英语论文模板(格式)

On Extra-curricular Activities and Cultivation of English Communicative Ability of College Students Applicant: XX Supervisor: XX Faculty: XXX May 10, 2008 XXX University 摘要 (ii) Abstract (iii) 1. Introduction (1) 1.1 The Significance of Topic (1) 1.2 Research Methods (1) 2. Theory Research (1) 2.1 Linguistics Rationale (1) 2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes (1) 2.1.2 Theory of Communicative Competence by Canale & Swain (2) 2.1.3 Theory of Communicative Competence by Bachman (2) 2.2 Theoretical Basis of the Topic (2) 2.2.1 Piaget's Theory (2) 2.2.2 American Scholar-- Alan Andean &Weir about ― Role Play............‖.. (3) 2.3 Related Studies (3) 2.3.1 Researches Abroad (3) 2.3.2 Researches in China (3) 3. Presentation of the English Teaching (4) 3.1 The Drawbacks of Traditional Teaching Methods (4) 3.2 Modern Interest Teaching—— CLT (4) 3.2.1 Definition of CLT (4) 3.2.2 The Content and Substance of CLT (5) 3.2.3 CLT in the Use of English Out-of-class Activities .................................................. 4. Out-of-class Activities and Cultivation of Communication Ability ............................................. 4.1 The Role of Out-of-class Activities in Training of Communication Ability ....................... 6 6 6 4.2 Current Situation of College Students 4.3 Analysis on the Causes for Problems (8) 4.4 Carrying Out the Out-of-class Activities in Scientific and Effective Way (9) -of-class’LeaOutrning (7) 4.5 A Suggested Framework for Strategy Study (11) 4.5.1 Introduction (11) 4.5.2 An Out-of-class English Learning Center (11) 5. Conclusion (12) Bibliography (14) American society linguist Dwell Hymes thinks: Communicative competence not only includes the understanding and grasp to a form of language, but also includes the understanding and mastering in when and where, and how and to whom to use language appropriate form of the communication systems of knowledge. As an extension of the classroom, out-of-class activities play a vital role in improving the capacity of college English communication. It can create communication situation, so that students can bring full play with initiative and creativity. Improve the communicative ability and develop the quality of the students comprehensively. From the perspective of Applied Linguistics, this essay tries to study the idea and practice of English activity course in college school, for the purpose of fostering students interest in English communication, improving their English language ability, giving full play to their individuality and specialty and developing their thinking ability and communicating ability. Finally, in order to improve the college students' learning strategy, the essay will provide a suggested framework for strategy training based on the results of this investigation. Key words:college students, communicative competence, learning strategies, out-of-class activities 1. Introduction 1.1 The Significance of Topic English is the international language of the common. In order to learn advanced scientific knowledge in the developed countries, to strengthen economic trade with all countries, the importance of English is easily obvious. However, the teaching methods and teaching effectiveness of our schools in China are worrisome. In the recent years people usually think the English condition of Chinese students as ―mute English ―deafEnglish‖T.heir English learning starts from the primary school, with a long period of seven years, eight years, or even 10 years, they still can not use English to make dialogue, can not understand when the Britain and the Americans speak. The reason is that the exam-oriented education can cultivate students who are only good at examinations, overlooking to raise their overall quality. Out-of-class English learning may enable them related knowledge, further their skills. 1.2 Research Methods The main methods for the study are insisting on combining the theory with practice and widely referring to the domestic and foreign literature material. On the basis of this analysis and research, some regular understandings are to be summarized. Put forward proposals to improve. 2. Theory Research 2.1 Linguistics Rationale 2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes In 1972, Hymes delivered a speechentitled―Oncommunicative competence‖ , put―communicative competence‖ as a highly complex system of the knowledge and skills. It can be summarized as a person’ asbility to use the language. It mainly includes four aspects: grammaticality, acceptability, appropriate, and actual operational. The communicative competence is including a person's language knowledge, society cultural knowledge, literary knowledge, cognitive capacity, emotion factor and other knowledge. Therefore, foreign language teaching's duty cannot merely confine to the instruction of language knowledge. His―On communicative competence‖ theory has provided the theory basis for communicative language teaching. 2.1.2 Theory of Communicative Competence by Canale & Swain In the 1980s, Kanami and Swindon theory of communicative ability enriched the theory of Hymes. They think that communication capabilities include: Grammar ability, social language skills, discourse competence and strategy ability. The practice has proved that their theory is the guiding of the language teaching and standard of the testing programmatic. 2.1.3 Theory of Communicative Competence by Bachman On the basis of various theories, Bachman concluded and proposed the theory of communicative language ability. He believes that communicative language ability is composed of three parts: language competence,strategy ability and psychological mechanism capacity. Apart from enriching exposition of the language ability, the strategy will be in the capacity as an independent part of the languageskills. And explain the relative importance of implementation factor. 2.2 Theoretical Basis of the Topic 2.2.1 Piaget's Theory Constructivist learning concept proposed that knowledge is not simply to be taught by teachers, but to be learned by each student in a certain situation (social and cultural background).Students can obtain knowledge and information by making use of other people, using the necessary learning materials through interpersonal cooperation, and taking the initiative to construct meaning. Therefore, the "situation", "collaboration" and "conversation" and "constructing meaning" are the four elements in the learning environment. 2.2.2 American Scholar--Alan Andean&Weir about“ Role Play” ―Roleplay teaching model will simulate the process of contact between members of the society. Students through the way of consultation, study each kind of academic knowledge, in order that they can solve the social problem effectively in the future. 2.3 Related Studies 2.3.1 Researches Abroad The overseas studies on out-of-class activities may trace to the Plato and Rousseautime. Plato is the renowned philosopher in ancient Greece.He advocates ―thechild play-ground educational mode. That is the prototype of extra-curricular activities. By the time of French Enlightenment and Rousseau (18th century), "direct experience" has received wide acceptance. Rousseau stressed "outside world without books, no materials other than the facts", and advocated "natural" mode of education. To the United Statesin the 19th century, the first school in the world which use activity curriculum theory as teaching guidance--- Dewey's Chicago experimental school, has founded. With 1896---1903 Dewey Chicago experimental courses in school activities the United States began to criticize the traditional courses. Instead of it are the out-of-class educational activities. These activity courses are based on the pragmatism, lasted more than 50 years in American schools, and their affects are profound and widespread. 2.3.2 Researches in China In our country, no matter what stage,thesecourses have different names, for example, out-of-class activities, the second classroom, class activities, integrated social practice and so on. The process of changes is closely related to our theoretical study courses.In history, the development of activity coursesis closely related the progress and reform and guiding rules of the government. 3. Presentation of the English Teaching 3.1 The Drawbacks of Traditional Teaching Methods Reviewing the traditional English teaching method, in the past decades we have indeed made the very big progress.But with social progress and development, its shortcomings are also increasingly revealed. First, because the Chinese test system is imperfect, the traditional English teaching method is just an examination-oriented education model. In this teaching, evaluation of English level is to see the scores.This causes many studentsto get a high score, but they can not communicate with people using English. Secondly, in the traditional English teaching, teacher is the leader, takes the most important part in the classroom. The teacher stands on the platform proposing the questions, analyzing and explaining them, grasping the entire teaching process. And the student is just passive audience, understandsthe content passively, and records the massive notes. Such teaching method does not have interaction; hardly train student’cosmmunicative ability and language ability. Third, in teaching, to stress the accuracy of knowledge, teachers usually use Chinese to explain. So students have very little opportunity to communicate using English. Obviously, the traditional English teaching is knowledge-based.Compared with the language plastic function, it pays more attention to the form of language and the grammatical function, rather than raises the communication and utilization ability of it. 3.2 Modern Interest Teaching——CLT 3.2.1 Definition of CLT The content of communicative language teaching is mainly on the language functions. Emphasis carries on language teaching in the real scene, advocating teaching processto socialization, and cultivating the ability of application, studying for the purpose of application. While prominent communicative languageteaching, auxiliary by some grammar, translation, sentence and so on, is based on the goal to promote the culture language communicative competence. The core of communicative language teaching is to put the teaching process as a process of communication. The basic principles of teaching may be summarized: The language is the information carrier, is the tool of communications. The language teaching must realize communication through each kind of activities. Language utilization's smoothnessis more important than accuracy. Making mistake is natural and inevitable; we may correct them gradually in the learning process. Students should take the main part in teaching process. The teacher must stimulate the students' enthusiasm and initiative participation; make students enhance communication ability in the language utilization. Communicative language teaching advocated the fully participation of the students.Teacher'sduty is to provide and create the real human relations scene,enablestudentsto utilize the languagefreely and initiatively. 3.2.2 The Content and Substance of CLT The purposeof the communicative languageteaching is to cultivate students' communication ability. It’ thse heuristic method of teaching. Induce the studentsto speak English boldly. Provide as much as possible drill opportunities for students. But it does not mean that the communicative language teaching only pays great attention to the oral English, repelling the grammar teaching. The cultivation of communication capability should manifest in the form of four aspects of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Indeed, in communicative language teaching, some teachers pursue the spoken language simply, no matter whether the students can follow and understand or not. As a result the majority of students only learn some spoken languages, butthe knowledge study is not solid, and polarization appears obviously. This indicates that these teachersdo not understandthe communicative language teaching rightly and completely. In the teaching, listening, speaking, reading, writing is inalienable and related closely. They are interactive with each other. The teacher should help student get knowledge, rather than instill it into the students. There have been interactions between teachers and students. They should coordinate closely, complete the instruction together. 3.2.3 CLT in the Use of English Out-of-class Activities According to students' major character and employment need, make sure student's understanding domain, emotion domain and skill domain, and then carry on the goal stipulation in detail. Arrange the out-of-class activities content, thus establish English out-of-class activities target system. And the process of teaching is the processin which teachers and studentsinteract with each other. The teacher should give studentsenough free spaceto display, do not criticize them eagerly, point out mistakes, make the summary or decide the answer. This may avoid students being discouraged, but cause them to have the sense of achievement, form the interests in the communicative activities. The expression of studentsis limited; teachers should adopt various means to enable students to have sufficient information added, and quickly change into actual communication ability. In addition, the design of English out-of-class activities is diversified. It can make teachersto teach through playing, cause the student to become the truly independent learner gradually. 4. Out-of-class Activities and Cultivation of Communication Ability 4.1 The Role of Out-of-class Activities in Training of Communication Ability Out-of-class activities are an effective way to develop communicative competence. The classroom instruction and the out-of-class activities are two important constituents in the foreign language teaching system. The foreign language classroom instruction is the basic teaching form, plays the leading role. However, it is undeniable that out-of-class activities play an active role in cultivating communicative ability. It can consolidate and strengthen the classroom knowledge, so that the knowledge can be improved further through out-of-class activities. The theme of extra-curricular activities can be combined with classroom teaching. They infiltrate mutually, the glossary is related to classroom subject, the sentenceand language synthesis utilization ability which could be improved gradually in the practice of out-of-class activities. The goal of foreign language extra-curricular activities is just to enhancethe ability of students' language communication. These hot topics of life as well as various practices, with the real natural language environment, could arouse students' study enthusiasmand display their intelligence. Let studentsstudy and consolidate English in each kind of activities, enhancetheir foreign language communication skills. 4.2 Current Situation of College Students -o’f-clOutass Learning As we know,English learning is not restricted in class,and out-of-class learning is also a very important part. Especially for college students, their class time is very limited, so their English learning has to depend on their out-of-class learning. As pointed out by professor Zhe, from Beijing University, there are only 288 class periods for college students, while language learning is arduous work. Class time is very limited, so we should teach students how to learn English rather than teach English. As we know, to a great extent, their English proficiency dependson their own learning. Compared with in-class learning, out-of-class learning is particularly important. It has its unique advantages: first, there is plenty of spare time to exploit for learners, which is the crucial condition for successful learning; second, out-of-class learning can provide learners real world practice. Additionally, they can help learners broaden their scope of vision and cultivate their learning ability. But for a long time, influenced by our traditional teaching and learning, college students out-of-class learning is far from being satisfactory. The disordered phenomenain learning are very serious, exactly, most college students just learn English blindly according to their own interests, lacking systematical learning plan. Especially, for the freshmen and second-year students, they are often free at beginning and busy when an examination is coming, so their out-of-class learning is often at will and loose. That is to say they have no goals, no directions and no management. They often feel nothing to do or don ’ t know how to do. What ’ s more, most of them are used to depending on the teachers and the textbooks and not accustomed to the learning situation without homework. On the other hand, to our disappointment, facing this serious situation, the colleges and the teachers don ’ t carry out effective measures to organize and direct the students’ -outof-class learning. The phenomena become a big barrier for learners to promote their English proficiency. Therefore now, changing this unfavorable situation becomes an urgent task. 4.3 Analysis on the Causes for Problems After you have learned the current situation of the college students -of-class ’ out learning, I think you can ’ t help askingt the whacause for this serious situation is. Of cause,the reasonsare various. Taking the college students features of out-of-class learning into consideration, we find that the basic causeis the students previous English learning experience. Before these studentscame to college, they had six or seven years of English learning. This learning experience has laid strong influence on their current college English learning. The teachers nearly dominate every aspect of the learners ’ lea including their out-of-class learning, and the students seldom get the real independent out-of-class learning, most of the out-of-class learning is devoted to homework or other tasks required by the teachers. In learning, the learners are usually led by their teachers anddon’ t have to decide how long they should learn and what materials they should choose. Gradually, the learners began to depend on the teachers for everything in learning; as a result, studentshave long been accustomedto learn dependently. They tend to depend on one or two books and the teachers, while they are not aware of the crucial role of themselves. Inherently, this kind of learning experience leads to the lack of the learning strategies. We find that the students are exactly lacking three groups of learning strategies. First, they do not have the necessarymeta-cognitive strategies,so they just blindly learn according to their interests. The situation inevitably leads to no plans, no goals and no directions. That is why many students claim that they get used to constant compulsion, supervision and assignment deadlines, for they feel unable to timetable themselves and take responsibility for their own learning if no one forces them. Second, they have no appropriate cognitive strategies to approach their specific languagelearning and to solve the specific problems in learning. As a result, even though some students show their opposition to depending on the teachers; they are at a loss on how to deal with them, when lacking the appropriate cognitive strategies. The same is true for their social affective strategies. In a word, the lack of strategies gets its way to their dependent language learning. 4.4 Carrying Out the Out-of-class Activities in Scientific and Effective Way How to carry out the out-of-class activities scientifically and effectively? I think we have to pay attention to the following three aspects: First, the socialization of the activity courses. Oral language is the face-to-face communication, so information interaction is very important. Studentsand teachers (or students) talk about the social life which closely related to the hot issues. These topics often can lead to great interest in students, such as: love values, the pros and cons of computers and television, population growth, fake and shoddy, consumption, the increaseof tuition, family relations, and some plan of the future. We are very sensitive to these topics. So they often talk about them with highly interest, and the language is rich. It is of practical significance for students to study foreign language communication. Teachers also can organize the language practice, for example: weekend excursions, shopping, picnics, and so on, organizing students to listen English news, watching films, videos and television, because these modern media can provide standard English and lots of western cultural. Simultaneously they can mobilize students to use their own eyes and ears. In addition, the organization of specialized foreign language activities is a pretty good choice for students with various forms of English reading contest, speech contest, English corner, extra-curricular study group, English theatrical performances, foreign language broadcasts? Givestudents a environment which can help them to study English .Enable students to consolidate English in a variety of activities and enhance the foreign language communication skills. Secondly, the reality of the activities courses. Language is the carrier of culture. In a certain sense, to learn a language is to learn another culture. As pointed out by Brown: "When you teach a language, you have to transfer a complex culture, practices, values, and ways of thinking, emotional and behavioral systems." This is why today foreign language teaching especially focuses on cultural awareness training. The significance of introducing the real text is: making students contact with foreign culture directly, training student’cusltural awareness; requiring the students to participate in the meaningful communication in the way of learning mother tongue, not only displaying the grammar or glossary knowledge. In addition, the design of learning tasks should provide clear and real language information, so that students can study English in a natural, authentic context, master the language applied. Out-of-class activities should be looked as the same as the activities in the real life. We must createan environment similar to real society; cultivate students'ability to use English in work and in the real life. Thirdly, the humanity of activity courses. Out-of-class activities are the exchanges of emotions, ideas, and information between teachers and students. It is a two-way exchange of teachers and students as a linking bridge. The teacher counsels student to inquest the teaching process, gives back to the studentsin class. The consciousness of the students are fully respected and strengthened. That ’ s for lay foundation of cultivating self-confidence, developing individual potential and displaying creative thinking. The role of teachers in extra-curricular activities practice should be encouraged as participants and collaborators. The dominant position in the out-of–class activities is students; they should play the main role. Because the students carry on the activity under the active learning condition. Being free from classroom environment, teacher and time, mentality of students will always be in stable condition, full of imaginations. They no longer feel that learning foreign languages is the result of the imposition of the outside world. Therefore, the initiative will be enhanced greatly with enthusiastic unprecedented upsurge, and English study is no longer a burden but a pleasure. 4.5 A Suggested Framework for Strategy Study 4.5.1 Introduction As pointed out above, no empirical evidence has yet been provided to determine the best method for conducting strategy training, but at least three aspectsof the training have been identified. They have been designed 1) to raise students ’ awa as to the purpose and rationale of strategy use.2) to give studentsopportunities to practice the strategies that they are being taught. 3) to help students understand how to use the strategies in new learning contexts. These three components are necessary for each approach in conducting strategy training. 4.5.2 An Out-of-class English Learning Center After you know strategy training probably. In order to improve out-of-class learning, I have a suggestion in detail. According to theories on second language learning acquisition, language learning environment is crucial for college students ’ English learning, especially, for their out-of-class learning. Through investigation, we find that only a small percentage of the 400participants read English newspapers regularly, or watch English program on TV, or listen to English; most of the participants are only used to reading English books by themselves rather than resorting to other ways of improving their English proficiency. Through individual interviews, we find two reasons for this result: one is that colleges don’ tprovide learners with appropriate out-of-class learning environment; the other is that most learners feel that they lack proper learning atmosphere, learning facilities, learning resources, and necessary guidance and technical support from teachers or professionals in their out-of-class learning. This is why many learners feel that they simply do not seem to know what to do with their free time to exploit the English environment. In fact, the college student ’ s failu out-of-class learning can be attributed two aspects: one is the lack of learning strategies; the other is the lack of necessary environment. From the points mentioned above, we can summarize that languagelearning environment and learning strategies are the two factors, which influence college students out-of-class learning. Although in most colleges or universities, facilities available include multimedia rooms, video rooms and computer network, on the one hand, these facilities are far from being enough, what ’ s more,edtheyfor are mostly us teaching and not open for out-of-class learning; in a word, all thesefacilities lack efficiency. Based on the discussion above, I have proposed to set up a flexible self-access language learning center which will give students free access to a variety of language learning and provide necessaryguidance and technical support. The center aims at introducing students to independent learning strategies and creating all kinds of opportunities to help them use these strategies, and learning conditions for learners. In this center, materials are organized and catalogued to facilitate individualized choices. The learning resourcesinclude books, magazines,newspapers,worksheets, audio and videotapes, discs and multi-media software package and online resources. Thus in their spare time, the college students will be able to use the materials at their own level and pace, and to work at a time convenient to them. Apart from providing resources and facilities, some professional staff is needed in this center, because self-accesslearning is new to the students, and the learners need certain help and support. When they expose to it, they will encounter some problems, such as technical difficulties, method problems and so on. Therefore they need all kinds of help or technical support to exploit this center. 5. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the importance of cultivating communicative ability in out-of-class English learning. For this topic, foreign scholars have made lots of researches related. With the development of society, raising student's spoken English in the out-of-class activity becomes one effective study method gradually. With a long history, it is more widely respectedin our modern time. But there are still a lot of people who do not understand the true meaning of it, so they can not apply it fully in the actual teaching and learning. In order to provide some solution for the problems existing in the college students -of-cla’ss loutearning, an out-of-class English learning center is designed to provide learners with strategy training. In short, the theory and practice have proved that the out-of-class English activities can stimulate the curiosity and interest in study, training students ’skills, thinking ability, the ability to innovate, and autonomous self-learning ability, as well as communication and cooperation capacity. 13 Bibliography [1] A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. The Commercial Press, 1997. [2] Nida. Meaning Across Cultures. Ordis’ s Press,1198. [3] Yousef, F.S.Cross-cultural Communication. Human Organization, 1974.