氟塑料的品种及性能

氟塑料的品种及性能 氟塑料的品种及应用 塑料是各种含氟塑料的总称，由含氟单体如四氟乙烯、六氟丙烯、三氟氯乙烯、偏氟乙烯、氟乙烯、六氟异丁烯、全氟代烷基乙烯基醚及乙烯等单体通过均聚或共聚反应制得。主要的氟塑料品种列下，但按数量及用途来说以聚四氟乙烯为最重要。 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE，简称F4 ) 聚全氟代乙丙烯(FEP，简称F46) 聚三氟氯乙烯(ECTFE，简称F3) 聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF，简称F2) 聚氟乙烯(PVF，简称F1) 偏氟乙烯与三氟氯乙烯共聚物(Kel-F，简称F2 3) 偏氟乙烯与四氟乙烯共聚物(фOomph，简称F2 4) 偏氟乙烯与六氟丙烯共聚物(vitonA，简称F2 6) 三氟氯乙烯与乙烯共聚物(Halar，简称F3 0) 四氟乙烯与乙烯共聚物(Tefzel，简称F4 0) 偏氟乙烯与六氟异丁烯共聚物(CM-1) 四氟乙烯与全氟代烷基乙烯基醚共聚物一可熔性聚四氟乙烯(PEA) 以F4为代表的氟塑料具有一系列优良的使用特性，耐高温长期使用温度达200?;耐低温在-100?以下仍柔软，耐腐蚀能耐王水和切有机溶剂;耐气候有塑料中最佳的老化寿命;高绝缘体积电阻达1018欧姻?厘米，而且介电性能几乎与温度及频率的变化无关;高润滑具有塑料中最小的静摩擦系数;不粘附有固体材料中最小的表面张力而不粘附任何物质;无毒害具有生理惰性、宜与血液接触。由于氟塑料兼备以上种种实用性能、使它可在国民经济的许多领域大显身手。诸如化工防腐蚀管道及设备上的衬里和涂层、超纯物质的过泸材料、耐高低温的液压传递软管、耐各种 苛刻环境之密封垫圈、低摩擦之桥梁伸缩滑块、各类无油润滑活塞环、高温高频电子仪器的绝缘、可挠电缆、高级印刷线路板，有压电压热性能材料，无油烹调饮具的脱模涂层、人体血管及心肺脏器的代用品等等，都只是它在这些领域的代表性用途。完全可以相信，随着加工技术的进步，必将有更多的氟塑料产品应用在各行各业的各个部门。 在讨论氟塑料的物性时知道，氟塑料由于它的氟碳键键能很高以及氟原子的屏蔽作用，使它具有优良的耐化学腐蚀性能、介电性能、耐气候性能以及不燃不粘、低摩擦系数和较宽的使用温度范围等性能，因此，广泛应用于防腐蚀、密封、支承负荷、防粘、电气绝缘、医疗卫生及家庭日用品等方面，已成为现代尖端科学、国防工业、电子电气、化工、机械工业等不可缺少的重要材料之一。 氟塑料在整个塑料中占有的比例很少，但在我国实现四个现代化的过程中，它却是不可缺少的一个品种。随着经济建设的不断发展，氟塑料必将获得迅速的发展。 F4耐腐蚀管道及其配件的应用 F4管道可以作为输送腐蚀性或粘性液体的管道，也可作为腐蚀性气体的输送管、排气管和蒸气管等。因F4机械强度低，耐压性差，线膨胀系数大，而且，它的机械强度因温度升高而降低，易于变形，特别是在承受高温高压时矛盾更为突出，所以，F4管外及管配件外必须以玻璃钢或金属管加强。它们之间的连接均采用F4管属紧衬里管，即玻璃钢与F4管粘结成一整体。它可克服不同材质间不同线膨胀系数所引起的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，可作为承受负压系统的输送管道，并能防止大气及环境对管道的腐蚀。由于有些流体在一定流速下与管壁经常发生摩擦，易产生静电而导致管壁击穿，应采取电位相等的导电措施加以防止，或在成型内管及其配件时加入适量碳墨，以防止产生静电并减少因热胀冷缩而引起的尺寸变化。 聚四氟乙烯是目前氟塑料中用量最大的品种，约占其总需求量的60,，它的性能优异，受用户信赖。其他氟塑料在半导体、医疗、电线被覆等领域的应用也在扩大。氟塑料的用途可概括为: 1.利用其耐药品性 撅塑料在耐药品性方面的应用早已不局限于制造密封圈、衬垫、管件，在其他需要耐腐蚀的部件(如管道)上的用星也日益增加。随着原料和加工技术的进步，氟塑料的成型方式又扩大厂选择幅度:如采用注射成型可大幅度提高生产效率，小批量生产时可采用切削加工工艺，聚四氟乙烯粘接和焊接技术的开发使制造大型贮槽和设备衬里有了可能，FEP粉末喷涂工艺使加工更加灵活、方便。半导体生产过程中防腐蚀、防污染已更多地采用氟塑料。 2(机械工业领域 聚四氟乙烯的的摩擦系数小，其静摩擦系数低于动摩擦系数，可用于低速高负荷领域，如在土建、化工、桥梁等结构件中可解决热膨胀和震动引起的伸缩问题。具体应用有: (1)防污染机械(如纺织、造纸、制药、食品机械)的轴承轴套; (2)输送碱、溶剂等非润滑液体的机械(如搅拌机、染色机、泵); (3)在酸、碱等腐蚀性环境(如电镀浴槽化工设备)下工作的轴套; (4)禁油润滑(如制氧设备); (5)元油润滑(如超低温冷冻机、液体燃料泵); (6)油润滑效果不良的环境下(加高温干燥机、炉内台午、炉内传送带)工作的滑动部件; (7)低速高负荷状态下的滑动部件〔可动支承)。 3(电气领域 氟塑料是难燃材料(临界氧指数高又而腐蚀，可作电线的绝缘层。 ETFElPvDF的绝缘电阻、绝缘强度都高，机械强度也优(qT用于计算机、通信机电缆。利用其耐候性、耐辐照等特性可用于油井及核反应堆小的电缆。利用其高频下相对介电常数与介电损耗均低的特点可用于通信设备、高频电了仪器，将PTFE与炭黑、碳纤维这类导电物质混合可作为防静电材料和发热元件材料。PvDF也可制成压电元件用于无线电行业及仪器仪表行业。 4(不粘性 利用氟塑料的不粘性可以制造厨房设备(如不粘锅、点心模具)、高级建筑物的外墙涂层、泡沫塑料成型模具、复印机辊筒等。此外在人造血管、心脏瓣片等医学土物工程材料、气体分离膜、防水透气复合织物等方面的用途也日益广泛。 聚四氟乙烯的性能及用途 作者:洛阳轴承研究所 张素娥 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)以其优异的耐高低温性能和化学稳定性、很好的电绝缘性能、非粘附性、耐候性、阻燃性和良好的自润滑性，已在化工、石油、纺织、电子电气、医疗、机械等领域获得了广泛应用。 在氟塑料中聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的消耗量最大，用途最广，是氟塑料中的一个重要品种。PTFE具有优异的耐高低温性能和化学稳定性、很好的电绝缘性能、非粘附性、耐候性、阻燃性和良好的自润滑性，有“塑料王”之美称。该材料最早是为国防和尖端技术需要而开发的，而后逐渐推广到民用，其用途涉及航空航天和民用的许多方面，目前在其应用领域已成为不可或缺的材料。 PTFE的性能特点 PTFE是由四氟乙烯单体聚合而成的聚合物，是一种类似于PE的透明或不透明的蜡状物，其密度为2.2g/cm3,吸水率小于0.01%。它的化学结构与PE相似，只是聚乙烯中的全部氢原子都被氟原子所取代。由于C-F键键能高，性能稳定，因而其耐化学腐蚀性极佳，能够承受除了熔融的碱金属、氟化介质以及高于300?的氢氧化钠之外的所有强酸(包括王水)，以及强氧化剂、还原剂和各种有机溶剂的作用;PTFE分子中F原子对称，C-F键中两种元素以共价键结合，分子中没有游离的电子，使整个分子呈中性，因此它具有优良的介电性能，而且其电绝缘性不受环境及频率的影响。它的体积电阻大于1017健 m，介电损耗小，击穿电压高、耐电弧性好，能在250?的电气环境下长期工作;因PTFE分子结构中没有氢键，结构对称，所以它的结晶度很高(一般结晶度为55%~75%，有时高达94%)，使PTFE 耐热性能极好，其熔融温度为324?，分解温度为415?，最高使用温度为250?，脆化温度为-190?，热变形温度(0.46MPa条件下)为120?。PTFE的力学性能良好，其拉伸强度为21~28MPa，弯曲强度为11~14MPa，伸长率为250%~300%，对钢的动静摩擦系数均为0.04,比尼龙、聚甲醛、聚酯塑料的摩擦系数都小，具体数值见表1。 纯PTFE强度低、耐磨性差以及耐蠕变性不好,通常要在PTFE聚合物中添加一些无机颗粒，如石墨、二硫化钼、三氧化二铝、玻纤、碳纤维等来提高其力学性能;也可利用与其他聚合物如聚苯酯(PHB)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚全氟(乙烯/丙烯)共聚物(PFEP)等共混的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 来扩展其阻尼温度范围，提高其耐蠕变性。 PTFE的用途 PTFE独特的性能使其在化工、石油、纺织、食品、造纸、医学、电子和机械等工业和海洋作业领域都有着广泛的应用。 1、防腐蚀性能的应用 由于橡胶、玻璃、金属合金等材料在耐腐蚀方面存在缺陷，难以满足条件苛刻的温度、压力和化学介质共存的环境，由此造成的损失相当惊人。而PTFE材料以其卓越的耐腐蚀性能，业已成为石油、化工、纺织等行业的主要耐腐蚀材料。其具体应用包括:输送腐蚀性气体的输送管、排气管、蒸汽管，轧钢机高压油管，飞机液压系统和冷压系统的高中低压管道，精馏塔、热交换器，釜、塔、槽的衬里，阀门等化工设备。 密封件的性能好坏对整个机器设备的效率与性能都有很大的影响。PTFE材料具有的耐腐蚀、耐老化、低摩擦系数及不粘性、耐温范围广、弹性好的特性使其非常适合应用于制造耐腐蚀要求高，使用温度高于100?的密封件。如机器、热交换器、高压容器、大直径容器、阀门、泵的槽形法兰的密封件，玻璃反应锅、平面法兰、大直径法兰的密封件，轴、活塞杆、阀门杆、蜗轮泵、拉杆的密封件等等。 2、低摩擦性能在载荷方面的应用 由于有的设备的摩擦部分不宜加油润滑，比如在润滑油脂会被溶剂溶解而失效的场合或者造纸、制药、食品、纺织等工业领域的产品需要避免润滑油沾污，这就使填充PTFE材料成为机械设备零件无油润滑(直接承受载荷)的最理想材料。这是因为该材料的摩擦系数是已知固体材料中最低的。其具体用途包括用于化工设备、造纸机械、农业机械的轴承，用作活塞环、机床导轨、导向环;在土木建筑工程广泛用作桥梁、隧道、钢结构屋架、大型化工管道、贮槽的支承滑块，以及用作桥梁支座和架桥转体等。 3、在电子电气方面的应用 PTFE材料固有的低损耗与小介电常数使其可做成漆包线，以用于微型电机、热电偶、控制装置等;PTFE薄膜是制造电容器、无线电绝缘衬垫、绝缘电缆、马达及变压器的理想绝缘材料，也是航空航天等工业电子部件不可缺少的材料之一;利用氟塑料薄膜对氧气透过性大，而对水蒸汽的透过性小的这种选择透过性，可制造氧气传感器;利用氟塑料在高温、高压下发生极向电荷偏离现象的特性，可制造麦克风、扬声器、机器人上的零件等;利用其低折射率的特性，可制造光导纤维。 4、在医疗医药方面的应用 膨体PTFE材料是纯惰性的，具有非常强的生物适应性，不会引起机体的排斥，对人体无生理副作用，可用任何方法消毒，且具有多微孔结构，从而可用于多种康复解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，包括用于软组织再生的人造血管和补片以及用于血管、心脏、普通外科和整形外科的手术缝合。 5、防粘性能的应用 PTFE材料具有固体材料中最小的表面张力，不粘附任何物质，同时还具有耐高低温优良的特性，从而使其在诸如制造不粘锅的防粘方面的应用非常广泛。其防粘工艺主要包括两种:把PTFE部件或薄片安装在基体上，以及把PTFE涂层或与玻璃复合的漆布经过热收缩而套在基材上。 随着材料应用技术的不断发展，PTFE材料的三大缺点:冷流性、难焊接性、难熔融加工性正在逐渐被克服，从而使它在光学、电子、医学、石油化工输油防渗等多种领域的应用前景更加广阔。 (end) 三、氟塑料绝缘耐高温防腐控制电缆的使用特性与结构 ?1、产品执行 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 :Q/HBF010-2004 ?2、交流额定电压:U0/U 450/750V 。 ?3、聚全氟乙丙烯(F46)绝缘聚全氟乙丙烯(F46)护套电缆导体的长期允许工作温度为200?，短路时(最长持续时间不超过5s)电缆导体的最高温度不超 过500?。可溶性聚四氟乙烯(F4)绝缘可溶性聚四氟乙烯(F4)护套电缆导体的长期允许工作温度为250?。短路时(最长持续时间不超过5s)电缆导体的最 高温度不超过600?。 ?4、电缆的敷设环境温度:固定敷设不低于-60?，非固定敷设不低于-20?。推荐的允许弯曲半径:无铠装层的电缆，应不小于电缆外径的10倍。有铠装或 铜带屏蔽结构的电缆，应不小于电缆外径的12倍。采用第五类导体结构的软电缆(包括有屏蔽层 结构的)，应不小于电缆外径的8倍。 ?5、电缆结构参数(见表1) 表 1 20?时直流电阻不大于 Ω/km 最高工作温度 2导体标称截面mm 导体种类 绝缘电阻不小于 铜导体或 其它镀金属 MΩ?km 镀银铜导体 铜导体 0.5 5 39.0 40.1 0.0130 0.75 1 24.5 24.8 0.0110 0.75 2 24.5 24.8 0.0110 0.75 5 26.0 26.7 0.0110 1.0 1 18.1 18.2 0.0100 1.0 2 18.1 18.2 0.0100 1.0 5 19.5 20.0 0.0100 1.5 1 12.1 12.2 0.0100 1.5 2 12.1 12.2 0.0100 1.5 5 13.3 13.7 0.0100 2.5 1 7.41 7.56 0.0100 2.5 2 7.41 7.56 0.0090 2.5 5 7.98 8.21 0.0090 4 1 4.61 4.70 0.0085 4 2 4.61 4.70 0.0085 4 5 4.61 4.70 0.0070 6 1 3.08 3.11 0.0065 6 2 3.08 3.11 0.0065 6 5 3.08 3.11 0.0060 10 2 1.83 1.84 0.0050 四、氟塑料绝缘耐高温防腐电力电缆的使用特性 ?1、产品执行企业标准。 ?2、交流额定电压:U0/U 0.6/1kV 。 ?3、聚全氟乙丙烯(F46)绝缘聚全氟乙丙烯(F46)护套电缆导体的长期允许工作温度为200?，短路时(最长持续时间不超过5s)电缆导体的最高温度不超过500?。 可溶性聚四氟乙烯(F4)绝缘可溶性聚四氟乙烯(F4)护套电缆导体的长期允许工作温度为250?。短路时(最长持续时间不超过5s)电缆导体的最高温度不超过600?。 ?4、电缆的敷设环境温度:固定敷设不低于-60?，非固定敷设不低于-20?。推荐的允许弯曲半径:无铠装层的电缆，应不小于电缆外径的10倍。 有铠装或铜带屏蔽结构的电缆，应不小于电缆外径的12倍。采用第五类导体结构的软电缆(包括有屏蔽层结构的)，应不小于电缆外径的8倍。 F26 F30 F4(PTFE) F40(PETFE) F46(FEP) PFA 3 密度:2.1,2.2g/cm3 33 3 密度:2.17g/cm 密度:1.78g/cm密度:1.73,1.75g/cm密度:2.1,2.2g/cm抗拉强度:20,30MPa(悬浮) 机械 熔点;265,270? 熔点;260,266? 熔点;302,310? 16,25 MPa(分散) 抗拉强度:42,51MPa 抗拉强度:20,30MPa 抗拉强度:31MPa 断裂伸长率:250,400% 性能 断裂伸长率:100,400% 断裂伸长率:250,330% 断裂伸长率:300% 相对介电常数1kHZ :2.1 相对介电常数1000HZ :相对介电常数1MHZ :2.1 相对介电常数1kHZ :2.1 181818体积电阻率,10Ω.cm 2.6 体积电阻率,2*10体积电阻率,10Ω.cm 介电强度:400,500F40的介质损耗角正切Ω.cm F4的介质损耗角正切tg(V/0.001in) tgδ在1000HZ时为击穿场强:20-25MV /m δ在1000HZ时为0.002 电性能 F4的介质损耗角正切tgδ在0.0008 F46的介质损耗角正切击穿场强:20-25MV /m 1000HZ时为0.0002 室温时体积电阻率可达tgδ在1000HZ时为 16击穿场强:200kV/mm 到10Ω.cm 0.0002 击穿场强:16MV /m 它在-200,+180?的范-200,+260?可以短时可以在-60,+260?下使具有相当高的耐热性和耐低围内能保持有实际所需间使用，在-85,+200?用。 耐温 温性能，可以在-60,+260? 要的强度和伸长率。 的温度范围内连续使用。 冲击脆化温度,-80? 下使用。 冲击脆化温度,-80? 冲击脆化温度,-80? 性能 脆化温度为-190?， 1.有很好的耐湿性和耐水性，1.机械强度高、耐应力1.具有突出的耐化学稳1.优良的电绝缘性能，tg侵水后绝缘电阻基本不变。 开裂性好，重量轻，成定性， δ和ε受频率的影响很2.耐气候性优良， 本低， 2.抗氧化性能非常好， 小，介电特性优良。 3.具有突出的耐化学稳定性，2.电绝缘性能优良 耐大气稳定性高。 2.具有优异的热稳定性 使用 不受强腐蚀性的化学试剂侵3.耐大气老化性能优3.耐辐照性能比F4好 3.耐化学药品性能优良， 蚀。 良，耐辐照性能优良 4.常温下具有较好的耐4.易于加工，宜采用挤管性能 4.加工困难，工艺性能较差，4.F40具有优良的耐切蠕变性， 式拉伸模具 不能连续挤制，生产效率低。 割性，高温下的耐蠕变5. 耐辐照性能差。 5. 耐辐照性能优良。 5.耐辐照性能差。 性和低温下的耐冲击性 能均优于F4。 变频电缆结构设计 变频装置的节能效果十分明显，在大功率电机中采用变频调速电机，整个发电机组可节电30,。并且使用变频调速后，实现了电机的软启动，使电机工作平稳，电机轴承磨损减小，延长了电机使用寿命和维护周期。因此，变频调速技术在石油、冶金、发电、铁路、矿山等工业方面得到了广泛的使用。 1(电缆对称性设计 对于1.8,3KV及以下变频电机专用电缆，和对称3，1芯和4芯电缆仅可用于主电源的输入缆，但最好使用对称结构电缆。变频器与变频电机间用电缆均需采用对称电缆结构，对称电缆结构有3芯和3+3芯两种， 3+3芯电缆结构是将三大一小四芯绝缘线芯中第四芯(中性线芯)分解为三个截面较小的绝缘线芯，把三大三小线芯对称成缆，对于6,10kV变频电机专用电缆，该电缆结构与6,10kV普通电力电缆有所不同，普通电力电缆是将三根绝缘线芯采用铜带屏蔽后成缆，而变频电机专用电缆是由铜丝铜带屏蔽后挤包分相护套，然后对称成缆，对称电缆结构由于导线的互换性，有更好的电磁相容性，对抑制电磁干扰起到一定的作用，能抵消高次谐彼中的奇次频率，提高变频电机专用电缆的抗干扰性，减少了整个系统中的电磁辐射。 2(屏蔽结构的设计 1.8/3kV及以下变频电机专用电缆的屏蔽一般采用总屏蔽， 6/10kv变频电机专用电缆屏蔽由分相屏蔽和总屏蔽构成，分相屏蔽一般可采用铜带屏蔽或铜丝铜带组合屏蔽。总屏蔽结构可采用铜丝铜带组合屏蔽、铜丝编织屏蔽、铜带屏蔽、铜丝编织铜带屏蔽等，屏蔽层截面与主线芯截面按一定比例。此结构的屏蔽电缆可抗电磁感应、接地不良和电源线传导干扰，减小电感，防止感应电动势过大。屏蔽层既起到抑制电磁波对外发射的作用，又可作为短路电流的通道，能起到中性线芯的保护作用。6/10kV变频电机专用电缆，考虑到电缆在使用过程中经常受到径向外力作用，在电缆屏蔽层外增加镀锌钢带销装层(在屏蔽层和钢带销装层之间加隔离套)。钢带铠装主要是作为电缆的径向机械保护层，同时它也起到附加性总屏蔽作用，特别是钢带铠装和铜丝、铜带屏蔽，是采用了两种不同屏蔽材料，在电磁波屏蔽上起到一定的互补作用，屏蔽效果将更好。 3(电缆电气性能设计 1.8,3kV及以下变频电机专用电缆电气性能均按GB/Tl2706， 2002标准设计。6/10kV变频电机专用电缆在满足GBT/l2706(2002标准外， 增加了电容和电感等电性能要求。根据变频电机专用电缆的实际使用情况并参照GB/T 12706(2002和ABB日公司对电力传动电缆的技术条件，确定了电缆的电气性能参数。 4(电缆的主要制造工艺技求 在变频电机专用电缆生产过程中，绝缘线芯挤包工序、成缆工序等是最关键的工序。 绝缘线芯挤包工序绝缘线芯的质量将直接影响到电缆的电气性能。为了提高电缆的质量，我们选择高电性能绝缘材料生产，例如1.8/3kv变频电机专用电缆，采用10kV交联绝缘材料，6/10kv变频电机专用电缆采用35kv交联绝缘材料，导体屏蔽、绝缘屏蔽和绝缘材料均采用了进口材料。在生产过程中，我们特别注重原材料的净化，屏蔽与绝缘材料挤包紧密，控制绝缘偏心度和绝缘外径的均匀一致，这样可减少界面效应，提高电缆电气性能。 成缆工序变频电缆要求结构对称，成缆时必须保证绝缘线芯张力均匀，使成缆后的线芯长度尽量保持一致，否则会引起结构变化，导致电容和电感的不均匀性，影响电缆的电气性能。 变频电缆的结构及附加试验讨论 了解变频电缆工作特点之后，就不难从电缆结构改进来解决上述三个问题。 1.绝缘的电气击穿问题 变频电机大量应用后，大多数情况选用一般电力电缆，如聚氯乙烯绝缘、护套电缆或交联聚乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套电缆，由于电缆本身耐压水平较高，很少发生电缆本体击穿。这与上述深井油泵电缆击穿事故显然不同，深井油泵电缆采用聚酰亚胺/聚全氟乙丙烯复合薄膜绕包烧结和乙丙橡胶双层绝缘，从厚度和绝缘密实来看并不理想，油泵电缆长度超过3千米，油井的工作环境严酷，电缆处在高温、高压、含油和含水的条件中工作，其绝缘性能比较脆弱，当运行过程中受到多种恶劣因素的侵蚀后发生电、热因子交错作用而导致绝缘击穿。为何电缆在工频下能长期运行而变频下几小时内击穿? 这决不是老化问题，基本上可归结于高频脉冲电压的影响。一般陆用情况下，采用聚氯 乙烯绝缘并不理想，因为其介质损耗偏大。交联聚乙烯绝缘较为满意，它兼有机、电、热等优良性能。电缆绝缘厚度可采用1kV 电压等级的规定，若适当加厚，当然更为可靠，这对变频电缆更为有利。 2.高频电磁波对环境污染问题 虽然目前没有国家 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 规定电缆发射电磁波造成环境污染的考核指标，但抑制对外高频干扰是必须做到的。对于四芯低压电缆，首先是改善绝缘线芯的排列，假如电缆的四个芯直接成缆，是不对称结构，如果将第四芯分解为三个截面较小的绝缘芯，把三大三小线芯对称成缆,二种情况相比较，对称型比较有利。第二应认为更重要的是加强总屏蔽结构。制造者习惯采用铜线编织屏蔽，实际上这并不是好方法，材料消耗大、加工速度慢、屏蔽效应不是最理想。采用铜带搭盖纵包并轧纹是较为先进的结构和工艺，形成了全封闭金属层，只要厚度适当，可达到有效的屏蔽功能。而这种工艺及其所用的材料在光缆领域中已十分普遍，铜带厚度不能太薄，以保证抑制电磁波对外发射。 3.屏蔽层接地措施 屏蔽层接地良好是抑制电磁波对外发射的必要条件，铜线编织屏蔽的接地方式较容易解决，而纵包铜带轧纹屏蔽需用专用夹具接地，夹具与轧纹铜管的接触面应当吻合，接地线由夹具尾端引出。 4.外护套 这种电缆大多数敷设在室内，一般不需铠装，虽然不完全排除用聚氯乙烯护套，但选用高密度聚乙烯更为合适。 5.电缆的附加试验一般低压电缆不需要进行脉冲电压试验，如IEC 60502 标准仅对 3.6/6 kV 及以上的电缆才规定进行脉冲电压试验。变频电机的连接电缆情况略有不同，需要承受高频脉冲电压。高频波振幅可达1200,1900 V ，振铃频率约 100,2000 kHz ，对电缆进行脉冲电压试验(型式试验)是体现电缆绝缘水平。试验可参考IEC 60502 标准，即施加正负各十次脉冲电压试验，试验电压可考虑 40 kV ，但需要进一步验证，是否必要工厂也可自行决定。 三、3.6/6 , 6/10 kV中压变频电缆的发展由于机械装备大型化，需要电机容量也配套扩大，相应变频电源的输出电流也要求增大，但受到大电流变频元件的限制，进一步提高电流容量技术发展受到限制。但另一方面提高变频电源输出电压相对比较容易，提高电压后,中压变频电机功率可大幅度增加，此时电缆的电压等级也必须跟上。目前3.6/6 , 6/10 kV中压变频电缆已有投入使用，从绝缘结构和电气、机械、物理性能上说，可以与电力电缆等同，交联聚乙烯显然是首选绝缘材料，如果在敷设时要求柔软，采用乙丙橡胶绝缘也有一定的优点。由于工作电压的提高，高频电磁波的发射能力明显增强，所以屏蔽结构要求更完善。在变频电缆工作条件下，同轴电缆是一种合适的结构，所以变频电缆的三个主线芯采用同轴结构，总屏蔽的结构与低压变频电缆相同。四、结束语变频电机用交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆是一种新的系列产品，目前还不能说很成熟，技术上比较容易解决。尽管市场的总需求量并不很大，但这种电缆的发展很有前途，中型及以上的变频电机应当采用这类专用电缆，至于小型变频电机用变频电缆，归入此范畴也未尝不可，当前对这类产品的行业标准也可提上日程。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.