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介词及介词短语介词及介词短语 第十七讲 介词和介词短语 概说:介词是一种用来表示词与词~或者词与句之间的关系的词~ 在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词一定要有宾语~充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词、短语或句子~短语或从句。 重点:介词和介词短语的用法 难点:介词的用法与辨析 内容: 一、介词概述 1. 介词的种类 (1)简单介词,如at, in off, on, by, to, with等。 (2)合成介词,如into, inside, within, throughout等。 (3)短语介词,如ac...

介词及介词短语
介词及介词短语 第十七讲 介词和介词短语 概说:介词是一种用来表示词与词~或者词与句之间的关系的词~ 在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词一定要有宾语~充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词、短语或句子~短语或从句。 重点:介词和介词短语的用法 难点:介词的用法与辨析 内容: 一、介词概述 1. 介词的种类 (1)简单介词,如at, in off, on, by, to, with等。 (2)合成介词,如into, inside, within, throughout等。 (3)短语介词,如according to, because of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of等。 (4)二重介词,如from behind, from among, until after, at about等。 2. 介词的宾语 (1)名词:Let’s go for a walk along the river.咱们到江边散散步。 (2)代词:He’s standing in front of me.我站在我前面。 (3)形容词:Her pronunciation is far from prefect.她的语音远不是完美的。 注:有的形容词前可看作是省略了being。 (4)动名词:He’s good at drawing.他善长绘画。 (5)过去分词:I took it for granted that she was for England.我还以为她是英国的。 注:过去分词作介词宾语只限于take…for granted结构和用于regard…as后。 (6)不定式:I had no choice but to lie down.除了躺下外我别无选择。 She did nothing but cry.她只是哭。 注:介词后通常是不能用不定式作宾语的,只有表示“除……外”的but, except等个别介词能接不定式作宾语。前面有行为动词do时,不定式不用to,否则要带to。 (7)疑问词+不定式:I don’t know how to improve my English.我不知道如何提高我的英语水平。 (8)副词:I didn’t know it until recently.直到最近我才知道此事。 (9)数词:He was among the first to arrive.他是第一批到的。 (10)介词短语:She won’t go home until after the exam.她要考完试之后再回家。 (11)从句:Think of what I said. 想想我说的话。 I’m worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。 I have doubts about whether(不用if) he is the best man for the job. 我怀疑他是否做 这项工作的最好人选。 He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什 么特别的毛病。 注:除except that, in that等后可接that从句外,通常只接连接代词、连接副词及whe ther引导的从句,也不接if引导的从句。 二、 常用介词用法与辨析 ?表示方位的介词:in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如: Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如: Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如: Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ?表示计量的介词:at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如: It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换,以……为代价”。如: He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如: They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ?表示材料的介词:of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如: This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如: Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如: Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 注意:in指用材料,不用冠词;而with指用工具,要用冠词。请比较:draw in pencil /draw with a pencil。 ?表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on 1. by用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。 注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。请比较: I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。 2. with表示“用某种工具”。如: He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。 注意:with表示用某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词。 3. on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。 They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。 She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。 ?表示关于的介词:of, about, on 1. of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如: He spoke of the film the other day. 他前几天提到了这部影片。 He thought about this matter yesterday. 他昨天考虑了这件事。 2. about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如: Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗, 3. on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如: It’s a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。 ?表原因或理由的介词:for, at, from, of, with, by, because of 1. for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如: I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。 2. at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。如: He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。 3. from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。如: He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。 4. of指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。如: The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。 5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如: Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。 He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。 6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。 Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。 She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。 7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如: He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如: Owing to the rain they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。 9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为“幸亏……,多亏……”。如: Thanks to John, we won the game. 多亏约翰,我们才赢了这场比赛。 10. out of表示动机的起因,常译为“出于……”。如: He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才问了那个问 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。 11. through多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。如: The war was lost through bad organization. 战争因组织不周而失败了。 ?表示好像或当作的介词:like, as 1. like表示“像……一样”,其实不是。如: Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 彼得大帝像他的国家一样强 健和自豪。 2. as表示“作为,以……身份”,其实也是。如: He talked to me as a father. 他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。 注:as作连词时,可表示“好像……”。如:The work is not so difficult as you ima gine这工作不像你想像的那么困难。 ?表示支持或反对的介词:against, for against反对,for支持,互为反义词。如: Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法, ?表示除某人某物外的介词:besides, except 1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除……外,还”。如: Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外,还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football. 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。 2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。 Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动) All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是) 注意:(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用;若与other连用,只能用besides。如:He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。 (B) except是排除同类;而except for是排除非同类,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加上修正。如: The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外,这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的) 但except for也可代替except,特别是在句首时,因为except是不能用于句首的。如: Except George, you can all go. 除乔治外,你们都可以去。 三、介词短语 1. 用作表语 Mr. Smith is still in bed. 史密斯先生还在睡觉。 He was already in his sixties. 他已经六十多岁了。 Dinner was at one o’clock. 一点钟开午饭。 We are out of food. 我们食物吃完了。 2. 用作状语 The children are playing by the river. 孩子们在河边玩。 They often talk in English after class. 他们经常在课后用英语交谈。 Let’s go for a walk along the river. 咱们到江边散散步。 3. 用作定语 The woman in the room is his wife. 房间里的那个女人是他的妻子。 China is country with a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。 【注】介词短语作定语时必须置于被修饰名词之后。又如: the people on the bus 公共汽车上的人 the girl in front of me 我前面的女孩 a woman in black 一个穿黑衣的妇女 a book on sports 一本关于运动的书 a boy with red hair红头发的男孩 information about Paris关于巴黎的情况 4. 用作宾语补足语 We found her in tears. 我们发现她在哭泣。 The cold kept him in bed for three days. 这次感冒让他卧床三天。 【注】用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语: He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。 5. 用作宾语 I saw her from across the street. 我从街对面望见了她。 He goes to work every day except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他每天都上班。 I won’t go home until after the exam. 我要等考完后再回家。 讲练结合 1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre ________ 6:30 pm at the latest. A. after B. around C. until D. by 2. They held a ceremony ________ those killed in the battle. A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of 3. After finishing middle school, my sister did nothing ________ at home. A. but to read B. but read C. besides reading D. except to read 4. Write your name and address on your bag ________ you lose it. A. in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case 5. — ________ did the professor give you much advice? — The choice of a career. A. On what B. In what C. What D. For what 6. I made coat ________ my own hands. It was made ________ hand not with a ma chine. A. in; in B. in; with C. with; by D. with; with 7. He is running ________ the wind towards the east of the station ________ Tom running ________ the right. A. down; and; on B. against; with; on C. for; with; in D. with; while; to 8. Not all of us know the difference ________ wheat, oats and barley. A. among B. between C. from D. in 9. The young singer is quite popular ________ the public. She’s made a remarkable achievement ________ a girl of her age. A. with; to B. to; for C. with; for D. for; to 10. The apple trees have lots of big apples ________ them. And some birds are sing ing ________ the trees. A. in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through 11. That woman will quarrel ________ everybody ________ anything. A. about; about B. about; with C. with; about D. with; with 12. The weather this month has been good ________ . A. on the whole B. generally speaking C. above all D. on one hand 13. We should divide all the potatoes ________ two piles and separated the good on es ________ the bad ones. A. from; by B. into; from C. into; into D. from; into 14. They said the building would be completed ________ a year. A. after B. for C. in D. about 15. — These boxes are too heavy for me to carry. — Here, I’ll give you a hand ________ them. A. for B. to C. with D. by ◎ 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 解析◎ 1. D。从“戏剧在下午6:40开始”可知到达剧院的时间最迟不应晚于6:30。A项表示“下午6:30后到剧院”,C项表示“在剧院呆到下午6:30为止”,均不合题意。B项干扰性最强,a round意为“左右,大约”, 但在6:30 pm后有at the latest“最晚”,二者相矛盾。C项by是not later than(不迟于)之意,整合题意。 2. A。in honour of意为“为庆祝(为向. . . 表示敬意,为纪念”;instead of意为“代替; 而不是”;in favor of意为“赞成;支持”;by means of意为“通过; 用; 借助于”。根据句意“他们举行了纪念阵亡战士的仪式”可知答案为A(from www.yygrammar.com)。 3. B。but, except 和besides都有“除…之外”的意思,但没有”,相当于not including. 另外,but后面可接不定式to do,但如果but前面有实义动词dbesides是“除…之外,还”的意思,等于in addition to; 而except, but 是“除…之外, o的任何形式,不定式省略to。 4. B。in any case意为“在任何情况下”;in case意为“以防万一,如果”;in no case意为“决不”;in that case意为“如果那样的话”。句意为“在你的包上写上名字和地址以防丢失”。 5. A。“教授给你提的什么建议?”“择业”。“关于…的建议”应用介词on。 6. C。by hand意为“用手工”;with“用”, 表示使用的工具, 手段,如He hit it with a h ammer. 7. B。against the wind“逆风”;on the right意为“在后边”;介词with与一个复合结构构成短语,用作状语,说明状态、方式等。 8. B。一般说来,between用于两者之间,among表示三者和三者以上之间。但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间的关系,适用于between. 如:The soldier is hidden between the trees. 在谈论事物间的差别时总是用between. 9. C。词组be popular with意为“受…欢迎”,for“就…而论,比较…而言”。 10. C。介词on意为“在…之上,依附于”;in意为“(表场所,位置)在……之内 / 上”in the tree 译为“在树上”。 11. C。quarrel with sb. about / over意为“和某人争论某事”。句意为“那个女人无论碰到什么事儿, 总是和别人争吵不休”。 12. A。on the whole意为“总的来说;从总体上看”;generally speaking“一般说来”;above all意为“首先,最重要的”;on one hand意为“一方面”。句意为“这个月的天气基本上是好的” (from www.yygrammar.com)。 13. B。divide„into和separate„from都有“把……分开”的意思。但前者指“把整体分成若干部分”,后者指“把连在一起的分开”。 14. C。in, after这两个介词都可以用来表达“在若干时间之后”。in 可以用于将来时态或一般过去时态的句子中;after 用于一般过去时,如果表示某时刻之后或某件事之后,则不受时态的限制。 15. C。答语中的them指前一句的boxes。Give sb. a hand with sth. / in(at) doing sth. 意为“帮助某人做某事”。 填空练习: 1. The government decision to raise taxes was at odds ______ their policies on inflation.(与„„争执, 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 不一致) 2. A claim might be made by dissentient member States that the actions of the organization were not in compliance ______ its treaty.(顺从) 3. Prominent individuals were often prominent ______ virtue of the groups of which they were leaders.(由于,因为) 4. In the philosophical tradition there have been two tendencies with respect ______ epistemological concerns and concerns about the social order.(关于,至于) 5. Foreign powers had long penetrated the area in quest ______ wealth or influence, or to counter the lusts of their adversaries.(为了探索„„,为了寻求„„) 6. Central coordination would keep the location of industry in step ______ development.(与„„保持一致) 7. In both, the main class order can be criticized on the grounds ______ the separation of Sciences from their respective Technologies.(根据, 以...为理由) 8. A research project has been set up under the auspices ______ the University of Michigan. 9. It is well within reason to expect help in this regard in exchange ______ further financial assistance.(交换,以此易彼) 10. The appeal of the petitioner in this case must be dismissed for want ______ jurisdiction.(因缺乏„„) 参考答案: 1. with 2. with 3. of 4. to 5. of 6. with 7. of 8. of 9. for 10. of
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