英语写作常用连接词

英语写作(或口语)中的常用连接词 Chronological (temporal) sequence 顺序 At first, first, firstly, second, secondly, then, next, eventually, in the end, lastly, later, subsequently, at the same time, simultaneously, afterwards, finally, last but not least Additive 补充 And, in addition, moreover, besides, above all, further, furthermore, not only … but also, what is more, in the same way Comparison 比较 Likewise, equally, similarly, in comparison, correspondingly, in the same way Comparison / Contrastive 比较 / 对比 But, however, whereas, conversely, in contrast, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet Concessive 让步 However, nevertheless, even though, still, yet Expressing an alternative 提出可选项 Alternatively, on the other hand, rather Causal (result/consequence) 因果 Consequently, so, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, hence, thus, owing to this/that, due to this/that, because of this/that, therefore, with this in mind, under these circumstances Example / illustration 举例 For example, that is, such as, for instance, thus, as follows, the following, in this case Explanation / rephrasing 解释 That is to say, in other words, namely, this means, to put it in another way, to put it simply Thematising/starting a new point 提出新观点 With regard to, in regard to, with reference to, turning to, as for…, as far as… is concerned Generalisation / hedging 模糊限制语 Generally, in general, on the whole, in most cases, normally, as a rule, in most cases, usually, for the most part Interpersonal （情感）交际 Fortunately, unfortunately, certainly, luckily, needless to say, strangely enough Emphasis/highlighting 强调 Mainly, especially, notably, in particular, particularly, clearly then Conclusion 总结 In conclusion, to conclude, finally, to sum up, in brief, therefore Condition/deduction 条件 Otherwise, under the circumstances, if so, if not, in that case, otherwise附录二： Please go and visit the following links for great advice on how to organize ideas using a mind map: http://www.brite.ac.uk/resources/dyslexia/s_organising.html http://www.brite.ac.uk/resources/dyslexia/s_step1.html http://www.brite.ac.uk/resources/dyslexia/s_step2.html http://www.brite.ac.uk/resources/dyslexia/s_step3.html http://www.brite.ac.uk/resources/dyslexia/s_step4.html   三、 Roman Holiday《罗马假日》经典对白中英文对照： Reporter: And what, in the opinion of Your Highness, is the outlook for friendship among nations? 记者：那么，以殿下的观点来评价，两国之间的前景如何呢？ Princess Ann: I have every faith in it... as I have faith in relations between people. 安娜公主：我对此非常有信心…正如我坚信两国人民之间的友谊。 Joe Bradley: May I say, speaking for my own... press service: we believe Your Highness's faith will not be unjustified. 乔·布拉德雷：我可以说吗，为我自己…的报社说说：我们殿下的信仰是勿庸置疑的。 Princess Ann: I am so glad to hear you say it. 安娜公主：我很高兴听到你能这么说。 Another reporter: Which of the cities visited did Your Highness enjoy the most? 另一个记者：访问的城市当中，殿下最喜欢哪一个呢？ General Provno: [prompting] Each, in its own way... 将军普若夫诺：（提示）每一个，都有它独特之处… Princess Ann: Each, in its own way, was unforgettable. It would be difficult to - Rome! By all means, Rome. I will cherish my visit here in memory as long as I live. 安娜公主：每一个城市都有其独特之处，令人难忘。这很难说，罗马！不管怎么说，就是罗马。我将会永生永世珍惜我访问此地留下的回忆。   Princess Ann: I have to leave you now. I'm going to that corner there and turn. You must stay in the car and drive away. Promise not to watch me go beyond the corner. Just drive away and leave meas I leave you. 安娜公主：我现在不得不离开你。我要去那个角落并且转弯。你必须留在车内并且开车走。答应我不要看我走过那个角落。只要开走并且让我留下就像我离开你。 Joe Bradley: All right. 乔·布拉德雷：好的。 Princess Ann: I don't know how to say goodbye. I can't think of any words. 安娜公主：我不知道该如何说再见。我不能想出说什么。 Joe Bradley: Don't try. 乔·布拉德雷：那就算了。 Princess Ann: At midnight, I'll turn into a pumpkin and drive away in my glass slipper. 安娜公主：在午夜，我会变出一个南瓜并且穿着我的水晶鞋乘车离开。 Joe Bradley: And that will be the end of the fairy tale. 乔·布拉德雷：并且那将是仙女故事的结尾。 Princess Ann: Have I been here all night, alone? 安娜公主：我是整晚在这里吗，一个人？ Joe Bradley: If you don't count me, yes. 乔·布拉德雷：要是不把我算在里面，就是。 Princess Ann: So I've spent the night here - with you? 安娜公主：那么我是和你在一起--过了昨晚？ Joe Bradley: Well now, I-I don't know that I'd use those words exactly, but uh, from a certain angle, yes. 乔·布拉德雷：是的那么，我，我不知道我该说什么，事实上，但是，换了角度来说，是的。 Princess Ann: [beaming with a smile] How do you do? 安娜公主：（展示迷人的微笑）你好！ Joe Bradley: How do you do? 乔·布拉德雷：你好！ Princess Ann: And you are - ? 安娜公主：那么你是？ Joe Bradley: Bradley, Joe Bradley. 乔·布拉德雷：布拉德雷，乔·布拉德雷。 Princess Ann: Delighted. 安娜公主：很高兴。 Joe Bradley: You don't know how delighted I am to meet you. 乔·布拉德雷：你不知道我遇见你有多高兴呢。 Princess Ann: You may sit down. 安娜公主：你可以坐下了。 Joe Bradley: (sitting on the bed) Thank you very much. What's your name? 乔·布拉德雷：（坐在床上）非常感谢。你的名字是什么？ Princess Ann: You may call me Anya. 安娜公主：你可以叫我安雅。 Focal Points Course: English at Work Unit 7: Administration Part I. Language Analysis Vocabulary Warming-up family-run business, the shop-floor, attend to, recruit, delivery, switchboard operator, administrate/administration/administrative/administrator, chef, newscaster, architect, executive, Sentence Structure A1/T1 cereal, foodstuffs, subsidiary, maize, branch, associate company, affiliate, aquatic (product), poultry, livestock, beverages, liquor, A1/T2 merchandise, stock, help out, consist of, handyman, odd job, A2/T1 categorize/category, hierarchy, treasurer, personnel, equivalent, (financial) controller, firm, A3/T1 leave … impression on sb, leave sb. with … impression, potentiality, alert, aggressive, prejudiced, vain, off-hand, talented, nasty, indecisive, clumsy, agreeable, A3/T3 registered (mail), telex, extension number, telephone directory/Directory Inquiries, abbreviation, duplicate, A3/T4 occidental, brochure, figure out, at one's convenient time, safe and sound, ballet, book (ticket/accommodation), confirmation/confirm, accompany, itinerary, catalogue, replacement, A5/T1 puzzle, compact, concise, courteous, A6/T1 provisional, interim, proofread; phrasal verbs: run out, work out, come up, draw up, deal with, find out, go through, go ahead with, look forward to, pick up, sort out A3/T2 (patterns used to give instructions:) Do…by…; Use … to/for… Discourse A4/T3 (the way of requesting an appointment:) We/I/wonder whether we (you, I) could … A4/T4 (the way of suggesting a time or a place when making an appointment:) Could we make it …?; Would … be all right? A5/T2-T5 Know the format of a memo, fax and the layout of a letter and its envelop A5/T1 Be aware of the rules in business writing, especially the 3C principle: concise, clear, courteous A5/T4 Know what some frequently used abbreviations stand for Unit 8: Life and Work 　 Location (Activity/Task) Content Vocabulary A1/T1 browse, subsidy, floristry/florist, career, blossom, budding hope, A2/T1 carry (significant) weight in..., conscientious, rational, critical, rigid, competitive, manipulative, emotionally distant, detached, private/privacy, sensual, keen to…, stable, take on, trait, perfectionist, mediator, romantic, A3/T1 in response to, apply for, letter of recommendation, current, certificate, external, adapt, represent, community, A4/T2 formality, impressive, major in…, dedicate, boisterous, get the hang of, vacation, temporary, interpreter, occasionally, clerical, fierce competition, joint venture, scream, A5/T1 implement, (take/face/accept) redundancy, opt for…, neat, demoralize, close down, get fixed up, devastate, stand a chance, scrap heap, take to (drink), blackmail, on the dole/state benefit/unemployment benefit, severely, listless, worse off/better off, nightmare Sentence Structure A4/T2 When it comes to… Knowledge Focuses Location (Activity/Task) Content A3/T2 Know how to write an application letter Unit 6: The Business World Vocabulary A1/T1 prospect, undertaking, rental, lease, consultative, foresee, vocational, affluent, expansion, boom, global, amusement, entertainment, associated, facility, counsel, commodity, stir, souvenir, sustained, A2/T1 well-established, come up to one's expectation, chase, decline, considerably, respectively, distributor, collapse, dominance, retail(er), wholesale(r), volume, turnover, promotion, slump, insufficient, capture, tail off, slide, slight, upturn, crash, pick up, optimism, A3/T1 statistics, variable, dramatically, slump, ups and downs, upturn, A4/T1 cater for, available, grow out of, (sales) figure, prompt, branch, virtually, dated/old-fashioned, colour co-ordinated, garment, blouse, tight (noun), pride oneself on…, lay emphasis on…, in terms of, spacious, relaxed, atmosphere, encounter, take off, rigorous, up to standard, jeopardise, reputation, accessory, refreshment, addiction, launch Sentence Structure A1/T2& T3 there is a chance that…, … is/are likely to…, there is no doubt that… A1/T2 & T3 Know how to judge the degrees of certainty conveyed in one's statement A2/T7 Know the way to compare and contrast A3/T2 Know how to describe trends in sales Unit 5: Healthcare Vocabulary Warming-up hospitalise, infectious, medication, recurrent, marital status A1/T1 general practitioner, specialist; root word: psych-, neruo-, geria-, gyne-, paedia-, paedia-, cardia-, derma-, ortho- A1/T2 (know the terms for sections in a hospital) registration office, surgical ward, in-patient department, cardiograph unit, pharmacy, maternity ward, casualty unit; mount, catastrophic, abuse, contributory, come to a head, speciality, genuinely, recruit A2/T1 fantastic, fall off, stitch, admit, radiographer, bruise, emergency, overdose, on duty, dress (a wound), discharge, ambulance, paramedics, wander, corridor, scary, signpost, awful, scar, elbow A3/T1 under reform, councillor, pilot programme, follow-up, launch, alleviate, be entitled to, cover (the cost/expense), misuse, expenditure, amount, institutional and industrial employees, set aside… for…, remainder, subtract, ailment A4/T2 plot, alcohol/alcoholic, graph, consumption, substantial, play down, halve, abnormality, tissue, liable, defect, dissolve, intake, bowl, breast, proposition, sweeping, irreparably, susceptibility, diminish; (would be better if students know the Chinese equivalents of the following diseases/words:) cirrhosis of the liver, high blood pressure, haemorrhage stroke, high-density lipoprotein, blood platelet, enzyme, bowel; teetotaller, abstainer, reformed drinker A5/T1 strenuous, hoover, minimize, domestic chores, spill into, trim/trimmer, stroke Sentence Structure A1/T5 (expressions that link cause and result) attribute … to…, blame… on…, give rise to, as a result of… A4/T7 How to make one's statement sound tentative or less sweeping Unit 4: Crime Vocabulary Warming-up criminal, snatch, victim, illegal, transport, pack, set fire, carve, cultural relics, embezzle, smuggle, kidnap, hijack, burgle, traffic (verb), assault, arson, terrorism, vandalise, bribe, rape, pickpocket, shoplift A1/T1 robbery, assailant, arsonist, vandal, embezzler, smuggler, shoplifter, briber, trafficker, burglary, bribery A1/T2 greasy, well-built, informant, chap, upset, broad-shouldered, be off, signature, A2/T1 indecent, accost, grab, activate, identity, approach (verb), pedestrian, medium build, mousy, oval, attack alarm, zip, A3/T1 constable, distinction, candidate, butcher, inspector, promote/promotion, subdivisional, take on, sexual discrimination, (on one's own) merit, tokenism, take over, unanimous, resignation, appointment (of a position), A4/T1 trial, charge… with…, appeal against, quash, conviction, be held in police custody, (…-year jail) sentence, guilty, A4/T3 commit (a crime), accuse of, charge, be jailed, serve the sentence, reject, convict, release, bring… to trial, A4/T5 trio, suspect, arrest, crew, violate, turn down, lenient, punishment, cite, cruelty, arrest, criminal, A4/T6 claim, explosive, overpower, life imprisonment, deprivation, verdict, take effect A5/T1 minimize, precaution, spyhole, stout, clasp, doormat, reveal, prowler, trap, scare off, estate agent, appliance, high-rise, attack alarm, stick to, out of sight Sentence Structure A1/T2 I was (just) verb-ing … when I ... A3/T2 (expressions used to describe changes in rank:) be promoted to…, be appointed…, be assigned the task of…, there is a rise to… A5/T5 Use imperatives to write clear guidelines Knowledge Focuses A1/T6 Ways to show one's certainty about something. A3/T4 How to get the information one wants in a polite way U3 　 A1/T1 nutrient, vitamin(e), carrot, nourishing, margarine, infection, bacteria, virus, cereal, break down, protein, fortified, calcium, absorb, oxygen, nerve, release; (need to be able to recognize the meaning of following words if unable to spell them out:) carbohydrate, phosphorus, A2/T2 (& A3/T3) biscuit, beefburger, hamburger, chocolate bar, (need to know how to pronounce the names of foods, such as) ketchup, parsley, lettuce, pea, chip, spinach, pureed soup, celery, broccoli, cabbage, spaghetti, A2/T6 appetite, have a very sweet tooth, nibble at, pod, pop into, disguise, keep one's fingers crossed, grow out of, flatly, A3/T3 staple food, cooking utensil, gastronomic, stall, profusion, lay out, scant, dough, strip, pickle, indulgence, trendy, porridge, catch on to, blanch, sumptuous, innovative, contraption, accolade, affluence, palate, A4/T3 mince, dice, drain, stuff, chop, steam, coat (as verb), boil, dip, mix, stir, beat; foamy, creamy, well-blended; recipe, seasoning,mushroom, cornstarch, paste, mixture, saucepan, A5/T2 superior, ingredient, ferment, flavor, mould, roast, scoop, crush, shell, irregularity, texture, aroma, enrich, A6/T1 blend, squeeze, thickener, discard, mash, soak, pulp, liquid, container, wrap, Sentence Structure A1/T3 1) (expressions describing the sources of nutrients:) … can be found in…, be full of…, … be high/rich in...; 2) (expressions describing the value of nutrients:) … be good for…, It is vital to have a regular supply of… A2/T3 1) (expressions to show likes or dislikes:) be keen on, care for, … be one's favorite, can never resist…, be fond of; … never appeal(s) to sb., … always put(s) sb. off; 2) (expressions to show that you don't know:) … have never heard of..., ... have never eaten..., ... sounds new to sb. A2/T8 1) (expressions to give advice: )you could try…, I always recommend…, what about…, I always think it's a good idea to…, Another useful strategy is to …, One last word of advice -- don't forget…, If you…, just make sure…; 2) (expressions to accept advice:) I could try that I suppose, ... sounds a good idea, I think that would work, ... have really inspired ... ; U2 Warming-up comprehensive (school), caretaker, accommodate, overlook, link, outskirt, (four)-storey, landscape (verb), facility; (components of a school:) cafeteria, bicycle shed, football pitch/field, laborotary block, assembly hall, gymnasium/gym, car park, tennis court, sports center, athletics track, main building A1/T4 specialise in, in particular, corridor, cookery, apart from, cloakroom, tiny, prefect, administrative, catch sb. doing…, A4/T1 option/optional, semester, acquisition, distribute, preparatory, take… into consideration, account for, session, duration, aspect, relevant, relate…to…, implication, approach (noun), in (more/greater) detail, conduct (a course), attendance, essential, A5/T1 qualification (for), night shift, elective, tailor-made, tuition, excursion, places of interest, council, modular, intermediate, intensive, situated, A6/T1 catalogue, a variety of, appropriate, supplement, authentic, false beginner, accuracy, thought-provoking, alternative, interaction, feature (verb), (level of English:) elementary, (lower/upper) intermediate, advanced, A6/T4 blurb, ...-oriented, multi-level, thoroughly, integrated, photocopiable, entry, brochure, exploit, concise, invaluable, consolidation, syllabus, methodology/methodological, Warming-up (expressions used to describe the location:) … are/is accomodated/located/housed in…, … are/is in/to/behind…, there is/are… A2/T2 (expressions used to describe responsibilities:) … make sure that…, are/is in charge of, take up the responsibilities for…, are/is concerned with, are/is responsible for…, …'s job involves …, …'s job includes… A6/T1 (structures used to describe the features of a book) It concentrates on…, it aims at…, It supplements/stresses/provides/involves/creates…; it can be used as…, it is designed for…; It is designed to help … improve/use/extend ... A1/T4 Get to know British secondary education U1 Warming-up profession, line of business, occupation A1/T1 occupational terms: pharmacist, dietitian, surgeon, entrepreneur, solicitor, detective, clerk, receptionist, tailor, accountant A1/T4 physicist, greengrocer, astronomer, sculptor, milkman, druggist, attorney, A1/T7 imaginative, adventurous, sociable, diligent, original, observant, intrepid, optimistic, ambitious, thoughtful, even-tempered, reliable, outgoing, responsible, economical A2/T2 wear out, servant, tease, feel depressed, shift, get absorbed in, grateful, devil, geometry, a bunch of, household chores, run around, exhaust, be on one's feet, moan, feel envious of, envy, go off to, take up, look on the bright side A3/T1 domestic, vacuum, catering certificate, hygiene, mature, work on own initiative, polish, irrespective of, security, nightwatch A4/T1 sort, get the hang of, deal with, keep track of, accompany, pop down, run/go through, keep … up to date, pick up, routine, A4/T4 domineering, talkative, scatter-brained, sensible, efficient, be quick on the uptake, traditional A5/T2 take on, trainee manager, turn down, on the grounds that..., deputy, bachelor, retail, expand, shop floor, stationery, end up doing …, permanent, pursue, diploma, stock, mortgage, shift manager, secretarial, obligatory, paramedic, (all) round the clock, in a row, diagnose, stabilise,medication,allocate, unpredictability,cope with, crew A6/T1 resume, curriculum vitae/cv, referee, tertiary, Sentence Structure A1/T3 &T5 the way to define an occupation: A(n) _________ is a person who …; A(n) ______ is a person whose job is to …; A(n) ____' job involves …; A(n) occupation verb (stem -s) … A2/T2 There are times when…, A4/T1 There is no harm in doing … A5/T2 I'd like to…; I hope to … when …/until… Discourse A6/T4 The sequence markers and conjunctions used to make a text flow Knowledge Focuses Location (Activity/Task) Content A1/T4 Compare the occupational terms between American and British English A6/T2 Know the layout of a resume/cv