英语B级

英语B级 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 分类 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词(5个):that(无意义，不可省，不充当任何成分) whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 的不确定性) as if ,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”) 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 不可省略的连词: 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较 whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，只可用whether: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" 5. 引导同位语从句 Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二. 主语从句 - 1 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: (1) It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有: It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that „ It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that„ 三、宾语从句 名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 - 2 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? 现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试, Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留, 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用 不同时态。例如: he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) - 3 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外)，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America( 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 、 四、表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不 到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 、 五、同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如: The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 - 4 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here((that引导同位语从句，不能省略) Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece,(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略) 、 六、名词性that-从句 (1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如: 主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如: It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 - 5 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 It is necessary that„ 有必要„„ It is important that„ 重要的是„„ It is obvious that„ 很明显„„ b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that„ 人们相信„„ It is known to all that„ 众所周知„„ It has been decided that„ 已决定„„ c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that„ „„是常识 It is a surprise that„ 令人惊奇的是„„ It is a fact that„ 事实是„„ d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that„ 似乎„„ It happens that„ 碰巧„„ It occurred to me that„ 我突然想起„„ 七、名词性wh-从句 1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如: 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如: - 6 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。 八、if, whether引导的名词从句 1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转 化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如: 主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。 宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 2)选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether„or或whether„or not构成，例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。 if和whether的区别: 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如: 例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether „„ or not 的固定搭配中。如: 例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道 是否是好消息。 3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如: - 7 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他 的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如: Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。 (例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。,,此例为主语从句，有误， 感谢指出) 5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如: 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗,”或“如果你知 道答案，请告诉我，好吗,”。如用whether可避免歧义. 九、否定转移 1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后 面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句 的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否 定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having„) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂 蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。 - 8 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。 动词不定式 动词不定式:(to)+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式:not + (to) do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下: 时态/语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 to do to be done 进行时 to be doing 完成时 to have done to have been done 完成进行时 to have been doing 不定式的句法功能: (1) 作主语: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完 成这项工作是很难的。 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式: It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟 之内完成这项工作是很难的。 常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。 3、It+be +形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly ,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。 (2)作表语: Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。 He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 - 9 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 (3)作宾语: 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如: I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。 (4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema( 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。 He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。 (5)作定语: 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系: ?动宾关系: I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。 注意:不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如: He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。 The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。 What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它, 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词: He has no place to live. 他无处安身。 This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。 - 10 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式: Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗, Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗, ?说明所修饰名词的内容: We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。 ?被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。 (6)作状语: ?表目的: He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。 She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致: wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。 wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。 ?表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外): 常放在never only后 He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。 I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。 ?表原因:常放在形容词后面 They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。 ?表程度: It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。 The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。 (7)作目的状语:既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。 (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。 - 11 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。 (9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。 动名词 动名词: 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 一般式 doing being done (谓语动词同时发生) 完成式 having donhaving been don e e (谓语动词发生之前) 动名词的形式: Ving 否定式:not + 动名词 (1)一般式: Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 (2)被动式: He came to the party without being invited(他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 (3)完成式: We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 (4)完成被动式: He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 (5)否定式:not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 (6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 现在分词 现在分词: 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 - 12 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 现在分词的形式: 否定式:not + 现在分词 (1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如: They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 (2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 典型习题 1(The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析:根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D;因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项(相当于which was first played)才合用。 2(European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析:B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。 3(Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening. A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析:根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。 - 13 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 注意事项 一、不定式 1( “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。 agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 2( 带to 还是不带to I have no choice but to give in I cannot do anything but give in I saw him enter the classroom . ( 但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .) 3( 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of . 区别:当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式;而用of时，句中 形容词修饰逻辑主语。 It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰 to study hard，表示学习努力是有必要的) It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him) 与of 连用的形容词有: good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , „ 与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形 容词: possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary，„ 4(后接不定式作宾语的动词有: want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc. 需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用 it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws . 5. 不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况:若不定式前的谓语动词是 使役动词make，let，have(表示“让、使”)、感官动词see，watch， look at，observe， notice，hear，listen to， feel时，不定式符号 to可以省略。这些动词亦可 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 为口诀:“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如: Let's (to)go～走吧～ He saw the thief (to)steal a lady’s cellphone. - 14 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 注:改为被动句时要把to还原，例如: The thief was seen to steal a lady’s cellphone. 6(不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。 want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to 7(不定式作定语，应注意两种关系: 1)动宾关系: He has a lot of meeting to attend . Please lend me something to write with . He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in . He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 2)主谓关系: She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . ----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I ) -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻 辑主语不是I ) 7(不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义: 1) 原因 He is lucky to get here on time . 这种结构中常用的形容词有: happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2) 目的 He came to help me with my maths . 3) 结果 I hurried to get there only to find him out . The book is too hard for the boy to read . He is old enough to go to school . 8 . 不定式作补足语 I saw him play in the street just now . 能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有: - 15 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice 注: 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如: He was seen to play in the street just now. 二(动名词 1(There’s no telling what will happen . =It’s impossible to tell what will happen . = No one can tell what will happen . 2(It’s no use talking with him . It’s no good speaking to them like that . 3(There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing „ 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换: trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time 注意以下几个问题: 1(下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别， forget to do „ 忘记要做某事 forget doing„ 忘记做过了某事 remember to do„记住要做某事 remember doing „记着曾做过某事 mean to do „ 打算要做某事 mean doing „ 意味着做了某事 regret to do „(do指代有限的几个词，如say、tell) 很抱歉要告诉你„ regret doing „ 后悔做过某事 can’t help to do„不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing „ 情不自禁做某事 try to do „ 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事 learn to do „ 学着去做某事 learn doing „ 学会做某事 stop to do „ 停下来去做(另一件事) stop doing „ 停止做某事 go on to do „ 接着做(另外一件事) go on doing „ 继续做某事 used to do „ 过去做某事 be used to doing „ 习惯做某事 2(动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别 - 16 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义 现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义 如:a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a running horse = a horse which is running 前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词 又如: drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy 3( 动名词的逻辑主语: 动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。 例如:His coming made us very happy . 4(动名词的语态和时态 5( 动名词主动形式表被动的情况: need doing , want doing , require doing 例如: This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。 6(只能跟动名词作宾语的动词: admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include , 三( 分词 1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it . 这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。 2 . This is a moving film . 这是一部动人的电影。 3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president . 秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。 4. Given more time , I’ll do it well . 如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。 When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。 应注意的几个问题: 1(现在分词与过去分词的区别 Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? - 17 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. = The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor. China is a developing country and America is a developed country. 2(分词作表语 The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited . 1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别: The news is interesting . (表示主语的性质特征) He is interested in the news . (表示主语的心理状态) doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ;done 作表语，主语与表语 是动宾关系。 2)表语与被动式的区别: The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .(强调动作) The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.(强调状态) 3)常作表语的过去分词: amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done 3(现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别 The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语) The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现 在进行时) My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词) 能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名 词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行 时。 例如: How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging . What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby . 4(注意的四种结构: have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做 have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 让某事一直做着 5( 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词: seat , prepare , hide , dress 如:I seated myself on the chair . - 18 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 I was seated on the chair . 6(分词做状语与不定式的区别: 分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。 Having finished the homework , I went home . ( 时间) Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因) Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 条件 ) He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. ( 伴随) To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 ) He is old enough to join the army . ( 结果) 7(分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别 a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking something to do 不定式 = something that I should do 8(不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别: I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来) The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . (正在进行) The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . ( 过去) 9(分词做状语需要注意的一个问题: 分词与句子主语的逻辑关系 Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误 ) Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . ( 正确) Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系;seen 与city 是动宾关系 虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点， 他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)(不是虚拟语气) If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。(非真实条件状语从句) 2、用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况: if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 - 19 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 例: 1(If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) 2(If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例: 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了) 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话) 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ?if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语 +should/would/could/might+do+其他 ? if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语 +should/would/could/might+do+其他 ?if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语 +should/would/could/might+do+ 其他 例: 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 (事实:来的可能性很小) 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪) 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，"should，动词原形"构成，should 可省略。 4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 ?从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 ?从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如: ?从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 - 20 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省 略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首， 这种多用于书面语。 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词 短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情 况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without„., but for„.等 7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说 话人的一种强烈的感情。 ?省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。 ?省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、 B级考试的写作以应用文为主 留言 给你的朋友写一个留言，约请他本周五下午五点来你的宿舍参加庆祝圣诞节 的聚会Dear Li Ming, As the Christmas is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with us. Would you like to come on time at 5:00 this Friday, to my dormitory? Yours always, Wang Ping 告假条 以一个学生的身份给他的老师写一封告假条，解释由于感冒发烧当天的英 语课无法上， 并申明病愈然后，会回到学校上课 Jun. 10th Dear Ms. Wang, I am terribly/very sorry that I will be unable to attend this morning’s English Class due to a bad cold and a high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days. I will go back to school as soon as I recover. Yours respectfully, Li Ming 道歉 Directions: Supposed that you are a client in ABC Company, you are going to write an apology to your customers in order to explain the following points: 1(对3月10日来信所要目录和价格单，很抱愧不能马上寄去 - 21 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 2(印刷商两周后供货，一旦收到，我们将给您寄去一份 Dear Mr./Ms., We are sorry we cannot send you immediately the catalogue and price list for which you asked in your letter of March 10. Supplies are expected from the printers in two weeks and as soon as we receive them, we will send you a copy. Yours Faithfully, Li Ming 自我介绍信 你是清华大学的一名学生，给李教授写一封自我介绍信，请求参加他指导的 夏日研究目的 Dear Prof. L i, I am a student of Computer Science Department of Tsinghua University. I am applying to take part in the summer program under your guidance so that I write to you today for a further contact. The reason for my application is that I am very interested in my major, utilization of computer in farming, and I hope the summer program can help me understand the technology in this field better. Best wishes for you! Sincerely Yours, Wang Ming Directions:This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write a Letter of Application according to the following instructions given in Chinese. Remember to do your writing in no less than 60 words on the Translation/ Composition Sheet. 说明:请以王曼丽的名义写一封求职信。 王曼丽，24岁，毕业于龙江技术学院，主修企业管理，各门课程都优良。学过 速记与打字，速度各为每分钟90字和70字。请为她拟出一份给ABC公司的自荐 信，希望能在该公司谋得总经理秘书一职。请注意书信的格式。写信的日期为 2004年6月25日。 Words for reference: 技术学院 Technical College 企业管理 Business Administration 速记与打字shorthand and typing 参考范文 格式: Application Letter June 25th, 2004 Dear Sir or Madam, - 22 - 浙江商业职业技术学院校学生会学习部 My name is Wang Manli, 24 years old, graduating from Longjiang Technical College. I major in Business Administration and get an excellent achievement in all my lessons. I have ever learned shorthand and typing and the speed of each is 90 words and 70 words per minute respectively. I hope to be the secretary of the general manager of your company. Looking forward to receiving your reply. Sincerely yours, Wang Manli 说明:假定你是王明(中国籍)，去海口旅游度假，于2005年6月10日入住白 云宾馆3002房间，6月20日离店。临走时填写了一份问卷调查表。 内容如下: 1. 对酒店的总体管理感到满意; 2. 对酒店提供的各种服务感到满意; 3. 建议: A)因酒店位于海边，交通并不方便，周围的商业设施比较少，建议酒店每天能 提供免费班车，方便来海边度假的住店人去市区购买所需商品。 B)建议酒店与相关公司联系，为住店客人提供租车服务。 Words for reference: 总体(的)overall 商业的 commercial 班车 shuttle bus 相关公司 related company 参考范文 QUESTIONNAIRE To improve the quality of our service, we would be grateful if you’d complete the following questionnaire. Name: Wang Ming Nationality: Chinese Room number: 3002 Check-in Date: June 10th, 2005 Check-out Date: June 20th, 2005 Did you receive polite and efficient service when you arrived? (Yes) Are you satisfied with the room service of our hotel? Yes What’s your opinion of our health facilities? (Good) Please give your impression of our restaurant service. Good Have you any other comments to help us make your stay more enjoyable? I am satisfied with the overall service of the restaurant. Nevertheless, there are too few commercial facilities. So, I advice that you offer free shuttle buses to the customers everyday, which can make it convenient for them to go downtown for some shopping. Second, I hope that the restaurant can contact the related company to provide the customers with car rental. Baiyun Hotel General Manager - 23 -