RE
Structural Systems
Overview a
Knowledge / Skills 1
Sample Multiple-Choice Questions 4
Sample Multiple-Choice Answers 11
Structural Layout Vignette 12
Sample Passing Solution 14
Sample Failing Solution 16
References 18
This document, effective July 2012, supersedes all previous
editions of the ARE® 4.0 Exam Guide: Structural Systems.
Please check NCARB’s web site, www.ncarb.org, regularly
for updates to the ARE 4.0 Exam Guides and for the
most current information regarding the ARE.Copyright © 2012
EXAM GUIDE
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
Overview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
aJuly 2012 ARE® 4.0
RE
Content Areas
1. GENERAL STRUCTURES
(38-42 percent of scored items)
2. SEISMIC FORCES
(28-32 percent of scored items)
3. WIND FORCES
(14-17 percent of scored items)
4. LATERAL FORCES
(13-16 percent of scored items)
Vignette
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
Design a schematic framing plan for a one-story building
with a mutli-level roof.
NOTE
For the purposes of this examination and its preparation, the follow-
ing design methods have been used:
u for wood, Allowable Stress Design Method
u for steel, Strength Design Method (Load and Resistance
Factor Design)
u for concrete, Strength Design Method (Ultimate
Strength Design)
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
Overview
DIVISION STATEMENT
Identify and incorporate general structural and lateral force principles in the design and construction of buildings.
Structural Systems
OVERVIEW
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
Overview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
RE
1. GENERAL STRUCTURES
(38-42 percent of scored items)
A. Principles
Apply general structural principles to building design
and construction.
1. Building Design
Achieve required building design by applying principles,
theory, and calculations needed to analyze and design
structural systems and components, calculating forces
on members (loads, shear, moments, reactions, and
truss analysis), and applying basic engineering principles
including but not limited to: moment of inertia, section
modulus, and deflection.
2. Building Systems and their Integration
Apply principles, theory, and calculations related to a
building’s structural system and its individual compo-
nents by selecting a structural system or component
that is appropriate for its application including but not
limited to: post and beam, frames, trusses, arches, shells,
plates, and skins.
3. Implications of Design Decisions
Assess the impact of structural design decisions on cost,
schedule, and building systems including: material, span,
height, use, historic preservation, architectural form,
acoustical properties, sustainability, vibration susceptibil-
ity, MEP considerations, etc.
B. Materials & Technology
Consider impact of design decisions on the selection
of systems, materials, and construction details on
general structural design.
1. Construction Details and Constructability
Apply principles, theory, and calculations related to the
design of connections of the various elements of the struc-
ture, including connections, fasteners, hangers, and plates.
Assess the impact of structural decisions on the construc-
tion process: including underpinning, shoring, temporary
structures, stabilization, and construction methods.
2. Construction Materials
Understand properties of materials that may affect the
structural characteristics including section modulus,
moment of inertia, thermal movement, fatigue, creep,
and information gathered from material test reports, or
manuals and apply the knowledge to the design.
C. Codes & Regulations
Incorporate building codes, specialty codes, and
other regulatory requirements in the design of
general structural systems
1. Government and Regulatory Requirements
and Permit Processes
Examine building and fire codes and other regulations
affecting structural systems. Apply conditions, constraints,
and the permit approval process to structural issues,
including: life safety, testing, inspections, loads, connec-
tions, allowable stresses, erection, and safety factors.
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette Structural Systems
KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS
The division has been broken down into a listing of knowledge and skills directly related to each major content area.
KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS
1July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
Overview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
2July 2012 ARE® 4.0
2. SEISMIC FORCES
(28-32 percent of scored items)
A. Principles
Apply seismic forces principles to building design
and construction.
1. Building Design
Examine behavior of building structural systems when
subjected to seismic forces, including load path, loading
effects and building response, seismic load resisting
systems, and nature of seismic loads on structures.
2. Building Systems and their Integration
Consider seismic force resisting systems and elements
including braced frames, shear walls, rigid frames, flexible
and rigid membranes, foundations, and retaining walls to
integrate into the design.
3. Implications of Design Decisions
Consider impact of design for seismic forces considering
cost, building configuration and function, historic preser-
vation, and construction schedule.
B. Materials & Technology
Consider the impact of applying design decisions on
the selection of systems, materials, and construction
details to accommodate for seismic forces.
1. Construction Details and Constructability
Examine construction details and non-structural
elements pertaining to seismic forces.
2. Construction Materials
Select construction materials pertaining to their
resistance to seismic forces.
C. Codes & Regulations
Incorporate building codes, specialty codes, and
other regulatory requirements in the design for
seismic forces.
1. Government and Regulatory Requirements
and Permit Processes
Examine construction details and non-structural
elements pertaining to their resistance to seismic forces.
3. WIND FORCES
(14-17 percent of scored items)
A. Principles
Apply lateral force principles into the design and
construction of buildings to resist wind.
1. Building Design
Analyze behavior of building structural systems when
subjected to wind load, including load path, loading
effects and building response, nature of wind loads on
structures, and causes and characteristics of wind.
2. Building Systems and their Integration
Consider wind force resisting systems and elements in-
cluding braced frames, shear walls, rigid frames, flexible
and rigid membranes, and foundations to integrate into
the design.
3. Implications of Design Decisions
Examine impact of design for wind forces considering
cost, building configuration, building function, historic
preservation, and construction schedule.
REStructural Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette Structural Systems
KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
Overview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
3July 2012 ARE® 4.0
B. Materials & Technology
Analyze the impact of design decisions on the se-
lection of systems, materials, and construction de-
tails related to wind forces.
1. Construction Details and Constructability
Examine construction details and non-structural
elements pertaining to resistance to wind.
2. Construction Materials
Ascertain construction materials pertaining to
resistance to wind.
C. Codes & Regulations
Incorporate building codes and other regulatory
requirements related to wind forces.
1. Government and Regulatory Requirements
and Permit Processes
Incorporate building and life safety codes and regulations
for inclusion in design of structures for resistance to wind.
4. LATERAL FORCES
(13-16 percent of scored items)
A. Principles
Apply lateral forces principles to the design and
construction of buildings.
1. Building Design
Analyze behavior of building structural systems when
subjected to lateral loads, including load path, loading
effects and building response, lateral load resisting sys-
tems, and nature of lateral loads on structures.
2. Building Systems and their Integration
Consider lateral load resisting systems and elements in-
cluding braced frames, shear walls, rigid frames, flexible
and rigid membranes, foundations, and retaining walls to
integrate into the design.
3. Implications of Design Decisions
Assess impact of lateral loads design decisions such
as cost, building configuration, building function, and
construction sequencing and schedule.
B. Materials & Technology
Apply lateral forces principles to the design and
construction of buildings.
1. Construction Details and Constructability
Examine construction details and non-structural
elements pertaining to lateral forces.
2. Construction Materials
Select construction materials that resist lateral forces.
3July 2012 ARE® 4.0
REStructural Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette Structural Systems
KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS
1. The most important factor affecting the strength of
concrete is the
o weather conditions during curing
o volume of the mixture
o water-to-cement ratio
o amount of vibration of the mix
2. The drilled pier (caisson) shown above is belled in order to
o prevent water infiltration
o prevent caving
o increase the bearing area
o increase frictional resistance
3. A slump cone is used primarily to provide an indication of
which of the following characteristics of concrete?
o Strength and workability
o Durability and finish
o Air entrainment and chemical resistance
o Appearance and color
4. Since the 1960’s, thin-shell concrete roof structures have
seldom been utilized in the United States and Canada
primarily because
o building codes often make it difficult to obtain
approval for their use
o design fees are substantially greater than for more
conventional structures
o formwork is prohibitively expensive
o materials (concrete and steel) are too costly
5. The most frequently used footing type at the exterior wall
for load-bearing wall support systems is
o mat footings
o pile footings
o continuous wall footings
o isolated pad footings
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
4July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answersOverview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
6. What is the section modulus for the geometric section
illustrated above?
in3
7. When considering permitted live load reductions for
the column shown above, what is the live load for the
floor supported by the column?
kips (kg)
8. If the soil bearing capacity is 3000 psf [143 500 N/m2]
and the applied load is 48,000 lbs [212 kN], which of the
following is the area for the footing?
sf [ m2]
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
5July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answersOverview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
9. Which of the following best defines the P-delta effect?
o Lateral forces on the foundations
o Bending forces in the vertical members
o Horizontal forces in the roof sections
o Moment forces at the joint
10. Concrete should reach its design compressive strength in
how many days?
o 3
o 7
o 28
o 32
11. When concrete is held under sustained stress, the
strain will continue to increase with time. Which of the
following defines this time-dependent phenomenon?
o Shrinkage
o Temperature expansion
o Creep
o Contraction
12. Steel roof joists are manufactured with camber to
o provide positive roof drainage
o compensate for deflection
o support a variety or roof deck systems
o increase lateral stability
13. In a renovation of an existing residential building, in which
piping of conduit needs to be run through a 2 x 12 [50 x
300 mm] (actual) wood floor joist, which of the following
is the minimum dimension required by the IBC [NBC] from
the top or bottom of the joist to the bored hole?
o 1.0 in [25 mm]
o 1.5 in [38 mm]
o 2.0 in [50 mm]
o 2.5 in [63 mm]
14. An 18th century farmhouse on the National Historic Reg-
ister with exposed timber framing is to be restored and
opened for tours. Which of the following is the most
historically correct method of addressing the lack of live-
load capacity of the floor framing?
o Replace the undersized framing with new adequately
sized members.
o Sister the existing joists and beams.
o Limit the number of visitors in spaces to the available
live load.
o Reduce the span of the floor framing.
15. Cast-in-place concrete beams and columns with No. 11
[35M] rebar or smaller reinforcing bars that are not ex-
posed to weather or in contact with the ground should
have a minimum coverage of concrete over the bars of
o 1/2 in [12 mm]
o 3/4 in [19 mm]
o 1 in [25 mm]
o 1 1/2 in [37 mm]
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
6July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answersOverview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
16. A balcony is hung from steel roof framing over a hotel
atrium. Which of the following is the minimum code
required increase in live load due to impact?
o 0 percent
o 25 percent
o 33 percent
o 50 percent
17. Which of the following is generally the most economical
material for the hoistway wall of an elevator in a wood-
frame, two-story apartment building?
o Reinforced concrete
o Gypsum shaft wall
o Pre-fabricated concrete
o Concrete blocks
18. A one-way slab is used typically in which of the following
types of buildings?
o Museum
o Parking
o Library
o Warehouse
19. Which of the following would be most appropriate for a
high-rise building in a high-risk seismic zone?
o A building on stilts
o A building with an L-shaped plan
o A building with a symmetrical T-shaped plan
o A building with a symmetrical square plan
20. Which of the following is NOT a primary structural system
that is employed to resist lateral loads?
o Shear walls
o Braced frames
o Hinged frames
o Moment-resisting frames
21. All of the following are criteria for base isolation
systems EXCEPT:
o The system must allow lateral movement.
o The system must control the movement between
ground and structure.
o Energy must be dissipated in the isolators.
o The system must amplify ground accelerations.
22. An eccentrically braced frame (EBF) utilized to resist lateral
seismic forces in a building is a
o frame in which diagonal members are connected to a
beam a short distance from the column joint
o frame in which members are subjected primarily to
axial forces
o frame in which members and joints are capable of
resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of
the member
o braced frame whose plan location results in torsion
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
7July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answers
Overview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
23. For the rigid frame structure shown, the approximate hori-
zontal shear at the base of column 2 (assuming all column
stiffnesses are equal) is
k [ kN]
24. Base isolation in an office building is most effective for
which of the following building heights, assuming that
the areas per floor are the same?
o One-story
o Four-story
o Twenty-story
o Forty-story
25. In the CMU stem-flanged shear wall arrangement shown,
the minimum dimension X recommended to achieve
shear transfer is
o 3t
o 6t
o 9t
o 12t
26. Buckling of a column can be reduced by which of the
following? Check the four that apply.
o A. Increasing the size of the member
o B. Rotating the column
o C. Bracing the column
o D. Changing the type of end restraints
o E. Reducing the length of the column
o F. Reducing the radius of gyration
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
8July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answersOverview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
27. A loss of soil shear strength resulting in the movement
of the surficial soil layers of a building site in a direction
parallel to the ground surface under earthquake
conditions is most likely caused by
o a high water table
o liquefiable soils
o a low bearing capacity
o a gently sloping site
28. The recommended deflection criteria due to wind
loading on a brick veneer wall utilizing a metal stud
back-up system is
o L/360
o L/400
o L/600
o L/720
29. Which of the following professionals has primary legal
responsibility for the performance of a building in an
earthquake?
o Building code official
o Structural engineer
o Architect
o Geotechnical consultant
30. Which of the following material lists provides ductility in
building construction in the order of highest to lowest?
o Steel, reinforced masonry, reinforced concrete, wood
o Wood, steel, reinforced masonry, reinforced concrete
o Reinforced masonry, reinforced concrete, wood, steel
o Steel, reinforced concrete, reinforced masonry, wood
31. What is the factor of safety against overturning for the
concrete shear wall shown if resisted only by gravity
forces? Assume the weight of concrete equals 150 lb/ft 3
[23.5 kN/m3], and the dead load equals 240 kips [1060 kN].
Ignore the weight of the soil over the footing.
o 1.5
o 2.0
o 3.7
o 4.2
32. A primary cause of failure of concrete masonry walls
during hurricanes is
o poorly filled mortar joints
o improper base and sill flashing
o an inadequate number of wall anchors
o a lack of vertical reinforcement
Structural
Systems
125 MC Questions
+
1 Vignette
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Structural Systems
9July 2012 ARE® 4.0
Go to page 11 for answersOverview
Sample Multiple
Choice Questions
Structural Layout
Vignette
References
Knowledge/
Skills
24 k
[117 kN]
16’–0”
[5 000]
40
’–
0”
[1
2
20
0]
20’–0”
[6 000]
6’–0”
[1 800]
2’–0”
[600]
1’–6”
[450]
DL
[1 060] kN
240 k
33. The earthquake regulations of model codes are intended
to provide resistance to which of the following?
o Ground shaking
o Earth slides
o Ground rupture in fault zones
o Settlement
34. A structure will have a better chance of surviving an
earthquake if which of the following is true?
o Principal members change section abruptly.
o The load-bearing members are not equally loaded.
o All columns and walls are discontinuous.
o The structure has redundancy.
35. Which of the following considerations in structural design
are based on probability as a result of historical analysis?
o Water pressures
o Wind forces
o Dead loads
o Soil pressures
36. According to model codes; Connection of masonry web
shear walls to masonry flange walls must be accomplished
using which of the following details? Check the t
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