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nullCOGNITIVE PROCESSES COGNITIVE PROCESSES Li shiyi Zhang xiaopeiCognitive Processes Cognitive Processes New wordsNew wordscognition [kɔɡ’niʃən] 认知，认识能力 cognitive processes 认知过程 cognitive psychology 认知心理学 human intelligence [in'telidʒəns] 人工智能 neuroscience [njuərəu'saiəns] 神经科学 subtractive [səb‘træktiv] method 减数法 stimulus [‘stimjuləs] categorization [,kætəgəri'zeʃən] 刺激分类New wordsNew wordsresponse selection 反应选择 reaction time 反应时 serial ['siəriəl] processes 系列过程 parallel ['pærəlel] processes 平行过程 controlled processes 控制过程 automatic [,ɔ:tə'mætik] processes 自动过程 attentional bottleneck ['bɔtl,nek] 注意瓶颈 audience design 听众设计 New wordsNew wordslexical [‘leksikəl] ambiguity [,æmbi‘gju:iti:] 词汇歧义 structural ambiguity 结构歧义 utterance [‘ʌtərəns] n. 表达；说话方式 perspicacious [,pə:spi‘keiʃəs] adj.有洞察力的；敏锐的 representation [,reprizen‘teiʃən] 表征 proposition [,prɔpə‘ziʃən] 命题 mental rotation [rəʊ‘teiʃən] 心理旋转 spatial [‘speiʃəl] mental model 空间心理模型 Definitions of cognitionCognition is a general term for all forms of knowing Cognition includes both contents and processes Cognitive contents what you know --- concepts, facts, propositions(命题), rules, and memories. Cognitive processes how you manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] these mental contents. Definitions of cognitionCognition PsychologyCognition PsychologyCognitive PsychologyHuman intelligenceLanguagePerceptionAttentionThinking and Problem solvingMemoryStudying CognitionStudying CognitionDiscovering the Processes of Mind Mental Processes Mental ResourcesDiscovering the Processes of MindDiscovering the Processes of MindSubtractive methodDonders. devised it in 1868 Fundamental methodology [,meθə'dɔlədʒi] Basic logic： Extra mental steps will often result in more time required to perform a given task. Example： A paper-and-pencil experiment (P237)nullnullTask 1 One stimulus [‘stimjuləs] categorization [,kætəgəri'zeʃən] (capital or small letter) Task 2 One stimulus categorization (capital or small letter) Another stimulus categorization (vowel or consonant) Response selection (write V or C)Mental ProcessesMental Processes Serial or Parallel ? There are two ways:There are two ways:ABCTimeSerial or Parallel processes?Serial or Parallel processes?Reaction time is often used to try to determine if a specific [spi'sifik] mental process is carried out in parallel or serially. A key assumption : limited processing resources must be spread over different mental tasks Mental ResourcesMental Resources How to distribute the resource ?How to distribute the resource?How to distribute the resource?Attentional processes are responsible for distributing these resources. Controlled processes require attention and thus greater allocation of mental resources. Automatic processes generally do not require attention and can often be performed along with other tasks without interference.Task: Judge if the pairs is physically differentTask: Judge if the pairs is physically differentnullNot all processes put the same demands on resourcesReview 1Review 1Subtractive method Extra mental steps will often result in more time required Serial processes or Parallel processes Controlled processes or Automatic processes Language UseLanguage UseLanguage Production Language Understanding Language and Evolution Language, Thought, And CultureLanguage ProductionLanguage Production Audience design Speech execution and speech errorsnullHow would you describe this character to a friend ? How might your description change if you friend were blind ? Audience design Audience designOn producing an utterance, one must have in mind the audience to which that utterance is directed and what knowledge you share with members of that audience.A . The cooperative principle —— Paul GriceA . The cooperative principle —— Paul GriceSpeakers should produce utterances appropriate to the setting and meaning of the ongoing conversation. There are four maxims Four maximsFour maximsQuantity(量): make your contribution as informative as is required (no less no more) Quality(质): make your contribution one that is true. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation: be relevant. Manner: be perspicacious. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly.B. Common ground —— Herbert Clark & Catherine MarshallBeing a cooperative speaker depends, in large part, on having accurate expectations about what your listener is likely to know and understand. B. Common ground —— Herbert Clark & Catherine Marshall Judgments of common ground Judgments of common ground Three sources of evidence: Community membership --- based on shared membership in communities of various sizes. Linguistic copresence --- information contained in earlier parts of a conversation, or in past conversations Physical copresence --- Exists when a speaker and a listener are directly in the physical presence of objects or situationsLandmarksLandmarksNew York Hong Kong MacaunullSpeech execution and speech errorsSpeech execution and speech errorsSpoonerism: an exchange of the initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence. You have wasted the whole term. You have tasted the whole worm.Why there are speech errors？Why there are speech errors？Speakers must choose content words that best fit their ideas Speakers must place the chosen words in the right place in the utterance Speakers must fill in the sounds that make up the words they wish to utter they make sense given the structure of spoken English. E.g. slips of the tongue tips of the slung tlips of the sungErrors are not randomSLIPball doze bash door bean deck bell dark darn bore barn door dart board bart doardSLIPSLIPSLIPkick the bucket meet your maker kick the maker Language UnderstandingLanguage UnderstandingResolving ambiguity The products of understandingResolving ambiguityResolving ambiguityLexical ambiguity Lexical ambiguity involves determining which of the various meanings of a word may be appropriate in this context. E.g. He comes from the bank. Structural ambiguity Structural ambiguity involves determining which of two (or more) meanings the structure of a sentence implies. E.g. The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon. He watched the ball.He watched the ball.Lexical ambiguityLexical ambiguity Research suggests that both definitions become accessible in memory after you read this type of sentence. You need help from surrounding context to determine which ball is which. She catered the ball. The juggler is throwing the ball.nullSNPArtN ppt 关于艾滋病ppt课件精益管理ppt下载地图下载ppt可编辑假如ppt教学课件下载triz基础知识ppt hemotherof the boy and the girlAuxwillVParrive soon.SNPAuxVPNPThe mother of the boyandNPthe girlwillarrive soon.Structural ambiguitySimilarly with lexical ambiguity Dependent largely on prior context for resolution. Structural ambiguitynullfMRI scan Different between the two style sentence The products of understandingThe products of understandingWhat representations result in memory when listeners understand utterances or texts? Propositions are the main ideas of utterances.nullE.g. The cat watched the mouse run under the sofa. Proposition: under (mouse, sofa) run (mouse, under (mouse, sofa)) watch (cat, run (mouse, under (mouse, sofa))) How did we know that ?How did we know that ?Evidence 1 E.g. the mausoleum that enshrined the tzar overlooked the square Overlook(mausoleum ,square) Evidence 2 We cannot remember the word of others by accuracynullOften listeners fill gaps with inferences---logical assumptions made possible by information in memory. These inferences help you form a coherent representation of the information the speaker wishes you to understand; they do not elaborate on it. E.g. I'm heading to the deli to meet Donna. She promised to buy me a sandwich for lunch.Language and EvolutionLanguage and EvolutionAre nonhuman animals able to use language ?Language Thought And CultureLanguage Thought And CultureDoes language affect thought ? Review 2Review 2Language Production Audience design Cooperative Principle & Common ground Speech execution and speech Spoonerism Language Understanding Resolve ambiguity withe surrounding context Propositions are the main ideas of utterances. Visual CognitionVisual CognitionUsing Visual Representations Combing Verbal and Visual RepresentationsUsing visual representationsUsing visual representationsMental rotationnullMental rotation allows you to transform the image to one that matches representations stored in memory. We can manipulate our visual image and think with it. E.g. golf ball vs Ping-pong ball can you image that floding a paper over 50times? Scanning visual imagesScanning visual imagesPeople scan visual images as if they were scanning real objects.Combining verbal and visual representationsCombining verbal and visual representationsThe verbal description enables you to form a visual representation Try to imagine a dog with three heads in your thought, can you?Spatial mental modelsSpatial mental models The researchers wished to show that readers access information about the scene, depending on where the objects were in the mental space around them.Review 3Review 3We can think with visual representation. The verbal description enables you to form a visual representation