初中历史古代年代尺

初中历史古代年代尺 General review outline of Junior Physics 5. all the moving objects are vibrating, the vibration stops and the sound stops 6. voice spread by media, sound travels at 15 degrees Celsius in the air is 340 meters / second, vacuum can not sound. Heat 7., the temperature of the object is called temperature, and the instrument for measuring temperature is called thermometer. Its principle is to make use of the thermal expansion and contraction of liquid such as mercury, alcohol, kerosene and so on The temperature of the 8. units have two kinds: one is the Celsius temperature, the other is the international unit, using the thermodynamic temperature. While the Celsius temperature is such a requirement: the temperature of ice water mixture for 0 degrees, a standard under the pressure of boiling water for 100 degrees, 0 degrees and 100 degrees divided into 100 parts, each part is 1 degrees Celsius to 6 degrees. Read minus 6 degrees Celsius or minus 6 degrees Celsius. 9. before using the thermometer, shall: (1) observe its range; (2) recognize its minimum scale 10. in measuring the temperature of liquid thermometer, the correct method is: (1) a glass bulb to all immersed in the liquid to be measured; not encountered at the bottom of the container or vessel wall; (2) the measured liquid immersion thermometer glass bulb to wait for a moment, the thermometer shows the number of stability after reading; (3) reading the glass bulb to remain in the measured liquid, liquid column and the upper surface of the thermometer in sight is flat. 11. when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, it is called melting 12. the solid is divided into crystals and non crystals. Their main difference is that the crystals have a certain melting point, not crystals 13. substances from liquid to gas is called vaporization (endothermic), gas to liquid called liquefaction (exothermic) vaporization. There are two ways: evaporation and boiling boiling and evaporation is different. Boiling occurs in a certain temperature, intense vaporization phenomena occur simultaneously in the liquid surface and internal, and evaporation is at any temperature, only in the vaporization of liquid surface occurs. 14., to speed up the evaporation of liquid, you can raise the temperature of the liquid, increase the surface area of liquid and speed up the flow of liquid surface air 15. when the liquid boils, the temperature is called the boiling point. When it boils, it absorbs only the heat. The temperature remains the same. Sometimes the boiling point of the liquid contains a proper change of the boiling point of the water. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees centigrade 16., there are two ways to liquefy gases: one is to reduce the temperature, and the other is to compress the volume by two 17., a substance changes from a solid to a gaseous state, which is called gasification (endothermic), and is changed from gaseous to liquid, which is liquefied (exothermic) optics 18. light travels in a homogeneous medium in a straight line. The speed of light in the vacuum (air) is 3 * 100000000 meters per second. The shadow, solar eclipse and lunar eclipse can be interpreted by propagating in a homogeneous medium in a straight line 19. the law of light reflection: reflected light and incident light, normal in the same plane, reflecting light and incident light separated from normal sides, the reflection angle equal to the incidence angle 20. plane mirror imaging rule is: (1) image and object to the same distance from the mirror; (2) image and object of equal size; (3) and the connection with the mirror like vertical, (4) the image is a virtual image. 21. light travels obliquely from one medium to another, and the direction of propagation changes in general. This phenomenon is called refraction of light A 22. convex lens is also called a converging lens, Such as reading glasses. The concave lens also called divergent lens, such as near the mirror. Principle 23. camera is convex lens to the object distance is greater than 2 times of inverted and narrow the reality. Principle 24. projectors, projector, object to the distance between the convex lens and a focal length of 2 times times of inverted and amplified image. Principle 25. magnifier, microscope is object to the convex lens focal distance is less than, and into an enlarged virtual image. 26. points Toepler astronomical telescope telescope and Galileo telescope. The principle of the Tople telescope eyepiece focal length is small, focal length, lens inverted image in almost narrow focus, thereby significantly reducing the inverted image, on the basis of a zoom eyepiece image, namely f1+f2. Galileo telescope eyepiece is magnified virtual image, namely F1 and f2. Force and motion 2. the length measuring tool is the scale, the main unit is meters The change of position of 3. objects is called mechanical motion, and the simplest mechanical motion is uniform linear motion 4. speed is the physical quantity that indicates the speed of an object moving. The speed is equal to the distance traveled by a moving object in unit time. It is expressed by the formula: V=S/t, the main unit of speed is m / sec 26. the quantity of matter contained in an object is called mass. The international principal unit of quality is the kilogram and the measuring tool is the balance The use of 27. methods: (1) the balance of the balance on the level of Taiwan, measured on the left, on the right weight plate. The quality of 28. a unit of volume of a material called the density of the material. The main international unit density is 3 kg / m, the formula is p =. The density is a property of the material itself, it does not change with the shape and state of the object, but also did not change with the position of the object. The quality of a glass of water and a bucket of water, the volume is different, but the density is the same as.1 or =1 3 =1 1 ml DM, 3 cm, 1 grams / cm 3=1000 kg / m 3. The density of 29. water is 1 * 103 kg / M 3. The physical meaning is that the water quality of 1 meters 3 is 1 * 103 kg 30. cylinder cup volume amount of reading, and the line of sight to surface is flat. 31. force effect: one is to change the movement of the object, and the two is to make the object deformation. 32. unit of force is referred to as cattle. Newton, force measurement tool is dynamometer, the commonly used laboratory is spring scale. The working principle of the spring balance is: Spring elongation with tensile force is proportional to. The magnitude, direction, and point of action of the 33. forces are called the three elements of force. A method for representing the three elements of force using a line with an arrow called the force diagram. The 34. force is the action of an object on an object, and the force between them is reciprocal. The effect of force is to change the motion state of an object, and to deform the object. 35. because of the attraction of the earth, the force of the object is called gravity, and the force of gravity is the earth. 36. the gravity is proportional to the mass, and the relationship between them is G=mg, in which g=9.8 is the cow / kilogram. The point of gravity acting on the object is called the center of gravity, and the direction of gravity is vertical downward 37. seek the combined force of the two forces, called the two force synthesis. If there are two forces for F1 and F2, the resultant force of the two forces at the same direction is F=F1+F2, and the resultant force in the reverse is F=F - F. One All objects in the absence of external force, always remain stationary or uniform linear motion state, this is Newton's first law The inertia of 2. objects in a state of rest or even motion in a straight line is called inertia. So Newton's first law is called the law of inertia. All bodies have inertia 3. use the inertia to explain: first, describe what the object is in, describe the change, and because of inertia, the object should remain the original state 4., the two force balance condition is: two forces acting on an object, if they are equal in size and opposite in direction, acting on the same line, then the two forces balance. The resultant force of the two equilibrium forces is zero 5. of two bodies in contact, when they had happened or have a relative movement, the resistance to relative motion called friction on the contact surface. The friction is divided into sliding friction and rolling friction, rolling friction than sliding friction sliding friction force is small. With the pressure on the size and the roughness of interface. We should increase the beneficial friction, reduce harmful friction. 6. the force acting vertically on the surface of the object is called pressure. The direction of the pressure is perpendicular to the surface of the object. The pressure is not necessarily equal to gravity. The pressure is gravity only when the object is placed horizontally and without any other forces. 7. objects per unit area under pressure is called pressure. Pressure formula is P=. The pressure of the unit is 2 N / M ", usually called" pa ". The 1 pa =1 cattle / M 2 common units have HPA (102 kPa), kPa (103 MPa (106 PA, PA)). There are 8. liquid pressure on the bottom of the container and the side wall of the liquid, the internal pressure in all directions. The liquid pressure increases with the depth. At the same depth, the liquid equal pressure in all directions; the pressure of different liquids with density. The instrument was used to measure the fluid pressure is called pressure gauge. 9. P GH p= formula is only suitable for the liquid. The formula is: the physical meaning of liquid pressure is only related to the liquid density and depth, and has nothing to do with the weight of the liquid, volume and shape. In the formula "H" refers to the liquid in a point to surface distance. In addition, the cube, cylindrical solid uniform rules, and the formula of horizontal apply. 10., the upper opening communicating with the bottom of the container is connected. Its nature is: communicating in liquid flow, the liquid level in the container to maintain level. The water level gage of boiler are connected, teapot. The lock is using the principle of communicating vessels to work. The 11. air layer surrounding the earth called the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure objects immersed in it is called atmospheric pressure. Tori and Mary was the first to detect the atmospheric pressure value. 11 years later, in May 1654, the German Magdeburg mayor Otto? Glick made a famous Magdeburg half ball experiment that proves that the atmospheric pressure exists. 12. the pressure is equal to 760 mmHg is a standard atmospheric pressure, 1 standard pressure = 1.01 x 105 kPa (P= P GH =13.6 x 103 kg / M 3 x 9.8 x 0.76 meters cattle / kg = 1.01 x 105 kPa). 1 standard atmospheric pressure can support the water column of about 10.3 meters. Coal oil column can support about 12.9 meters high. 13. atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude The instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure is called a barometer. The boiling point of a liquid is related to the pressure. The boiling point of all liquids is lowered by the decrease of atmospheric pressure, and when the pressure increases, the pressure cooker is used for cooking in the mountains 14. piston pumps and centrifugal pumps, pens, ink intake, etc., are using the principle of atmospheric pressure to work 15. of the object in the liquid, by the upward and downward pressure difference. The object is the liquid buoyancy (F =F - F floating). This is why the buoyancy. Buoyancy is always vertical. F G floating objects sink; F G floating objects, floating objects suspended; when there are F =G floating floating objects, but they are different (V different row). 16. Archimedes principle: the object in the immersion liquid by the upward buoyancy force is equal to the displaced liquid by gravity. The formula is F =G = P gV liquid floating row row. Archimedes principle is also applicable to gases. Usually a density greater than water material (such as iron) made of hollow, floating on the surface of the water. Ships, submarines, balloons and airships are using the buoyancy. 17. a strong, under the action of force if they can rotate around the fixed point, the root rod called lever. The lever fulcrum, distinguish power, resistance, power arm, arm of resistance. 18. the equilibrium conditions of the lever are: power * power arm = resistance * resistance arm formula is F1L1=F2L2 or = The lever 19. is divided into three types: the power arm is larger than the resistance arm, L1 L2, F1 F2 for the balance, the power saving lever arm; less than a resistance arm, L1 L2, F1 F2 for energy balance, the power arm lever; equal drag arm, L1 = L2, F1 = balance F2, neither the province is not laborious, such as lever arm, for a specific application of the balance. 20. many weighing scales, such as the steelyard, counterscale, are made according to the lever principle. 21. pulley fixed pulley and movable pulley two. Fixed pulley is a real arm lever, the fixed pulley is not saving, but it can change the direction of the force; the movable pulley is the essence of leverage for the resistance arm two times a power arm, the movable pulley can save half of the force, but cannot change the direction of the force. 22. use the pulley, pulley with some rope hanging objects, lift force is used for object matter and objects. A fraction of the increase of "H", "NH", then pull to move the "n" for the number of strings. The 23. mechanics work includes two essential factors: one is the role of the force on the object, the two is through the direction of force on the object in the distance. Distance product through work is equal to force with the object in the direction of the force. The formula is W=FS. power unit is 1 coke, coke =1 cattle m?. 24. the use of any machine does not work. This conclusion is called the principle of work. When applied to an inclined plane, there are: FL=Gh. or: F=, G 25. useful work to overcome resistance is hard to overcome the useless resistance work called extra power. There is hard work and extra work. With the hard work is equal to the ratio of mechanical efficiency. The formula is called ETA =. It generally expressed as a percentage. The mechanical efficiency is always less than 1. The work done in 26. units per unit time is called power. The formula is P=. The unit is watts, 1 watts =1 Jiao / sec, and 1 kW =1000 watts Outside, P= = = F, V, formula: when the vehicle uphill, As the power (P) is certain and the force (F) increases, the velocity (V) will decrease Outline of junior middle school physics (two) Mechanical energy, molecular dynamics, theoretical internal energy 1. an object can do work, we say that it is with energy. Due to the movement of the object can be called kinetic energy. The speed and quality of energy with the object of moving objects with greater speed, higher quality, greater kinetic energy. All moving object has kinetic energy. 2. potential energy into gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. The object is to give high called gravitational potential. The greater the mass of a body, lifted higher, gravitational potential is greater. The elastic deformation of the object is called energy, elastic potential energy. The elastic deformation of the object, it has more elastic energy. 3. kinetic energy and potential energy are collectively referred to as mechanical energy. Energy, power and heat units are joules. The kinetic and potential energy can be transformed into each other. The basic theory of molecular motion: a substance composed of molecules and molecules is extremely small. The irregular motion of molecules never cease. There is interaction between the molecular attraction and repulsion between. 4., when the different substances contact each other, they enter each other's phenomena, which is called diffusion. The phenomenon of diffusion shows that molecules do endless, irregular movements All 5. objects in total molecular kinetic and molecular potential of irregular motion, can be called objects. All the objects are within. Objects can with temperature. The higher the temperature, irregular moving molecules more fierce, objects can more. The higher the temperature is, the faster the spread. A large number of irregular motion objects within 6. molecules called thermal motion, also called heat energy. The two methods can change the object is: work and heat transfer. Can work on the object object object can be increased, the work object is reduced; the heat absorption of the material, the object can increase the object's heat, object can be reduced. A material temperature of 7. units of mass increase (or decrease) 1 C absorption (or released) referred to as the heat heat heat called this substance content. The specific heat of the unit is coke / (kg? C). The specific heat of water is 4.2 x 103 kJ / (kg? C). Its physical meaning is: 1 kilograms of water temperature increase (or decrease) 1 C absorption (or released) heat is 4.2 * 103 coke. The specific heat of water. So the temperature change is not as significant in coastal areas inland. 8. Q to suck =cm (T - t0); Q puts =cm (t0 - t); or is written as Q=cm delta T.; when there is thermal balance, there is Q - =Q - c1m1 (T - T01) =c2m2 (T02 - t) 9. energy will not disappear, nor reproduced, it will only be transformed from one form into other forms, or from one object to another object, and in the process of transformation, the total amount of energy remains unchanged. This rule is called the law of conservation of energy. Energy use, can be used to heat energy can use, to do work. Complete combustion heat of some 10.1 kg of fuel, calorific value of fuel. This is called the calorific value of the unit is: coke / kg. The calorific value of hydrogen (max) is 1.4 x 108 kJ / kg, its physical meaning is said: 1 kg of hydrogen complete combustion heat is 1.4 * 108 coke. Electrical science 1. friction objects attract small light objects, and they say objects carry electricity, Call friction electrification 2. there exist two kinds of charge, with silk friction glass charged with fur; friction rubber stick is negatively charged. Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other. The number of 3. charges is called electric energy. The sign of charge is "Q". The unit is Coulomb, referred to as "library". It is represented by the symbol "C" 4. friction is caused by the transfer of electrons. Electrons are negatively charged. Electrons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged 5. the directional movement of the charge forms an electric current. The direction in which the positive charge moves is defined as the direction of the current The system is called the power supply. The dry battery and lead accumulator are all power supplies. The function of the DC power supply is to keep the positive electrode inside the power source continuously A negative charge is collected by a negative electrode. When a dry cell or accumulator is powered externally, the chemical energy is converted to electrical energy 6. easy conductive objects called conductors. Metal, graphite, body, earth and acid, alkali and salt water solution is not easy to conductor; conductive objects called insulators. Rubber, glass, ceramics, plastics, oil is an insulator. There is no absolute boundaries between conductor and insulator. Conductive metal, by the is the free electron conduction. The current path 7. power supply, electric appliance, switch wire connected together to form the circuit. The circuit is called the electrical path disconnect circuit; open circuit; not by the use of electrical appliances and directly to the lead wire is connected across the power supply is short circuit. Said circuit connection diagram called circuit diagram symbols. The use of circuit elements one by one in order to connect together to form a series circuit. The circuit element is parallel connected called parallel circuit. The 8. current intensity is equal to the electric quantity of the cross section of the conductor within 1 seconds. The "I" represents the current, the "Q" indicates the quantity of electricity, the "t" indicates the time, and the I=. 1 A. =1 library / sec. 1 A. (A) =1000 MA (mA); 1 Ma (mA) =1000 A. (A); 9. current measuring instrument called the current meter. The current laboratory table usually has two range and three terminals, two ranges were 0 ~ 0.6 and 0 ~ 3; 0 to 0.6 per 0.2 big ah, every small lattice is 0.02 ~ 3; 0 each big ah 1, each small lattice is 0.1. The 10. current used: the current meter should be connected in series; the "+" and "-" terminal method to correct the measured current; do not exceed the range of current meter; it is absolutely not allowed without the use of electrical appliances and the current meter is directly connected to the two electrodes of the power supply. The formation of 11. voltage current in the circuit voltage. The symbol "U" said that the unit is V, with "V". 1 thousand V (kV) =1000 V (V); 1 V (V) =1000 MV (mV); 1 MV (mV) =1000 microvolts (V) a battery. The voltage is 1.5 volts, electronic watches with silver oxide battery each is 1.5 volts, each 2 volt lead-acid battery, the home circuit voltage is 220 volts, the safe voltage of the body is not more than 36 volts. 12. voltage measuring instrument called voltmeter. Laboratory use voltage meter generally has two range and three terminals, two ranges were 0 ~ 3 and 0 volts to 15 volts to 3 volts; 0 per pellet is 1 volts, each small lattice is 0.1 volts to 15 volts; 0 each of the 5 V, each small lattice is 0.5 volts. Thirteen When the voltmeter is used: (1) the current meter should be connected in parallel; the connection of "+" and "-" should be correct; and the voltage to be measured shall not exceed the range of the voltmeter Block 14. conductors of electric current is called resistance. Resistance is a property of the conductor itself, material, length and cross-sectional area of the conductor. It determines the size of the resistance of the symbol "R", the unit is "ohms", the unit symbol is "Omega". 1 megohm (M) =1000 kilohms (k) (k); 1 thousand euro European =1000 (omega). 15., the role of rheostat is: change the resistance wire in the circuit length, you can gradually change the resistance, so as to gradually change the current to achieve the purpose of control circuit The current in the 16. conductor is proportional to the voltage at the ends of the conductor, inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. This conclusion is called Ohm's law. It is expressed in the formula: I= The 17. current in a circuit of the power circuit, the voltage is equal to the current in the circuit ends and conduction time of the product. The formula is W=UIt. power unit is "coke". In addition, 1 =1 =3.6 * 106 kwh of coke, the degree is the electric power units. The 18. current in unit time of reactive power. The formula is called P=UI. for the normal work of the electric voltage is the rated voltage, power of the electric appliance under rated voltage is the rated power. Such as "PZ220V 100W" that is the rated voltage of 220 volts, the rated power is 100 watts. Two times 19. current through the heat generated with the conductor is proportional to the current, with the resistance of a conductor is proportional to, with power is proportional to the time. This conclusion called Joule's law formula is Q=I2Rt. The unit of heat is "coke". The electric heater is the use of electric heating equipment such as electric furnace, electric iron,. Electric iron. Two wire 20. family circuit, called a FireWire, zero line. There is a called 220 volts between the firing line and the zero line and the zero line is grounded. A time measurement circuit within the family consume much energy meter called power meter. It is the unit of "degree". 21. fuse is made of lead antimony alloy high resistivity and low melting point. Its function is: before the current in the circuit to the degree of risk, cut off the circuit automatically. When replacing the fuse, the fuse current rated current should be equal to or slightly greater than the normal working time. Can never replace the fuse wire. The reason of excessive current in the circuit is 22.: short circuit; 2 total electrical power is too large. Two socket socket and socket. Using the 23. test pencil is: hand metal contact tail pen, pen contact wire, neon light is not luminous is FireWire, zero line. Then the direction of the four pointed finger is the direction of the magnetic field to determine the direction of the magnetic field produced by the current. For electrified solenoids, the principle of 24. safe use of electricity is: do not touch the low voltage charged body; not close to the high voltage charged body. Be especially careful of the uncharged object with electricity; the insulated object should conduct electricity Electromagnetism 1. permanent magnets including artificial magnets and natural magnets. Free to rotate in the horizontal plane bar magnets or magnetic needle, still always end guide (called the South), north end (called the Arctic). The same poles repel each other, unlike magnetic poles attract each other. No original magnetic substance to the magnetic process called magnetization. When the iron rod is magnetized, the magnetism is easy to disappear. It is called a soft magnet. The magnetism of the steel bar is not easy to disappear after being magnetized, and it is called a hard magnet 2. there is a magnetic field around the magnet space. The basic properties of the magnetic field is generated on the action of the magnetic force of magnet placed therein, so we can identify whether there is a small needle space magnetic field. 3., the magnetic induction lines are introduced to describe the magnetic field visually. (using the model method) the density of the magnetic induction line, then the direction of the four pointed finger, the direction of the magnetic field, is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field produced by the current. For the energized solenoid, which indicates the strength of the field, the direction of the magnetic sense line (i.e., the tangent direction) indicates the direction of the field. Outside the magnet, the magnetic induction line returns from the north pole to the south pole, and in the magnet the magnetic induction line points from the south pole to the North pole. The magnetic induction lines are closed curves. 4. can use the Ampere rule (right: the right hand holding the direction of extension wire, let the thumb and the current direction, then the four bent fingers is referring to the direction of the magnetic field direction) to determine the direction of the magnetic field generated by current. For an energized solenoid, the direction of the current on the solenoid is represented by the direction of the four fingers of the right hand, and the thumb points to the N pole of the energized solenoid. 5. electromagnet and the permanent magnet has many advantages, it can adjust the current whether, strength, direction, to control whether the magnetic field, strength, direction. The electromagnetic relay made by electromagnet (Bell) in automatic control and remote control are often used. 6. - way electric conductor in the magnetic field will be the role of force, the direction of force with the direction of the current and magnetic induction line direction. 7. DC motor is the use of energized coil in the magnetic field by the force of the role of rotation and production. In this process, electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy. In a direct current motor, a commutator is used to change the current direction in the coil so that the coil continues to rotate in the same direction under the influence of the field force. 8. a part of a closed circuit that acts as a magnetic field to cut magnetic induction lines, and an induced current is generated in the conductor, which is the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. The conditions for generating inductive current are as follows: first, the circuit is closed; two, the conductor is "cut" and the magnetic induction line moves, that is, the direction of the conductor can not parallel with the magnetic induction line. The 9. generator is made by using a closed coil in the magnetic field to cut the induction line when the magnetic induction line is rotated. The device is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. 10. battery (battery cathode copper rod is chemical), fruit cell, voltaic cell (a milepost meaning, is the true meaning of the battery, the battery (lead) and sulfuric acid pollution), solar cell (non polluting, renewable energy, fuel cell) Power plants generate electricity in several ways: thermal power generation, water power generation, wind power, nuclear power generation, tidal power generation, etc.. Answer: mechanical fault - Magic apprentice level 2-19 01:36