犀利幽默。 《简笔与繁笔》周先慎 周先慎 ,四川成都人。任教干北京大学中文系。现为北京大学教授,中国古代文学专业博士生导师。他长期从事宋元明清文学史的教学和研究工作。主要论著:《古典小说鉴赏》、《古诗文的艺术世界》、《明清小说》、《中国四大古典悲剧》、《中国文学十五讲》等。 内容概要及艺术手法: 1(本文属文艺随笔。作者针对当前文学创作偏长的趋向和现实,特别强调要提倡“简练为文”,反对“繁冗拖沓”的不良文风,具有很强的针对性。 2(篇幅短小,议论集中,语言精辟,充满辩证法。 《归去来兮辞》陶渊明 陶渊明(365-427),晋宋时期文学家。一名潜,字元亮。私谥靖节先生。浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。陶渊明出身于没落的仕宦家庭。思想中融入了儒道两种精神。前期(41岁以前),他渴望进取,做过江州祭酒,刘裕幕下镇军参军、彭泽令(陶彭泽),起主导作用的是儒家精神;但由于儒道思想的矛盾性,又时官时隐,举棋不定。后期(41岁以后),陶渊明因时局动荡,仕途险恶,以及官场政credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 治腐败,门阀制度森严而对现实极端不满,毅然辞官归隐,与官场彻底决裂。义熙四年,即归隐后第二年,他家乡遭焚,生活陷入极端贫困,但他安贫乐道;义熙末年,朝廷征他为官,元嘉三年,江州刺史檀道济劝他出山,他守节不仕。这个时期起主导作用的显然是道家思想。 内容概述: 叙事线索:辞官—归途—抵家—室内生活—涉园—外出—纵情山水—如何度过余生。 抒情线索则:自责自恕—自安自乐—乐天安命。 主旨及艺术手法: 抒写脱离官场的无限喜悦,归隐田园的无限乐趣,表现对大自然和隐居生活的向往和热爱。 叙事、议论、抒情巧妙结合;寓情于景,富有情趣;笔调清新,音节谐美。 《陈情表》李密 李密,字令伯,一名虔,西晋文学家,今四川彭山县东人。 解题: 表:是一种奏章,用于臣下向君主陈请谢贺 陈:陈述 情:,(情况(事实); ,(衷情(孝情、苦情、忠情); ,(情理(忠孝之道)。 李密上表的原因: ,(要供养祖母 ,(李密是蜀汉旧臣,对故国念念不忘 ,(司马氏以篡权方式夺取得天下,内部矛盾重重。李密以一亡国之臣,对出仕新朝不能不有所顾虑,暂存观望之心。 陈情表 陈以往之情 臣以险衅,夙遭闵凶 陈现今之情 进退狼狈,不能废远 陈日后之情 愿乞终养,死当结草 简洁朴实 艺术手法: 1(逻辑严密,进退有据,滴水不漏 2(融情于事,寓理于情,丝丝入扣 3(四字骈句,简洁凝练,脍炙人口 《秦晋崤之战》《左传》 《左传》原名为《左氏春秋》,汉代改称《春秋左氏传》,简称《左传》。旧时相传是春秋末年左丘明为解释孔子的《春秋》而作。 中国古代第一部记事详细、议论精辟的编年史《左传》,和现存最早的一部国别史《国语》,成为史家的开山鼻祖。《左传》重记事,《国语》重记言。 内容回顾: 秦晋崤之战是春秋时期一场著名的战争。文章依次叙写了蹇叔哭师、秦师骄狂、弦高犒师、晋伏秦师、晋释秦帅等细节,无不情节逼真,委婉动人;又巧设谜局,引人入胜。不仅揭示秦师败灭原因,而且借战争申发劳师袭远、以贪勤民者必败的战争观和政治观。同样作者的用意在于战争胜负的原因,对于真正过程则尽量credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 略写,未冲淡主题。 叙事详略得当: 一.蹇叔谏袭郑 .蹇叔哭秦师 二 三.王孙满观师 四.弦高犒秦师 五.皇武子巧词逐客 六.原轸力主击秦师 七.原轸斥文嬴纵囚 八.秦伯痛哭并认错 内容概要及艺术手法: 1(反映春秋时代大国争霸的社会现实,揭露秦国统治者师出不义的行径,揭示战争胜负的因果规律——贪暴轻狂必败。 2(叙事脉络分明,详略得当,刻画人物形象个性鲜明,语言简约。 《鸿门宴》司马迁 司马迁(约前145-约前90),西汉著名史学家、文学家、思想家。字子长,夏阳人。二十岁外出考察,足迹遍南北。在《史记》草创未就之时,下狱受刑。出狱后任中书令,在公元前91年前后完成《史记》。 《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史,记载了从传说中的黄帝到汉武帝三千年间的历史。全书130篇,包括本纪12篇,世家30篇,列传70篇,书8篇,年表10篇,共526500字。鲁迅评价其为“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》。” 本纪:叙述历代帝王的历史 世家:叙述贵族王侯的历史 列传:历代诸侯之外名官名人的事迹 表: 各个历史时期的简单大事记 书: 记载典章制度,天文地理 人物: 刘邦:圆滑机警,能言善辩。多谋善断。 张良:老练多谋。 樊哙:忠勇豪爽。 项羽:光明磊落,坦率粗豪,自大轻敌,寡谋轻信,优柔寡断,有勇少谋。 范增:老谋深算。 《鸿门宴》是《史记》中极其精彩的一篇,史圣司马迁对这位失败的英雄倾注了太多的感情,使其具有久远的人格魅力。可以说巨鹿之战的辉煌胜利使项羽丧失了自己的判断能力,也构成了他对战争一种近乎盲目的崇拜,并进一步铸就了他的悲剧性格。他的精神世界里惟一的支柱或许就是每次战斗的胜利。项羽不屑小计谋是真诚的,他梦想用他所崇尚的武力去解决一切问题,最终英雄末路。项羽用性格的笔写下独特的人生篇章,算是一种对自己的薄奠。无论是独夫的刚愎自用还是英雄的顾盼无奈,无论是抗鼎拔山还是别姬自刎,光照至今的永是夕阳般的辉煌与悲壮。 艺术手法: 1(通过激烈冲突刻画人物性格; 2(善于用对比手法使人物性格鲜明生动; 3(语言精练生动,寥寥几笔凸显人物性格。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted (自读)《苏武传》班固 班固(32—92),字孟坚,东汉扶风安陵(今陕西咸阳)人,我国古代著名史学家。 《汉书》是我国第一部纪传体断代史,记叙了自汉高祖元年至王莽地皇四年共290年的史实。《汉书》体例上全承《史记》,只是改“书”为“志”,取消“世家”并入“列传”,全书有十二本纪、八表、十志、七十列传,共一百篇,八十余万字。其中,八表和十志中的“天文志”是班固死后由他的妹妹班昭、妹夫马续续写的。作为一部独立的断代史书,《汉书》不仅在中国历史著作中占有重要地位,在文学史上也有着重要影响 《汉书》 《史记》 体裁 我国第一部纪传体断代史 我国第一部纪传体通史 时间跨度 230年左右 3000多年 体例 纪、表、志、传 本纪、列传、世家、书、表 两书合称为:“史汉” 全篇内容: 1.初使匈奴,单于受礼 2.缑王谋反,祸及汉使 3.舍生取义,以死明志 4卫律劝降,威武不屈 5.饮雪吞毡,此志不渝 6.李陵劝降,忠贞如一(教材略) 汉匈和亲,请还苏武(教材略) 7. 8.历尽艰难,发白归汉。 艺术手法 (对比映衬凸现人物鲜明的个性。 1 张胜(贪生怕死)苏武(舍生取义) 卫律(卖国求荣)苏武(忠诚为国) 李陵(计较一己恩怨得失)(教材略)苏武(以国家利益为重) 2( 个性化的语言彰显人物个性。 忠君爱国、威武不屈、贫贱不移、忠贞不渝、坚韧不拔 (自读)《伶官传序》欧阳修 欧阳修,谥号文忠,世称欧阳文忠公,吉安永丰(今属江西)人,自称庐陵人(例:《醉翁亭记》最后一句,因吉州原属庐陵郡),北宋时期政治家、文学家、史学家和诗人。与韩愈、柳宗元、宋王安石、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”。 《六一诗话》开创了“诗话”这一新形式。与宋祁合修《新唐书》,独撰《新五代史》 文旨:文章总结了后唐庄宗李存勖得天下而后失天下的历史教训,阐明了国家盛衰取决于人事的道理。讽谏北宋王朝力戒骄奢、防微杜渐、励精图治。 内容概要及艺术手法: 1(通过对后唐盛衰史实的分析和议论,说明一个王朝的兴亡,不在天命,而在人事。 2(欲抑先扬,叙事简约,以小见大,对比鲜明,叙述、议论、抒情结合,语言生动形象。 伶官传序 论点 盛衰之理,岂非人事 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 论证 举庄宗为例,原其得与失 事 得 接受父命报仇雪耻,系燕父子函梁君臣 失 一夫作难仓皇东出,伶人困之身死国灭 理 盛 意气之盛,可谓壮哉~ 衰 泣下沾襟,何其衰也~ 结论 忧劳可以兴国,逸豫可以亡身 推论 祸患常积于忽微,智勇多困于所溺 第六册 讲读课文复习提示 共12篇 《阿Q正传》鲁迅 鲁迅,中国现代伟大的文学家、思想家。原名周树人,字豫才,“鲁迅”是他1918年为《新青年》写稿时使用的笔名。 小说集《呐喊》《彷徨》《故事新编》 散文集《朝花夕拾》和散文诗集《野草》 初高中选入教材的作品有:《从百草园到三味书屋》、《藤野先生》、《故乡》、《孔 >点评》)、《阿Q正传》、《<白莽作孩儿塔>序》、《<乙己》、《社戏》、《药》(《<药 呐喊>自序》。 鲁迅为什么要创作《阿Q正传》, 意图有两点:一是“画出沉默国民的灵魂”,“暴露国民的弱点”,让读者了解长期封建统治所造成的可怕的国民的愚昧,意在“引起疗救的注意”; 二是总结辛亥革命失败的教训,批判它的妥协性和不彻底性。 小说的典型环境的特点: 通过未庄这个小小的社会窗口,展示了阿Q性格和阿Q悲剧产生的社会土壤,反映了当时中国农村社会的全貌。 特点一是把典型环境的描写融进故事情节的叙述之中。例如第七、八章的开头部分,既是情节的叙述又是时代气氛和典型环境的描绘。 特点二是通过富有典型意义的事件和细节,反映特定的时代气氛。如衣箱寄存、信件往来、辫子盘法等细节,反映当时农村的落后、闭塞,交代了故事的社会背景和典型环境 未庄——偏僻的乡村 封建势力统治 农民——政治压迫、经济剥削 思想毒害、人格侮辱 安于命运、麻木顺从 互相欺侮、争斗 内容概要: 以辛亥革命前后闭塞的农村小镇未庄为背景,塑造了阿Q这个身心受到严重戕害的落后农民的典型。(主要运用白描手法) 他无家无地无固定职业,以出卖劳力为生,备受残酷的压迫和剥削。但他不能正视自己的悲惨地位,却以“精神胜利法”自我陶醉。阿Q从盲目的自尊自大到可悲的自轻自贱,是半封建半殖民地社会里的典型性格。小说更深刻揭示了半殖民地半封建社会的阶级矛盾和“精神胜利法”产生的历史根源,有力批判了辛亥革命credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 的脱离群众和不彻底性,表达了作者“改造国民性”的思想观点。 《哈姆莱特》莎士比亚 四大悲剧:《李尔王》《奥赛罗》《麦克白》《哈姆莱特》 悲喜剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 喜剧:《威尼斯商人》《仲夏夜之梦》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》 威廉?莎士比亚(1564-1616)文艺复兴时期英国伟大的戏剧家和诗人,人文主义最杰出的代表,近代欧洲文学的奠基者之一。 贯穿始终的主线:哈姆莱特的复仇 经历 主要情节:家国突变、鬼魂告白、王子装疯、试探奸王、比剑 人物形象:哈姆雷特 哈姆雷特是文艺复兴时代人文主义者的典型。 善良忧郁的王子 愁容满面、沉默寡言 性格也有明朗的一面,诙谐幽默 聪明机智,有勇有谋,敢爱敢恨 哈姆雷特形象的意义: 1(揭示了新旧交替时代尖锐的社会矛盾,反映了新兴资产阶级与封建势力之间斗争的残酷性; 2(宣扬了人文主义思想; 3(起到了唤起民众,奋起反抗封建势力的作用。 出色的戏剧语言: 具有强烈的激情的形象性语言——形象性、对比性 善用排比、比喻等诗化性语言 充满哲理性的语言 《雷雨》曹禺 作者:曹禺,原名万家宝,字小石。现代杰出的戏剧家、剧作家,1 9 3 4年曹禺在《文学季刊》上发表处女作《雷雨》。 继《雷雨》之后,又写出了《日出》《北京人》《原野》等剧本。《雷雨》《日出》成就最高,是他的代表作。 戏剧与戏剧文学: 定义:戏剧是一种综合性舞台艺术,它把文学、表演、绘画、雕塑、音乐、舞蹈等多种艺术综合成为一种独立的艺术样式。借助这些艺术手段塑造舞台艺术形象,揭示社会矛盾,反映社会生活。剧本就是戏剧文学,是舞台演出的基础,是戏剧的主要组成部分,直接决定戏剧的思想性和艺术性。 戏剧的特点: 1(剧本必须适合舞台演出; 2(剧本必须有集中、尖锐的矛盾冲突(即戏剧冲突,戏剧冲突主要表现为剧中人物性格冲突)、情节结构:开端—发展—高潮—结局)。 3(人物语言和动作来必须合乎各自的身份和性格特征。 戏剧种类: 按艺术形式和表现手法分为话剧如《雷雨》、歌剧如《白毛女》、舞剧如《丝路花雨》 按剧情繁简和结构分为独幕剧、多幕剧 按题材所反映的时代分为历史剧如《屈原》、现代剧如《雷雨》 按矛盾冲突的性质分为悲剧如《屈原》、喜剧如《威尼斯商人》、正剧如《白毛女》 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 戏剧语言的特点:——《雷雨》人物语言分析 戏剧语言的种类: 1(舞台语言(也叫舞台说明) 除人物语言之外的其他语言,包括背景介绍,人物动作、神态说明,旁白、画外音以及其他叙述语言等。 2(人物语言---人物对话、独白等 戏剧人物语言的主要特点:高度个性化;丰富的潜台词;富于动作性。 个性化语言是指人物的语言符合并表现人物的身份、性格。即什么人说什么话;听其声则知其人。个性化语言,是刻画人物达到合理性、真实性的重要手段。 人物性格: 周朴园:一个带有浓厚封建色彩的反动资本家,既有残忍、自私、狡猾、伪善的一面,又有怀念侍萍、忏悔过去的一面。 鲁侍萍:勤劳、善良、受苦、有尊严、不甘心而又不得不屈服于命运的下层劳动妇女。 艺术手法: 个性化的对话语言,紧凑集中的戏剧结构,巧妙地运用了“回顾”和“穿插”的表现手法推动剧情的发展;用必要的“舞台说明”完整地塑造人物,更深刻地表现主题。 《曹操与杨修》陈亚先 陈亚先(当代剧作家) 从体裁上看,属于剧本; 从题材上看,属于历史故事新编 曹操(雄才大略,不怕失败却又讳言失败,为完成帝业招贤纳士,爱才如命,却又不容许才智之士超出自己。) (1)妒贤嫉能(2)好猜忌(3)求贤若渴(4)忧国忧民 杨修(才高智广,志在伊吕,然而恃才傲物,锋芒毕露,对人不留余地,对己不备后路,最后被曹操诛杀。) (1)料事如神,但不通人情世故(2)恃才傲主(3)以国家为重 曹操与杨修本来都是出类拔萃的人物,但他们各自的矛盾性格,使他们终于无法携手共事。最终一个壮志未酬,英年早逝;一个兵败斜谷,功亏一篑~ 艺术手法:通过富有个性特征的戏剧语言刻画人物内心世界;在戏剧矛盾中刻画矛盾性格的人物。 总结思考: 杨修之死证明了,在封建社会中,知识分子作为一种依附力量,是不可能独立而具有力量的。事实上,杨修又何尝不是一个鸡肋呢,他是曹操手上一块食之有味,弃之不可惜的鸡肋罢了。作为人才,只有在统治者感到生存危机之时才能被记得,被当作工具来使用;而一旦他才高艺大,稍具主见,便马上会招来杀身之祸。这恐怕是那个时代的知识分子最大的悲剧所在吧。在当今社会,该如何避免此类悲剧的再度发生,这难道不值得我们当代人深思么, 《<论语>七则》 孔子,名丘,字仲尼,春秋时鲁国人,春秋末期政治家、思想家、教育家、儒家学派创始人。思想核心是“仁”。 《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一,由其弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成以语录体和对话体为主,记录了孔子及其弟子的言行。 内容:以仁义之道为中心,内容侧重于人格修养的历练和浩然正气的培养方面 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 艺术手法:意义丰赡详明,富有哲理性;语言精练含蓄,富于概括性;使用比喻、对偶、对比、排比、反问等修辞手法,说理富有形象性。 《<孟子>二章》 孟子:名轲,战国时鲁国人,思想家、教育家,是儒家思想的代表人物,后世常以“孔孟”并称,孟子继承和发展了孔子的思想,被尊称为“亚圣”。 内容:着重阐释了“养浩然之气”的“至大至刚”的意义及与“义”之间的依存关系,认为“浩然之气”是“集义所生”,不存功利之心。 艺术手法:具有对话体散文的特点;论点多出现在人物对话中,多有人物神情描写,议论较形象,用寓言说明道理。 (自读)《国殇》屈原 屈原:战国时楚国人,名平,字原,又字灵均。中国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一,是楚辞代表作家,创立了“楚辞”这种文体。 内容:高度赞颂为国捐躯的楚军将士们的大无畏英雄气概和勇敢献身精神,表达了楚国人民对牺牲将士们的崇高敬意,表达了强烈的爱国主义情怀。 艺术手法:选材气势宏大,成功塑造鲜明的群体形象;运用多种手法,再现悲壮激烈的战斗场面;采用叙赞呼应,完美表达了强烈的爱国主义情怀。 (自读)《<指南录>后序》 文天祥:南宋杰出的民族英雄和爱国诗人。原名云孙,字天祥,后改字履善,字号文山。名篇有《正气歌》、《过零丁洋》等。 内容概要:本文表达了作者在国难当头时刻挺身自任的气概、坚贞不渝的节操和以死报国的决心。 艺术手法:记叙,抒情,议论很完美地结合;语言生动而准确,简练而丰富;用词灵活多样, 句子 关于阅读的唯美句子关于古风的唯美句子执行力的经典句子鼓励人努力奋斗的句子用沉默代替一切的句子 长短兼用,富于变化。 古代官职升迁 除:授官。予除右丞相兼枢密使 拜:授予官职(一般为升职)。以相如功大拜为上卿 擢:提拔。皇上超擢四品卿衔军机章京(《谭嗣同》) 辟(bì):征召。永元中举孝廉不行,连辟公府不就(《张衡传》) 迁:升官。再迁为太史令(《张衡传》) 贬:降职。贬连州刺史 谪:被罚流放或贬职。滕子京谪守巴陵郡 左迁:降职 (自读)《左忠毅公逸事》方苞 方苞,字灵皋,号望溪。清代桐城人。散文家,“桐城派”创始人之一,作品《望溪先生文集》。 内容概要:多侧面地表现了左光斗识才、选材、惜才的崇高品格,刻画了他以国家利益为重、刚毅正直、临危不惧的英雄形象。 艺术手法:通过肖像、语言、动作描写刻画人物;正面描写与侧面描写相结合;简短的语句中凝聚着深厚强烈的感情。 《子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐》 选自《论语》。四书:《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 内容概要:通过孔子与四个学生的言志谈话,写出了学生的志趣与性格,也表述出孔子的思想和态度,即“礼治”的最高境界。 艺术手法:循循善诱的孔子形象,刻画鲜明;弟子其言其行,虽寥寥数语却显个性;脉络分明,重点突出。 《兰亭集序》王羲之 王羲之:东晋书法家、文学家,字逸少。有“书圣”之称,世称王右军。 内容概要:序文既记叙了兰亭的山水胜景及宴会盛况,充满了诗情画意,也抒发了对世事变换、人生无常的感慨。 情感变化: 第一部分:点叙宴集盛况(乐) 第二部分:抒发人生感慨(痛) 第三部分:交代作序目的(悲) 由乐而生痛,由痛而生悲,全文感情起伏,情真意切。 本文的语言特色:东晋文坛盛行骈文,而王羲之此文,以散句为主,骈散结合,朴素自然而又错落有致。 艺术手法:写景抒情,言简意赅,妙趣天成;全文首尾圆合,一气呵成;景语、情语、叙事之语,清新有致。 (自读)《琵琶行(并序)》白居易 白居易(772,846),字乐天,号香山居士。“新乐府运动”的领袖。主张“文章合为时而著,歌诗合为事而作”。杜甫而后,白居易是我国古代一位杰出的现实主义诗人。今存白居易诗近三千首,数量之多在唐代诗人中首屈一指。他的成就,主要表现在两个方面:一是政治讽喻诗;一是以《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》为代表的长篇叙事诗。著有《白氏长庆集》七十一卷。 名篇作品还有《钱塘湖春行》《卖炭翁》等 艺术手法:形象逼真,细节真实;叙述结构,和谐统一;音乐描写,真切动人。 内容概要:《琵琶行》主要叙述了诗人与一飘泊江湖的长安歌伎邂逅相遇,并被其琴声和凄苦身世感动的故事。 美学价值,现实意义: 一个是处于封建社会底层的艺伎,一个是被压抑的真正知识分子,虽地位悬隔,在这风清月白的环境下自然产生强烈的感情共鸣和交流,成为知音,可见其对歌伎人格尊重的进步思想。二者的遭遇揭示 了封建社会压抑人才、不容贤能的黑暗。“同是天涯沦落人,相逢何必曾相识”蕴含着许多能使人从悲哀中品出甘美的人生哲理,已超越时代、阶级的局限,成为后世饱经忧患的人邂逅时的共同心声。 (自读)《秋声赋》欧阳修 欧阳修,北宋文学家,字永叔,号醉翁,晚年号六一居士,北宋古文运动的领袖。散文说理畅达,抒情委婉,为“唐宋八大家”之一;诗风与其散文近似,语言流畅自然。其词婉丽,承袭南唐余风。著有《欧阳文忠公集》。主要作品:《六一诗话》《醉翁亭记》《伶官传序》《卖油翁》等。 关于“赋”:赋是介于诗歌与散文之间的一种文体,语言上多铺张藻饰,讲究文采韵律;内容上多侧重于通过极力描绘景物抒发作者的主观感情。我们学过的有杜牧的《阿房宫赋》和苏轼的《赤壁赋》。 思想:“奈何以非金石之质,欲与草木而争荣,念谁为之戕贼,亦何恨乎秋声~”对于人来说,人事忧劳的伤害,比秋气对植物的摧残更为严重的多。因而,想想credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 这是谁对他们的伤害,就不会去怨秋声了。简言之,人事忧劳对人的伤害,更甚于秋气对草木的摧残。 艺术手法:布局精巧,结构严谨;描摹细腻、生动、形象,极富艺术感染力;熔叙事、写景、抒情、状物、言理为一炉。 (自读)《文论十则》 《<人间词话>七则》 王国维:字伯隅、静安,号观堂、永观,浙江海宁人。近代中国著名学者,杰出的古文字、古器物、古史地学家,诗人,文艺理论家,哲学家,国学大师。 内容概要:七则词话阐说了诗词创作的境界说和诗人修养说。 艺术手法:言简意丰,意近旨远。 《板桥题画三则》 郑燮:清代著名画家。字克柔,号板桥。“扬州八怪”之一,其诗书画世称“三绝”,善画兰竹。 内容概要:三则题画阐说了绘画要师法自然、意在笔先、艺术创新的道理。 艺术手法:善于在“理趣”之中阐发事理,又了无说理的枯燥乏味。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Bank's Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the People's Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted
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