非谓语动词的用法详解

非谓语动词 在英语中，不是用作句子的谓语而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫非谓语动词。非谓语动词有3种：不定式，动名词和分词。 不 定 式 不定式由 “to do”构成，其否定式 “not to do”。不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语， 没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单独作谓语。 一. 不定式的用法 1  作主语   To see is to believe.   It is right to give up smoking. 2  作表语   My job is to teach English. 3  作宾语   He wanted to go.   I find it hard to work with him.   We could do nothing but wait.   We have no choice but to wait.   can’t choose but do,  can’t help but do,  can’t but do 常见用不定式作宾语的动词: want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refuse, swear, expect, plan, would like, make up one’s mind, be determined 4  作补语   He asked me to open the door.   常见用不定式作宾补的动词:   advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, caue, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, peruade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, consider practice: * 在感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, look, notice, watch, observe, overhear（偷听）和使役动词make, let, have等后的补语中， 不定式不带to， 但这些句子变成 被动结构时， 就必须带to     I often hear him sing the song.     He is often heard to sing the song. 5  作定语   He is looking for a room to live in.   There’s nothing to worry about. 但不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 We had no money and no place to live. 不定式作定语的用法： (1) 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或all, no, any等限定的词 e.g. He was the best man to do the job.   This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine. (2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态, 但其含义不同. e.g. Do you have anything to send ?（to send的动作执行者是“你”）   Do you have anything to be sent ?（to send的动作执行者是“我“或”别人“） (3) 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语,常见的有:   ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time e.g. His wish to visit China is quite understandable. (4) 在’形容词+不定式’ 结构作表语,宾语和定语时,常用的to do主动形式表被动. e.g. The book is difficult to read.     He is a man easy to get on with. （5）在不定式作表语, 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系, 而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有主谓关系时, 用主动表被动. e.g. He gave me some books to read. 6  作状语   I came here to see you.    (表目的)      in order to / so as to   We were excited to hear the news.    （表原因）   He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.（表结果 7  疑问词+不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表   He didn’t know what to say.   How to solve the problem is very important.   My question is when to start. 8  作插入语   To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.   to be sure      to be frank      to sum up      to begin /start with to make matters worse            to be brief 二  不定式的时态，语态 1 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生   He pretended not to know me when I met him in the street. 2  进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生   He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom. 3  完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前   He is said to have learned English in Britain for a year.   主    动 被    动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing / 完成式 to have done to have been done The flowers need to be watered. A railway is said to be being built now. No harm seems to have been done. 四 不定式的省略 为避免重复可用to来代替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love后     eg:  I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.         --- Would you come to the party?--- I’d love to, but…     如果在省略不定式中含有be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。     eg: --- Are you on holiday?--- No, but I’d like to be.         --- I didn’t tell him the news. --- Oh, you ought to have. 动 名 词 动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加not, 在句中起名词的作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。 一  动名词的作用 1  作主语   Seeing is believing.   Choosing what to eat is not as easy as before.   There is no joking about such serious matters.   It is  no use / good        arguing with him.         not any use / good         of little use / good         useless 动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别   Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）   To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一次具体动作） My father is a millionaire, but having money doesn’t solve all his problem. To save money now seems impossible. 2  作表语 : My job is teaching. 3  作宾语   I like swimming.   He is fond of playing football. * 下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语）   advise, allow, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep mind, miss(错过), practice, permit, risk, resist, suggest, can’t help(情不自禁)，can’t stand(无法忍受), give up, feel like, put off, be busy, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, devote… to, get down to, be used to, object to, have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good time (in) * 下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。   forget      remember      regret          go on      stop   can’t help  try      mean 4 作定语   He has a reading room. 二  动名词的时态和语态 1  一般式： 动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时 We’re interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us. 2  完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式     I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 主    动 被    动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done     He likes being helped.     He was afraid of being left alone.     The house showed no sign of having been damaged. * 动名词的主动形式表被动意义 be worth doing need/ want/ require/ deserve doing stand/ bear doing 三  动名词的复合结构 动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不一致的情况。如果不一致，则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。 * 若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。 His coming made me very happy. Peter’s coming made me very happy. * 若动名词作宾语时，既可用物主代词或名词的所有格，也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格。 She didn’t mind his (him) crying.             Peter’s / Peter crying. * 若逻辑主语无生命时，用名词普通格。 Is there any hope of our team winning the game? Practice: 1. 我们认为她是对的. 2. 他被认为发明了第一台计算机. 3. 医生警告他不要吃太多的肉. 4. 你不准在这吸烟. 5. 她 建议 关于小区增设电动车充电建议给教师的建议PDF智慧城市建议书pdf给教师的36条建议下载税则修订调整建议表下载 立刻采取行动. ________________________________________________ 6. 我打算明天去上海.___________________________________________________ 7. 当老师进来的时候,同学们假装正在看书. ___________________________________________________________________ 8. 没有人喜欢被看不起. ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 9. 他承认偷了汽车 _____________________________________________________ 10. –Will the Johnsons leave for Australia this spring ? --No, they finally decided ____. A. not to leave  B. not leaving  C. not to  D. not to be leaving 分  词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的构成v +ing, 过去分词为v +ed。其否定式在其前加not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。 一  分词的时态和语态 过去分词无时态和语态变化 现在分词有时态和语态变化 主    动 被      动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生 Being a student, he was interested in books. The question being discussed is important. 完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生 Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well. Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 二  分词的作用 1  作定语 We can’t drink the polluted water.             the water polluted by the waste The man standing by the window is our teacher.             who is standing (进行) The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.             which stands (状态) A young teacher teaching English applied for the job.             who teaches (经常性的动作) e.g  boiling water                falling leaves     boiled water                  fallen leaves a drowning man              a puzzling expression a drowned man              a puzzled expression 区别  to be done 被动,将来         being done 被动,正在进行         done 被动,完成 e.g. Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?   Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.   The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one. 2  作表语   The news is inspiring.  The glass is broken. 3  作补语 ① 常用的动词为感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice, find               使役动词：have, make, get, keep, leave, catch   We saw the teacher doing the experiment. (see sb. do 区别)   He tried to make himself understood. 区别： 感官动词+  to do 主动,全过程             doing 主动,正在进行             done 被动,完成 使役动词 make sb.\sth.  do        let sb. do      have sb.\sth.  do             done                                doing                                                 done get sb.\sth.  to do           doing           done You must get your hair cut. My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I’ll have\get my bike repaired tomorrow. I can’t get the car starting. ② with/ without +宾语+宾补   He fell asleep with the lamp burning.   Without a word spoken, he went away. 4. 作状语   Being a student, I must study hard. (原因)   While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)（相当于状语从句的省略）   “Can’t you read?” He said angrily, pointing to the notice. (伴随)   The accident happened, killing three.(结果)   Taken 3 times a day, the medicine will have a good effect. (条件)   The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students.   The teacher came into the classroom, following some students.   分词与主句之间不能用连词or, and, but, so等，   Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.   He had been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. doing 表主动      having done 先后顺序,先于主句动作 done  被动 (注:这里的主动被动是看非谓语动词同主句主语之间的关系) 练习: 1) When ____ different cultures, we often only pay attention to the differences between them. A. compared    B. being compared  C. comparing    D. having compared 2) ____ for the mistake she has made, Alice felt very sad.   A. Blame  B. Blamed    C. Blaming    D. To blame 3) Football is played by many countries, _____ it become the most popular game in the world.   A. make    B. making    C. made        D. to make 4) He came into his office, _____ by two guards.   A. followed    B. to follow    C. follow    D. following 5) _____ the lab, the vistors go on to see the playground.   A. see    B. seen      C. seeing      D. having seen 6)__ with the sea of the whole earth, the biggest sea doesn’t seem big at all. A. compare      B. when comparing    C. comparing      D. when compared 7) Never __ faith in herself, the scientist determined to go on making experiment.   A. losing    B. lose  C. lost    D. having lost 8). __ in thought, he came into the classroom.   A. Losing        B. Lose  C.Lost    D.Having lost 独立主格结构（作状语） 分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致，若不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。其构成方法如下： 名词\代词(主格)+  to do 没有发生或即将发生的动作或态                 doing 正在进行,主动                 done 被动完成 形容词（副词）/介词短语/名词 Tod looked at the million-dollar note, his eyes (being) wide open. The teacher came in, a book in his hand./ book in hand. He fought the robber, a stick his only weapon. So much work to do, I will have to work this Sunday. So much work done, I had a nice holiday. So much work being done, I can't spare any minute.   The test finished, we’ll have our summer vaction.   All the students having sat down, the lecture began.   More time given, we can finish the work. 有时一个分词短语可用来作状语解释整个句子，这时，这个分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的，但还是不用独立结构。也可把这样的分词短语看作是一类插入语。 Generally speaking, to learn a foreign language well is not an easy job. Judging by her dress, she must be a middle school student. * frankly speaking,      judging from/ by,    talking of,    considering that,  supposing/suppose that,  seeing that,  providing/ provided that,  given that