七年级上册生物知识点

七年级上册生物 知识点 高中化学知识点免费下载体育概论知识点下载名人传知识点免费下载线性代数知识点汇总下载高中化学知识点免费下载 第一单元 生物和生物圈 生物学是研究生命现象和生命活动规律的科学。 第一章、认识生物 第一节、生物的特征: 生物的特征 (1)生物的生活需要营养(植物通过进行光合作用，动物直接或间接的以植 物为食获取营养物质); (2)生物能进行呼吸(吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳); (3)生物能排出体内产生的废物(植物落叶，动物和人出汗、呼吸和排尿); (4)生物能对外界刺激做出反应(应激性); (5)生物能生长和繁殖; )生物都有遗传和变异的特性; (6 (7)除病毒以外，生物都是由细胞构成的。 第二节 调查我们身边的生物 一、调查的一般方法 步骤:明确调查目的、确定调查对象、制定合理的调查 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 、调查记录、 对调查结果进行整理、撰写调查报告 二、生物的分类 按照形态结构分:动物、植物、其他生物(细菌、真菌和病毒) 按照生活环境分:陆生生物、水生生物 按照用途分:作物、家禽、家畜、宠物 第二章 了解生物圈 第一节生物与环境的关系 1、地球上所有的生物与环境的总和，这就是生物圈。 2、影响生物生活的环境因素可以分为两类 (1)非生物因素:阳光、空气、水、温度等。 (2)生物因素:影响某种生物生活的其他生物。最常见的是捕食关系，此外 还有竞争关系、合作关系等。 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 3、探究的过程:(1)提出问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 (2)、作出假设 (3)、制定 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 (4)、实施计划 (5)、得出结论 (6)、表达和交流 4、光对鼠妇生活影响(对照实验)的设计 5、在自然环境中，各种因素影响着生物，生物在生存发展中不断适应环境， 同时也影响和改变着环境。 6、生物对环境的适应 7、生物对环境的影响:植物的蒸腾作用调节空气湿度、植物的枯叶枯枝腐 烂后可调节土壤肥力、动物粪便改良土壤、蚯蚓松土 8、生物对环境的适应具有普遍性也具有相对性 第二节 生物与环境组成生态系统 一、生态系统 1、在一定空间范围内，生物与环境所形成的统一的整体叫做生态系统。 生产者——植物 生物部分 消费者——动物 分解者——细菌、真菌 生态系统2、 组成 非生物部分:阳光、空气、水、温度、生存空间等 二、食物链和食物网 1、消费者和生产者之间的关系，主要是吃与被吃的关系即捕食关系，这样 就形成了食物链。 2、在食物链中以生产者(植物)作为起点，以没有被吃的动物为终点，不 能有非生物部分和分解者，在食物链中加上非生物部分和分解者，就构 成了生态系统。 3、一个生态系统中，往往有很多条食物链，它们彼此交错连接，形成了食 物网。 4、生态系统中的物质和能量就是沿着食物链和食物网流动的。生态系统中 物质和能量的流动沿着食物链和食物网的方向会逐渐减少，而有毒物质 的流动则逐渐增多。 5、在食物链中最低层是植物，数量最多，最高层是食肉动物，数量最少， 有毒物质最多。食肉动物体内的能量来自食物链的最低层植物，食物链 中所有动植物体内的能量最终来自于太阳 6、生态系统具有一定的自动调节能力，但这种调节能力是有一定限度的。 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 如果外界干扰超过了这个限度，生态系统就会遭到破坏。 第三节 生物圈是最大的生态系统 1、生物圈的范围 大气圈的底部、:可飞翔的鸟类、昆虫、细菌等 水圈的大部:距海平面150米内的水层 岩石圈的表面:是一切陆生生物的“立足点” 2、生物圈中的生态系统有: 森林生态系统、草原生态系统、海洋生态系统、淡水生态系统、 湿地生态系统、农田生态系统、城市生态系统等。 3、各个生态系统是相互联系的，是统一的整体 4、科学探究常用的方法有观察、调查、收集和 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 资料、实验等。 观察可以直接用肉眼，也可以借助仪器和工具;观察要有明确的目的; 观察时要全面、细致和实事求是，并及时记录下来。 调查时首先要明确调查目的和调查对象，制定合理的调查方案。 设计实验方案常用的方法是设计对照实验。 第二单元 生物体的结构层次 第一章、细胞是生命活动的基本单位 物镜:放大物像 光学部分(三镜) 第一节 练习显微镜的使用 目镜:放大物像 反光镜:反射光 线 转换器:转换物镜 两 器 显微镜 1、 遮光器:调节光线强弱 调节部分 粗准焦螺旋:快速移动镜筒 两螺旋 粗准焦螺旋:缓慢移动镜筒， 支持部分:镜臂、镜柱、镜座、载物台和压片夹等 2、使用显微镜的步骤:取镜安放—对光—放置玻片标本—观察—清洁收放 使用口诀:一取二放三安装，四转低倍五对光，六上玻片七下降，八升镜 筒细观察，九退整理后归箱。 注意问题:用低倍物镜对光，先用低倍物镜观察，再用高倍物镜观察，调integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第3页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 粗准焦螺旋，再调细准焦螺旋。换高倍物镜后，只调细准焦螺旋 3、在目镜视野中观察到的物像是倒像(上下颠倒、左右颠倒)。并且标本移 动方向与物像移动方向相反 4、显微镜的放大倍数 = 目镜的放大倍数 × 物镜的放大倍数 5、细胞临时装片制作过程:擦、滴、取、放、展、盖、染、吸。 擦——擦干净玻片，滴——清水(植物细胞)或生理盐水(动物细胞)以 维持细胞的正常形态，取——从生物体上取下观察材料，放——把观察材 料放在载玻片上，展——把观察材料展开展平，不重叠便于观察，盖—— 盖上玻片，应避免产生气泡，染——滴稀碘液染色，吸——用吸水纸从玻 片另一侧吸碘液以便于染色。 第二节 植物细胞 1、常用的玻片标本有切片、涂片和装片三种，按照保存时间又制成永久的和 临时的两种。 2、放在显微镜下观察的生物标本，应该薄而透明，光线能透过，才能观察清 楚 3、观察洋葱鳞片叶细胞 用镊子在洋葱鳞片内侧撕取一片薄而透明的内表皮，放入载玻片中的清水 中，盖上盖玻片，不要产生气泡，用镊子展开并用稀碘液染色，以便进行 观察，这样就做成了装片，用显微镜观察 3、植物细胞的结构: 细胞壁:植物细胞最外层透明的薄壁，具有保护和支持细胞的作用。 细胞膜:紧贴细胞壁，在光学显微镜下看不见，具有控制物质进出的作用。 植 细胞核:含有遗传物质DNA，是细胞的控制中心。 物细胞质:细胞膜以内，细胞核以外的结构。可以流动的 细 线粒体:能量转换器，能将化合物中储存的化学能释放出来。 胞 叶绿体:能量转换器，能将光能转换成化学能储存在有机物中。 液 泡:含有细胞液，溶解了多种物质。 第三节 动物细胞 1、观察人体口腔上皮细胞 事先要漱口，以清除口腔内的食物残渣，用消毒牙签在口腔上部刮取少量 上皮细胞，放在玻片的生理盐水中，做成装片进行观察，生理盐水的作用: 维持细胞的正常形态，, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 2、动物细胞的结构 动细胞膜:控制物质进出。 物 细胞核:含有遗传物质DNA，是细胞的控制中心。 细细胞质:细胞膜以内，细胞核以外的结构。可以流动的 胞 线粒体:能量转换器，能将化合物中储存的化学能释放出来。 3、在植物体的细胞中，绿色部分有叶绿体，其它部分细胞没有叶绿体，在 动物细胞中没有叶绿体，动物细胞和植物细胞区别:植物细胞有细胞壁和 液泡，动物细胞中没有，细胞有细胞壁的不一定是植物细胞，真菌和细菌 的细胞就有细胞壁，但它们就不是植物 第四节 细胞的生活 1、细胞中的物质可以分为两大类: 一类是无机物 如水、无机盐、氧等;它的分子比较小的， 另一类有机物 如糖类、脂质、蛋白质和核酸等它的是分子比较大的， 2、细胞的生活需要物质和能量 (1)细胞是构成生物体的结构和功能基本单位。 (2)细胞是物质、能量、和信息的统一体。 3、细胞膜控制物质的进出，对物质有选择性，有用物质进入，废物排出。 4、细胞内的能量转换器: (1)叶绿体:进行光合作用，把细胞内的把二氧化碳和水合成有机物，并产 生氧气。 (2)线粒体:进行呼吸作用，是细胞内的“动力工厂”“发动机”。 二者联系:都是细胞中的能量转换器 二者区别:叶绿体将光能转变成化学能储存在有机物中;线粒体分解有 机物，将有机物中储存的化学能释放出来供细胞利用。 5、动植物细胞都有线粒体。 6、细胞核是控制中心，遗传信息存在于细胞核中 克隆羊多莉的例子说明了遗传信息存在于细胞核中 7、细胞是物质、能量、和信息的统一体。 第二章、细胞怎样构成生物体 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第5页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第一节 细胞通过分裂产生新细胞 1、生物的由小长大是由于:细胞的分裂和细胞的生长 2、细胞分裂: (1)分裂规律:先是细胞核中的染色体复制加倍，然后细胞核分裂，接着 细胞质分裂，最后在两细胞核中央长出新的细胞膜，植物细胞还长出细 胞壁 (2)分裂的特点:细胞核分裂时，染色体的变化最明显。染色体的数量在细胞分裂时已经复制加倍，在细胞分裂过程中，染色体分成形态和数目相同的两份，分别进入两个新细胞中。新细胞和原细胞所含有的遗传物质是一样的 3、细胞核中遗传信息的载体是DNA 1、染色体容易被碱性染料染成深色;DAN外形象一个螺旋形的梯子 2、DAN和蛋白质组成染色体(不同的生物个体，染色体的形态、数量完 全不同; 同种生物个体，染色体在形态、数量保持一定;) 第二节 动物体的结构层次 1、细胞分化:在发育过程中，细胞各自具有了不同的功能，在形态、结构 上也逐渐发生了变化，这个过程就叫做细胞分化。 2、组织:细胞分化产生了不同的细胞群，由形态相似，结构、功能相同 细胞联合在一起形成的细胞群就叫做组织。 动物和人的基本组织可以分为四种:上皮组织、肌肉组织、神经组织、结缔组织。 (1)上皮组织:由上皮细胞构成。分布在体表、呼吸道和消化道内壁，血管 壁等;具有保护和分泌等功能; (2)肌肉组织:由肌细胞构成。分布在骨骼、心脏、胃、肠、血管等处;具 有收缩、舒张功能; (3)神经组织:由神经细胞(或简称神经元)构成;分布在脑、脊髓以及神 经中; 能产生和传导兴奋。 (4)结缔组织:种类很多，分布广泛，如骨、血液、脂肪等;具有支持、连 接、保护和营养等功能; 3、器官:不同的组织按一定的次序结合在一起构成器官。 4、系统:够共同完成一种或几种生理功能的多个器官按照一定的次序组成在一 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 起构成系统。 八大系统:运动系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统、泌尿系统， 神经系统、内分泌系统、生殖系统。 5、动物和人的基本结构层次(小到大): 细胞?组织?器官?系统?动物体和人体 第三节植物体的结构层次 1、绿色开花植物的六大器官 营养器官:根、茎、叶; 生殖器官:花、果实、种子 2、植物体的主要组织:分生组织、保护组织、营养组织、输导组织。 (1)分生组织:细胞小，细胞壁薄，细胞核大，细胞质浓，具有很强的分裂 能力，能不断分裂产生新细胞。如:根尖的分生区 (2)保护组织:能减少植物失去水分，防止病原微生物的侵入。如:根、茎、 叶表面的表皮 (3)营养组织:细胞细胞壁薄，液泡较大，有储藏营养物质的功能。如:番 茄果肉、花生种子 (4)输导组织:运输水和无机盐的导管，运输有机物的筛管都属于输导组织。 3、植物体的结构层次: 保护组织 分生组织 细胞 组织 植物体 器官 营养组织 输导组织 4、动物体的结构层次: 运动系统 消化系统 上皮组织 呼吸系统 循环系统 肌肉组织 动物体 器官 系统 细胞 组织 泌尿系统 神经系统 结缔组织 内分泌系统 生殖系统 神经组织 第四节 只有一个细胞的生物体 1、单细胞生物:草履虫、酵母菌、衣藻、眼虫、变形虫 2、草履虫的结构见课本图 3、单细胞生物与人类的关系:有利也有害 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第7页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第三单元 生物圈中的绿色植物 第一章、生物圈中有哪些绿色植物 第一节 藻类、苔藓和蕨类植物 一、绿色植物可以分为四大类群:藻类、苔藓、蕨类和种子植物。 1、藻类植物 (1)藻类植物的主要特征:结构简单，是单细胞或多细胞个体，无根、 茎、叶等器官的分化;没有输导组织，细胞里有叶绿体，能 进行光合作用;大都生活在水中。如衣藻、水绵、海带、紫 菜等。身体的各部分都可吸收水分和无机盐和进行光合作用 (2)藻类植物与人类的关系:通过光合作用制造的有机物可以作为鱼的 饵料，放出的氧气除供鱼类呼吸外，而且是大气中氧气的重 要来源。海带、紫菜、海白菜等可食用，从藻类植物中提取 的碘、褐藻胶、琼脂等可供工业、医药上使用 2、苔藓植物: (1)苔藓植物的主要特征:有茎和叶，有假根，假根不能吸收水和无机盐， 没有输导组织，不能运输水分。所以苔藓植物不能脱离开水的环境如: 墙藓、葫芦藓。身体的各部分都可吸收水分和无机盐和进行光合作用 (2)苔藓植物对二氧化硫等有毒气体十分敏感，在污染严重的城市和工厂 附近很难生存。人们利用这个特点，把苔藓植物当作监测空气污染程度 的指示植物 3、 蕨类植物 (1)蕨类植物的主要特征:有根、茎、叶的分化，有输导组织，所植株比 较高大。如:卷柏、贯众、满江红等。 (2)藻类植物与人类的关系:?有些可食用;?有些可供药;?有些可供 观赏;?有些可作为优良的绿肥和饲料;?古代的蕨类植物的遗体经 过漫长的年代，变成了煤。 4、藻类、苔藓、蕨类植物都是依靠孢子(一种生殖细胞)繁殖后代的。 第二节 种子植物 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 1、种子植物以种子繁殖后代，可以分为裸子植物和被子植物。 2、种子的大小和形状千差万别，但基本结构都是相同的，都有种皮和胚，胚 实际上那个就是幼小的生命体。 种皮:保护种子的内部结构 菜豆种子 胚根:发育成根 胚 (1) 的结构 胚轴:连接根和茎的部位 胚 胚芽:发育成茎和叶 胚 子叶:提供营养物质 种皮和果皮:保护种子的内部结构 胚根:发育成根 玉米种子 胚轴:连接根和茎的部位 胚 (2) 的结构 胚芽:发育成茎和叶 子叶:转运营养物质 胚乳:提供营养物质 (玉米种子实际上是果实) 3、种子植物比苔藓、蕨类更适应陆地的生活，其中一个重要的原因是能产生 种子，在自然界中被子植物比裸子植物数量和种类多，一个重要原因就 是被子植物的种子有果皮保护，适应环境能量强。 第二章、被子植物的一生 第一节 种子的萌发 1、被子植物的一生要经历生长、发育、繁殖、衰老和死亡的过程。 2、种子的萌发既需要环境条件，又需要自身条件。缺少任何一种条件， 种子都不能萌发。 (1)环境条件:适宜的温度、一定的水分和充足的空气 (2)自身条件:胚是完整的，胚是活的，且种子度过休眠期。 3、研究种子的萌发采用对比实验 发芽的种子数 4、 ×100% 发芽率= 供检测的种子数 5、种子萌发的过程:当一粒种子萌发时，首先要吸收水分。然后子叶或胚 乳中的营养物质转运给胚根、胚芽、胚轴。随后，胚根发育，突破种皮integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第9页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 形成根。胚轴伸长成为根和茎的连接部位，胚芽发育成茎和叶。 第二节 植株的生长 1、幼根的生长:生长最快的部位是:伸长区 2、根的生长一方面靠分生区增加细胞的数量，一方面要靠伸长区细胞体积 的增大。 成熟区:生有大量根毛，增大与土壤的接触面积， 根尖的3、 是吸收水和无机盐的主要部位。 结构与伸长区:是根生长最快的部位 功能 分生区:不断分裂产生新细胞 根 冠:保护作用。 3、枝条是由枝芽发育成的 4、枝芽的结构:由茎、芽、叶组成 5、植物的生长需要不断补充营养物质——水、无机盐和有机物 6、植株生长需要最多的无机盐:含氮、磷、钾的无机盐 第三节 开花和结果 花柄:连接茎和花 1、花由花芽发育而来 花托:着生花的部位 2、花的结构(课本102) 萼片:保护花瓣 花花瓣:保护花蕊 的 结花丝:支撑花药 雄蕊 构 花药:含有花粉粒 柱头:接受花粉粒 雌蕊 花柱:连接柱头和子房 子房:受精后的子房继续发 育成果实 3、传粉:花粉从花药落到雌蕊柱头上的过程 传粉的类型:自花传粉、异花传粉(它分为虫媒花和风媒花)、人工传粉。 受精:精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵的过程 花粉落到柱头上以后，在柱头上黏液的刺激下开始萌发，长出花粉管。 花粉管穿过花柱，进入子房，一直到达胚珠。花粉管中精子随着花粉管的 伸长而向下移动，最终进入胚珠内部，与胚珠里的卵细胞结合形成受精卵。 3、果实与种子的形成 植物完成受精作用之后，花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊的柱头、花柱等结构随之凋谢，integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 而雌蕊的子房却继续发育。如果雄蕊损坏，没有传粉和受精，仍有果实形 成，但不会产生种子，如果雌蕊损坏，就不会有果实和种子的形成。 子房:发育成果实 子房壁:发育成果皮 胚珠:发育成种子 珠被:发育成种皮 受精卵:发育成胚 第三章、绿色植物与生物圈的水循环 第一节 绿色植物的生活需要水 1、水对植物体有着重要的作用。 (1)水是植物的重要组成成分 (2)水分可以保持植物的固有姿态 (3)水还是光合作用的原料之一; (4)无机盐只有溶解水中，才能被植物体吸收并运输到植物体的各个器官。 (5)植物吸取收水分进行蒸腾作用，能促进水分和无机盐的吸收和运输 2、水影响植物的分布 水在生物圈中分布是不均匀的，受水的影响生物圈中生物分布不同 第二节 水分进入植物体内的途径 1、根适于吸水的特点 (1)根吸水的部位的主要是根尖成熟区 (2)根适于吸水的特点:成熟区有大量的根毛，增大了吸水面积 2、植物体中水分的运输途径——导管， 导管:向上输送水分和无机盐，位于木质部内(木质部为植物木质部分) 3、植物体中有机物的运输途径——筛管 筛管:向下输送叶片光合作用产生的有机物，位于韧皮部(韧皮部为植物 树皮) 4、木本植物的茎中，在木质部和韧皮部之间有形成层，使得茎不断长粗。 第三节 绿色植物参与生物圈的水循环 1、蒸腾作用使植物体内水分大量散失 (1)、蒸腾作用:植物体体内的水分以气体的形式散失到体外的过程，叫做 蒸腾作用。 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第11页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, (2)蒸腾作用发生的部位:主要是通过叶片上的气孔来完成的。 (3)气孔是由一对半月形的保卫细胞围成的空腔，是植物水分散失的“门 户”，也是气体交换的“窗口”。 2、蒸腾作用的意义: (1)促进水、无机盐的吸收和运输;(2)可以降低叶面温度，防止灼伤 (3)提高大气湿度，增加降水等。 上表皮 表皮 下表皮 栅栏组织:细胞排列紧密 叶片的 3、 叶肉 海绵组织:细胞排列疏松 结构 导管:输送水和无机盐 叶脉 筛管:输送有机物 4、绿色植物参与了生物圈的水循环 植物的根部从土壤中吸收水分，绝大部分又通过蒸腾作用散失到空气中，形成降水，促进了水的循环。 第四章、绿色植物是生物圈中有机物的制造者 第一节 绿色植物通过光合作用制造有机物 1、天竺葵的实验 (1)暗处理:把天竺葵放到黑暗处一夜， 目的:让天竺葵在黑暗中把叶片中的，淀粉全部转运和消耗。 (2)对照实验:将一片叶子的一半的上下面用黑纸片遮盖， 目的:做对照实验，看看照光的部位和不照光的部位是不是都产生 淀粉。 (3)脱色:几个小时后把叶片放进酒精中隔水加热， 目的:脱色，溶解叶片中叶绿素便于观察。 (4)染色:用碘液染色 结论:淀粉遇碘变蓝，可见光部分进行光合作用，制造有机物 2、光合作用概念: 绿色植物利用光提供的能量，在叶绿体中合成了淀粉等有机物，并且把 光能转变成化学能，储存在有机物中，这个过程叫光合作用 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 3、光合作用实质: 绿色植物通过叶绿体，利用光能，把二氧化碳和水转化成储存能量的有 机物(如淀粉)，并且释放出氧气的过程。 4、光合作用意义: 绿色植物通过光合作用制造的有机物，不仅满足了自身生长、发育、繁殖的需要，而且为生物圈中的其他生物提供了基本的食物来源、氧气来源、能量来源。 第二节、绿色植物对有机物的利用 1、绿色植物对有机物的利用: (1)用来构建生物体;(2)为植物的生命活动提供能量 2、呼吸作用的概念: 细胞利用氧，将有机物分解成二氧化碳和水，并且将储存在有机物中 的能量释放出来，供给生命活动的需要，这个过程叫呼吸作用。 3、呼吸作用主要在细胞的线粒体中进行 4、呼吸作用意义: 生物通过呼吸作用分解有机物为生物的生命活动提供能量 5、呼吸作用反应式 线粒体 有机物+氧气 二氧化碳+水+能量 第五章 绿色植物与生物圈中的碳——氧平衡 1、光合作用产生氧气 2、绿色植物进行光合作用的原料:二氧化碳和水 4、光合作用反应式 光能 二氧化碳+水 有机物(贮存能量)+氧气 叶绿体 5、光合作用维持了生物圈中二氧化碳和氧气的平衡 6、光合作用在农业生产中的应用——合理密植 第六章、爱护植被，绿化祖国 1、我国主要的植被类型有以下几种:草原、荒漠、热带雨林、常绿阔叶林、 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand v第13页 alue to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 落叶阔叶林、针叶林。 2、我国植被面临的主要问题 植被覆盖率低， 森林资源和草原资源破坏严重 3、我国森林覆盖率16.55%， 4、我国每年3月12日为植树节 5、热带雨林——地球的肺， 6、生物圈的“绿色工厂”----绿色植物。 如果将绿叶比做制造有机物的“工厂”，它的机器是叶绿体，动力是光， 原料是二氧化碳和水，产物是有机物和氧气，条件是光和叶绿体。场所 是叶绿体，具体部位是叶绿体的细胞。 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,