[修订]ISSUE全部244道题分类及翻译-水木清华

[修订]ISSUE全部244道题分类及翻译-水木清华 , 发信人: jacky1984 (green@To be celebrity), 信区: GRE 标 题: 昨天晚上把所有的题目都加到孙远的分类里面了 发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Sep 8 17:54:06 2003), 转信 希望大家看着方便一点，后面【】代表实际题目号码 GRE作文分类题库---ISSUE 一 教育类 1. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer." 【5】 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家 不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。 国家统一和地区单独安排课程 2(Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their 9】 ideas will have little use.【 近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们 能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。 过分专业化问题 3. A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.【32】 不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁 的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是 要比艺术家高得多。 孤立的校园 4. Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines -that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.【34】 与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科--从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学--大学还不如允许 学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要 的。 少数和多数之学科 5. While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.【46】 当政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识时， 一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。 竞争和合作 6. In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 【50】 为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所 教科目相关的工作。 孤立的教育 7. Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.【51】 教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。 少数和多数 8. Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony.【52】 教育鼓励学生们提出问题和进行批判，这样做的结果无助于促进社会的和谐。 教育问题 9. College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government.【53】 大学教育应该对所有学生免费，由政府来全额资助。 教育问题之奖学金 10. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.【55】 追求高分严重的限制了教育各阶段的学习质量。 教育之分数 11. Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.【67】 大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这也是为了保证每一个学生都能获得平衡而全面的教育。 少数和多数之社会实践和全面教育 12. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.【73】 在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。 想象力和知识 13. Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.【78】 学校应该被要求去教授存在于所有人之间的重要联系，这样做可以消灭战争、文化冲突和其他形 式的纷争。 分歧和统一 14. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 【94】 大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正 教育的最好途径。 教育之必修课和选修课 15. Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past. 【98】 大学应该开设更多关于流行音乐、电影、广告和电视的课程，因为当代文化比起过去的文学和艺 术与学生们更加息息相关。 过去和现在之流行课程 16. The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.【100】 在学校获得高分的压力严重得限制了学习的质量。一个没有分数的教育环境将会促进真正的智力 发展。 教育之分数 17. For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past.【102】 不论好坏，教育是一个修正人们过去所持有的理念、信仰和价值观的过程。 教育是除旧取新的过程 18. It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears. 【104】 如果一个文化想要它认为好的理念永世长存而摈弃它厌恶的理念，主要是通过正规的教育。 教育问题 19. Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions. 【112】 一些教育体系强调学生逻辑推理思维能力的发展，但是那些教学生们探究自身情绪的教育对学生 们才更有好处。 教育之客观与主观 20. It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.【128】 教育的目的据称是要解放思想和精神。然而实际上，正规的教育是要遏制我们的思维和精神而不 是解放他们。(Spirit可以解释为勇气或者热情) 教育之解放思想 21. How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 【130】 现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个 更好的社会。 教育之下一代 22. The university community consists of three different worlds-the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.【132】 大学包括了三个不同的领域--科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提 运转，每一个领域都有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是 不存在有意义的交互的。 学科之间的关系 23. Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.【135】 学生们应该被鼓励而意识到思维的敏捷和口齿的伶俐必须和真诚与坚持自己的信仰相伴随存在。 现实与道德 24. Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.【154】 父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育 者。 教育之合作 25. Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important.【155】 当代社会提供了如此之多的学习手段以至于读书已经变得不再那么重要了。 技术进步对人类社会的影响之阅读 26. Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers.【191】 教育应该平衡的一方面丰富学生的个人生活，一方面把学生培养成训练有素的工作者。 现实和理想之五五分 27. The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas-not to prepare them for a specific job. 【201】 教育的目的应该是给予学生一个价值体系，一个 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，一整套想法--而不是为一个具体工作培养 他们。 28. Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others-that is, the ability to achieve social harmony-should be a major goal in every school.【213】 人们过于重视了学生们挑战他人主张的要求。实际上，达成社会和谐的能力，比如容让和协作能 力，应该成为每一所学校的主要目标。 少数和多数之挑战和协作 29. Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped. 【214】 社会应该发现那些具有特殊天赋和能力的孩子，并且在年幼的时候就开始训练他们以便于这些孩 子最终可以在他们擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则这些天才就可能会止步不前。 局部和整体的关系之天才的片面发展 30. Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.【222】 孤立的教育已经是过时的想法了。现在的教育应该作用于更高的目的并且由清晰的目标来指引。 反理想与现实之教育 31. Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college.【223】 教育主要是个人的私事，和中 小学 小学生如何制作手抄报课件柳垭小学关于三违自查自纠报告小学英语获奖优质说课课件小学足球课教案全集小学语文新课程标准测试题 或者大学基本上没什么关系。 少数和多数之教育 32. The best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.【228】 无论是作为教育者、雇主或者是父母，教育最好的方法就是赞扬积极的行为而无视消极的行为。 统一和分歧、教育之赞扬和批评 33. College students-and people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.【230】 大学学生和普通大众宁愿听从指示而不愿意自己做决定。因此，大学应该尽可能为学生减少选择 以便于为学生们提供一个明确的方向。 精英和大众之选择权 34. The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.【232】 教育的目的应该是要创造出一个隔离于外界的学术环境。这样的环境最理想因为这样可以使学生 们不受功利的干扰而专注于重要的理念。 理想和现实之两耳不闻窗外事 35. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.【233】 尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术 往往也是在偏离真正的学习。 技术对人类的影响之多媒体教育 36. Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.【236】 鼓励年轻人们相信只要他们努力就能够完成伟大的事情，这样做不仅仅是在误导而且存在着潜在 的危害性。 理想和现实之努力篇 二 学习类 1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose vies contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.【1】 通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多 得多;(因为)意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。(意见相同可以鼓励人们学习的积极性，人 们更愿意从和自己意见相同的人身上学习;使人们盲目自信，看不到自己的缺点而阻碍进步，和 自己相同的人知识面有限制，意见不同可以找出学习中的不足;打击人们的信心，带来压力阻碍 进步) 统一与分歧之(与我们)持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用 2. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 【4】 在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获 得巨大的发展。(Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group) 闭门造车，旁观者清 3. Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.【25】 任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变 得尽可能的简单。 复杂和简单 4. Students should memories facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.【28】 学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的 学生是学不到什么东西的。 局部和整体之触类旁通 5. The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.【39】 大学学习的好处被过分的高估了:大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求 一个大学学位学到的更多。 大学和自学 6. Scholars and researches should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.【40】 我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实 现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。 少数和多数之科学家 7. Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.【42】 由于学习不是一种孤立的行为而是需要人们之间合作的，所以各种年龄的学生如果经常小组学习 的话就会在学术上受益匪浅。 少数和多数之学习小组 8. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【57】 通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。 直接经验和间接经验 9. Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.【59】 太多的注意力被放在了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己 的选择。 模式化和独立思考 10. All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.【80】 所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程，即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。 现实和理想之学习与兴趣 11. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.【90】 大学学生应该被鼓励去学习他们感兴趣的学科而不是那些容易找工作的学科。 现实和理想之兴趣 12. In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.【92】 在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。 自我批评 13. All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics , even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects.【116】 所有的学生都应该被要求至少选修一门道德课，即使学这门课意味着会影响学术课程的学习。 现实和道德 14. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【117】 从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。 直接经验和间接经验 15. We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.【122】 我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。 统一和分歧之知识 16. Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.【126】 社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目 标。 客观和主观 17. Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions. 【127】 事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。 客观和主观 18. Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.【153】 无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接 受。 教育问题之学而好问 19. There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.【157】 纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的;观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右 的。 主观和客观之观察 20. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.【159】 人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。 技术进步对人类社会的影响(类似于影响和决定人类传统) 21. Critical judgment of work, in any given field has little value unless comes from someone who is an expert in that field.【168】 批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。 统一和分歧之专家 22. People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.【171】 能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福 利的人。 个人和整体之动机 23. Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways. 【173】 创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西;它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。 新旧问题 24. The study of ac academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes. 177】 【 对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往， 但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。 知识对于人类的影响 25. What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open-but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.【179】 大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考--但是大多 数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。 独立思考 26. The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things. 【181】 学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化(因人而异)而非一种培训 (模式化)。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时 候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。 个体和整体之学术方法论 27. It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.【182】 只相信聪明才智是危险的。 28. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious. 【183】 当我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。 29. It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data. 【184】 在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误 30. The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others.【200】 最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而非通过和其他学科的交 流。 少数和多数之自知之明的学问 31. We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.【204】 我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。 直接经验和间接经验 32. As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive.【205】 全世界各个社会获得崭新信息的手段越来越多，这对于人们一生的学习来说是有益无害的。 全球化之信息 33. The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result , the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.【220】 知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各 个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。 少数和多数的关系之专业化 34. The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.【229】 学习一门新学科活着新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就 试图去从整体来把握。 整体和局部的关系之伤其十指不如断其一指 35. Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact ' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.【239】 大多数人们认为是事实的信息结果实际上都是不准确的。因此，任何据称是事实的信息都应该被 质疑，因为它在将来很可能会被证明为是错误的。 权威问题 行为类 三 1. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.【6】 了解当代文明最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。 文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。 2. People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.【12】 人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境所决定，而非人们自身的特点。 心理问题之冲动和可预测 3. Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, they in fact, prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals. 【16】 尽管许多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强 大和独立的个体。 社会和个人之发展问题 4. Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.【18】 只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。 5(Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals.【22】 很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体(比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人)促成了他们的思维和行动。 其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。 少数和多数之定义人生 6. People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.【24】 当掌握权力的人们试图小心而节制的使用权力时，他们是最有效率的。 过犹不及 7. No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.【27】 这个世界上没有人能够靠墨守陈规(行动或者思维上的)而获得成功。 新手和老手之墨守成规和成功 8. Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy. 【29】 像演员、政治家和运动员这样的公众人物应该预料到大众会对他们的私生活感兴趣。当他们希望 受人瞩目的时候就应该至少预期到会失去一些隐私(被大众得知一些隐私)。 少数和多数之公众人物的隐私 9. Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image. 【33】 在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要了。 外表和内容 10. No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them.【35】 无论在什么样的情况下，折衷自己的信仰要比坚持有害。 信仰 11. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.【58】 现代生活越来越快的节奏弊多利少。 利多弊少题型 12. The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.【62】 认为人们应该把自我进步当做是人生头等大事的流行观点是有问题的，因为这样的观点在假设人 们是天生就有缺陷的。 独立题目 13. Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.【64】 很多人懂得如何去获得成功，但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功。 打江山容易，保江山难 14. People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.【68】 人们经常错误的猜疑和不信任专家，无论专家们的贡献是多么的有价值。 怀疑权威 15. Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.【71】 学会独自消磨时光会使你更好地成为别人的伙伴。 人际关系之个人时间和公众时间 16. The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.【74】 和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。 独立题目 17. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.【86】 年轻人应该被鼓励去寻求长期的现实目标而不是追求眼前的名声。 现实和将来 18. Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.【91】 大多数人认为他们深信不疑的价值观是理性选择的结果，但是理智往往对于人们形成价值观几乎 根本不起作用。 理性和感性之价值观 19. The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.【93】 个人责任的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的 行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。 少数和多数之个人责任 20. People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.【95】 人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励 人们。 竞争和合作之效率 21. In any realm of life-whether academic, social, business, or political -the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic , point of vies. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superseded by simpler, more immediate options. 【99】 在任何生活领域中--无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治--获得成功的唯一道路就是采取现实的而 不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的 选择所取代。 理想和现实 22. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. 【113】 如果我们要定位自己最重要是要定位自己所处的社会团体。 少数和多数之自我定位 23. In any field of endeavor-the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.-it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.【 118】 在所有的物质领域中--科学、人文科学、社会科学、工业等等--能否达到目的并不重 要，而在争取达到目的的过程中获得的想法和发现才更重要。 过程和结果 24. Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress. 【138】 失败是成功之母 25. Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.【141】 虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是合作。 个人和整体 26. People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it. 【146】 对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。 27. Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble.【148】 很多人向往理想主义，但是它实际上总是带来失望或者麻烦。 理想和现实 28.The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed in particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little. 【160】 对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任 何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。 少数和多数之领导与大众 29. One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus , the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealisti c than is often assumed.【162】 人们经常听说个人需要为他们自己的生活负责任。然而，人们发现自己所处环境的存 在要远远早于人们对其的认识。因此，个人责任的概念要比通常人们想象的要复杂和 不切实际。 30. Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.【163】 大多数人在物质上和精神上都生活在一个非常有限的圈子里面。除非要面对严重的问 题或者危机，否则他们仅仅会利用有效资源的极有限的一小部分。 31. Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes. 【164】 有时候想象力是比经验更有价值的财富。缺少经验的人得以自由的想象任何可能性， 并且由此可以达成一个目标而不受既定习惯和态度的限制。 想象力和经验 32. In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority. 【165】 在任何领域当中，对于起领导作用的人，他们的动力不是去肯定他人的想法，而是喜 欢提出不同于大多数人的意见和想法。 少数和多数之标新立异的领导 33. It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.【175】 革新的动力往往来自于个人;革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人 努力和独特思维的结果。 34. Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and--, eventually, --to change it.【188】 成功，无论是学术上的还是职业上的，都涉及了适应新环境并最终改变新环境的能力 。 35. Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.【192】 在生活的所有领域中，成功往往更多的来自于把握机会或者冒险而不是通过仔细谨慎 的计划。 冒险和计划 36. The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive , but learning to be cooperative.【194】 对于生活或者事业最好的准备不是学会竞争而是学会合作。 竞争和合作 37. Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individu als . When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional . Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.【199】 真正有创意的想法并非来自于群体而是来自于个人。当群体试图创新的时候，它的成 员之间会被迫相互妥协，结果就是新想法趋于弱化而更接近于传统。大部分新想法都 是来自于独立工作的个人。 少数和多数之新创意 38. People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do.【206】 人们现在太急于采取行动，实际上人们应该先停下来考虑一下他们这么做可能导致的 结果。 现在和将来之思维和行动 39. Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work. 【210】 大多数人选择职业是基于诸如经济需求之类的实用考虑，很少有人根据自己的兴趣特 长来自由的选择工作。 40. Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individu al person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions .【211】 任何一个决定，无论它来自政府、公司还是个人，都必须更多地考虑将来的情况而不 是现在的情况。 当务之急和百年大计之决定 41. If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable . 【212】 只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。 42. People often look for similarities, even between very different things , and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms, we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.【225】 人们总是在寻找相同点，即使是在非常不同的事物间也不例外，甚至有时候这样做是 无用乃至有害的。实际上，我们应该具体问题具体分析;我们应该尽量避免比较的倾 向。 分歧和统一 43. People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems, faced by their predecessors . Thus illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience . 【226】 人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加 的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。 现在和过去 44. Moderation in all things is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderations is most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus. 【231】 "做任何事都要适度"这句话是欠考虑的。更确切的说，我们应该"对大多数事情都要 适度"，因为人类在很多领域中遇到的问题都需要全力以赴(解决)，或者至少会从 中获益。 45. Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference.【234】 大多数人更喜欢约束和规则，而不是绝对自由的选择权，尽管他们可能会否认这样的 倾向。 自由和约束 46. Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty-whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution -is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.【235】 大多数人被告知忠诚是一种美德。但是无论是对朋友、对学校、对单位还是对任何机 构，忠诚时常都是弊大于利的。 统一和分歧之忠诚 47.Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy.【238】 一致几乎总是阻隔个人的创造力和活力。 统一和分歧 48. Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback.【240】 尽管对其他的个人或者群体的成就作积极的反应很容易，但是给与负面的回应往往更 有价值。 良药苦口利于病。 四 政治类 1. It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. 【8】 对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。 少数和多数的关系 2. There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 【17】 有两种法律:公正的和不公正的。每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，但是更重 要的是，更应该不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。 社会和个人之法律公正 3. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.【43】 一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。 政治家题目 4. In any profession-business, politics, education, government-those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterpris e is revitalization through new leadership.【70】 在任何领域中--商业、政治、教育、政府--掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机 构获得成功的最好的方式:通过更新领导者而保持活力。 新手和老手 5. Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.【79】 主要的决策权应该全部交给政治家和其他的政府专家，他们更加见多识广并且比一般 的老百姓具有更好的判断能力和洞察力。 少数和多数之决策权 6. Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them .【89】 领导者主要是由身负的责任所造就的。 时势造英雄 7. It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives.【97】 尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面 面。 政治和生活 8. The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens.【105】 一个国家真正的力量可以最好体现在他的政府愿意容忍来自于自己国民的挑战。 精英和大众之开明政府 9. In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings -trials, debates, meetings, etc-that are televised, the more society will benefit.【108】 在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。观察这些过程有助于 人们了解那些影响他们生活的决策。可以供转播的政府运作越多--审判、辩论、会议 等等--对社会的好处就越多。 政府和大众之电子政府 10. It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people-their clothes, their friends , the way they talk, what they eat-reflects their political beliefs.【123 】 通过和一个人短时间的接触来了解它的政治信仰是有可能的。和人们有关的一切--人 们穿什么样的衣服、结交什么样的朋友、如何说话、吃什么东西--都能够反映出他们 的政治信仰。 政治是无处不在的 11. It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician. 【 167】 对于一个英明的政治领导者来说，总是坦白是不可能的。彻底的诚实对于一个政治家 来说是无用的美德。 领导者问题 12. Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other. 【169】 那些把政治和道德看成是两码事的人是既不懂政治也不懂道德的。 政治和道德的关系 13. Laws should not be stationary and fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.【174 】 法律不应该是僵化或固定的，而应该根据不同的环境、时期和地点而足够灵活。 法律的灵活性 14. It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds.【178】 通过法律可以控制或者限制人们的行为，但是立法是无法改变人类本性的。法律无法 改变人们的感情和思想。 15. It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance.【193】 真正具有长远意义的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鲜有报道的社会变化。 16. The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.【195】 政治的目的不应该是追求一种理想，而是寻求共同点和合理的一致。 统一和分歧之政治 17. Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.【202】 不同于伟大的思想家和艺术家，最杰出的政治领袖通常都必须为了妥协而屈从于大众 的意见并且放弃原则。 少数和多数之政治领袖 18. Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified.【224】 审查很少能够做到公正。 抽象题目 五 科技类 1. Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual informat ion . As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.【23】 现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而 很少去注意更大的问题和全局。 少数和多数之细节信息 2. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people 's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.【30】 技术进步的首要目标应该是提高人们的效率以便于每个人都享有更多的闲暇时光。 技术进步之空闲时刻 3. Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial. 【31】 花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。 现实和理想 4. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.【66】 当人们变得越来越依赖技术解决问题的时候，人类独立思考的能力将肯定会江河日下 。 技术进步之人和技术 5. Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.【69】 政府应该少限制科学研究和发展。 技术之政府限制 6.The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.【75】 对社会做出重要贡献的人往往不是那些发展自己新想法的人，而是那些最善于察觉和 整理他人天赋和技术的人。 承前继后 7. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.【87】 在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。 新手和老手 8. Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.【88】 技术不仅仅影响而且实际上是决定了社会传统和道德 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 。 技术进步之社会影响 9. Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well -reasoned points of view.【107】 即时通讯系统促使人们匆忙的作出判断并很快的给出回答，而不是花时间去形成深思 熟虑和理由充分的观点。 技术进步之即时判断 10. Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technolo gical innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity. 【114】 人类在过去的一百年左右止步不前。技术在不断进步而人类的整体条件却没有改善。 战争、暴力和贫困仍然困扰着我们。技术无法改变人类的处境。 技术进步之人类 11. When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people' s lives will be improved if the results are successful. 【119】 当研究的重点被置于科学、教育或者其他领域中时，最重要的问题就是要考虑如果研 究获得成功会有多少人的生活得以改善。 技术进步之改善人民生活 12. Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before.【124】 即时食品、即时通讯、更快捷的交通--所有这些最新的发展都是为了节省时间。具有 讽刺意味的是，这样的发展并没有带来更多的休闲时间，反而使人们的生活节奏前所 未有的匆忙和混乱。 技术进步之生活节奏 13. Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life .【129】 技术对于现代生活是不可或缺的，但不总是 14. Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable.【166】 在上个世纪，技术最有意义的贡献就是使得人们的生活越来越舒适了。 技术进步对人类的影响 15. The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of arts is to upset . Therein lies the value of each. 【176】 科学的作用是解惑;艺术的目的是创新。只有这样他们才各得其所。 16. Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.【196】 技术解决了问题，但是带来了更多的问题，并且可能会威胁或损害生活质量。 技术对人类社会的影响 17. Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another. 【216】 最重要的发现或是创造都是偶然的:在我们为一个问题寻求答案的时候，通常通过这 个答案获得另外的收获。 必然与偶然之一箭双雕 18. Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with-much less contribu te to-the quantity of information that is now available electronically.【219 】 既然电脑技术已经使人们及时接触大量真实信息成为可能，那么人们就不太可能像以 前那样去深刻地或者创造性地思考了。对于通过电子手段获得的信息量，人们已经感 觉跟不上了，并且个人的作用已经减弱了。 全球化之信息 六 传媒类 1. In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. 【38】 电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学 到的一样多。 现代技术之电视和读书 2. The media-and society in general-mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group.【60】 媒体和整个社会错误地希望某个人的发言就是代表了某一个特定的群体，无论这个个 人是否代表了整个群体的意见。 少数和多数之发表意见 3. The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.【109】 很多广告的目的是要消费者去购买一件产品以使得消费者们"像"广告中的人物。这类 的广告很有效因为它不仅是在销售产品更是在帮助人们自我感觉更好。 广告 4 The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures.【111】 电视节目和广告的全球性扩张正在严重地消除着不同文化之间的差异。 全球化之电视 5. Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete. 【150】 由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方 。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。(旅游将会被淘汰) 技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游 6. High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication. 【151 】 高速电子通讯媒体，例如电子邮件和电视，在逐渐地抑制有意义的和有思想性的交流 。 技术进步对人类社会的影响之交流 7. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.【161】 在今天这个媒体铺天盖地的社会中，人们已经很难把任何人当作英雄了。任何人只要 是沦为媒体的话题，那么他注定会名声扫地。 媒体 8. Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantag eof this new technology is that it will enable anyone-not just scholars-to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works.【 237】 电脑和影像技术可以让普通人接触到像绘画和历史文献这样的原始资料的复制品。这项新技术最 大的好处就是可以让任何人，不仅仅是学者们，即使无法接触到这些原始资料也一样可以进行深 入的研究。 精英和大众之复制技术与原始资料 七 社会类 1. Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society. 【2】 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。 竞争对于社会的优点和缺点 2. It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations. 【3】 与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。 当务之急和百年大计的关系 3(The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.【15】 一个社会的稳定取决于该社会对人们极端行为所作出的反应。 抽象型题目 4. If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.【19】 如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。 少数和多数之成功 5. "In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.【37】 在大多数社会中，竞争一般是弊多利少。 利多弊少之竞争 6. Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 【41】 研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的 作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。 少数和多数之非主流学科 7. Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect-that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills. 【47】 社会对于智力还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。 独立题目 8. High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.【61】 最高荣誉比如诺贝尔奖实际上是在损害社会，因为这种奖项在暗示只有少数人才配得上这样的荣 誉。 少数和多数，精英和大众 9. "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals,and groups.【65】 人们被社会鼓励而将注意力集中于显而易见的差异上，以至于人们已经无法看到各种理念、个人 和群体之间的有意义的相似。 统一和差异 10. One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.【72】 人们可以通过研究一个社会的主要城市来了解它最重要的特点。 少数和多数之以小见大 11. People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered , separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole.【77】 现在的人们太个人主义了。与其追求以个人为中心和孤立的目标，人们更需要明白满足是源于为 家庭、社区或者整个社会的更大利益的服务。 少数和多数 12. It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated. 【115】 通过逻辑和精确仔细的衡量，我们得以明白自己的进步。如果没有这些手段，我们就没有参考来 了解我们进步了多少或者退步了多少。 技术进步之人类进步 13. At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species. 【121】 在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽 救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。 人类和自然--当务之急(资金、工作)和长远考虑(物种) 14. The absence of choices is a circumstance that is very, very rare. 【136】 没有选择的情况少之又少。 独立题目 15. What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another.【137】 我们所称之为进步的过程就是从一个问题变化到另一个问题。 独立 16. What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent. 【140】 被社会自诩为是它最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西结果往往带来最大的非议。 社会和人民大众 17. The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. 【142】 当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会才会繁荣昌盛。 18. A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles.【145】 对与个性的最大考验在于一个人是否能够适应不断变化的社会规范而不牺牲自己的原则。 个体和整体 19. Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. 【147】 传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。 20. The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects.【149】 保护野生环境最实际和最有效的途径就是通过环保的(旅游)项目吸引更多的旅游者来这些地区 (旅游)。 环保和旅游的关系 21. The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.【152】 公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。 22. Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live.【156】 选择只是一种假象。实际上，我们的生活是被我们生活其中的社会所控制的。 类似于现有环境后有意识 23.Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.【180】 现代社会的很多问题是法律和立法系统无法解决的，因为道德行为是无法用法律约束的。 道德和法律 24. Scandals-whether in politics, academia, or other areas-can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 【185】 丑闻--无论是政治、学术还是其他领域--可能会是有用的。丑闻可以用演说家或者改革家无法使 用的手段让我们注意到某些问题。 25. Practicality is now our great ideal, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world. 【186】 实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西 在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。 当务之急和长远大计的关系 26. It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice. 【187】 拥护革新和接受新想法很简单。但是在大多数人们看来，最困难的是接受把这些新想法付诸实现 的方式。 27. Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences.【198】 社会应该多一些鼓励个人间的差异而不是统一。 28. The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines. 【203】 了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。 29. Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of vies.【209】 进步最好是在人们各抒己见的讨论中达成的。 统一和分歧之进步 30. Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them.【244】 大多数社会都没把最伟大的思想家当回事，虽然有时候这些社会自称是求才若渴的。 社会和思想家 八 历史类 1.The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 【7】 摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一 种更重要的记录手段。 记录手段:现代摄像机和印刷术 2. Most people would agree that building represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.【26】 大多数人都同意一个社会的建筑物代表了它有价值的历史纪录，但是当现代规划者们觉得这些以 前的建筑物所占据的土地可以被更有价值的使用于新目的时，就产生了争议，现代发展应该比保 留历史建筑物更受重视以便于满足眼下的需求。 过去和现在之建筑物 3. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.【36】 一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。 时间先后 4. The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.【48】 历史研究过于关注个人。历史上最有意义的事件和潮流能够成为可能不是因为几个少数的名人而 是一些身份早就被淡忘的人群。 少数和多数，精英和大众 5. History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.【54】 历史只教会了我们一件事:了解过去无助于人们今天作出重要的决定。 时间问题之历史不是今天的一面镜子 6. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.【84】 在任何物质领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响就不可能会有意义重大的成功。 现在和过去 7. The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.【103】 只有研究和我们日常生活相关的历史才有价值。 历史研究 8. When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.【110】 当我们通过研究历史来考虑自身问题的时候，我们就会变成说故事的人。因为我们不可能直接了 解过去，只有通过解释一些史料来构造历史，所以探索历史更多是一件创造性的事业而不是客观 的追寻。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人。 9. So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present. 【120】 现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。 现在和过去 10. The past is no predictor of the future.【125】 过去是无法预测未来的。 过去和未来 11. The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time.【133】 现代社会的问题是很多人都在抱怨:"我们生活在一个可怕的时代。"但是假设让他们选择的话， 现在的人们仍然会选择现在而不是其他的时代。 时间 12. Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time.【139】 每一代人都要根据自己时代的情况和自己的说法来重新定义"对与错"。 时间 13. If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present.【189】 如果人们忽视了过去的伟大成就，那只能是因为这些成就已经不再满足现今的需要了。 过去和现在之伟大成就 14. The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history. 【221】 研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象:不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的。 15. An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time.【241】 一个人的伟大是无法为他的同代人所客观判定的，而是应该由后人来评判。 时间问题之个人的伟大 九 艺术类 1. It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature.【14】 每个人都应该阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及各种各样的想象文学。 想象文学与人 2. Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairytales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus on reality rather than report it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance.【49】 想象作品，比如小说、戏剧、电影、神话和传奇要比真实的叙事作品更能精确而有意义的展现人 类的经历。因为虚构作品的作者们重点刻画现实而不是一板一眼的报道现实，所以他们的创作具 有更加深远的意义。 想象作品 3. Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit.【82】 政府根本就不应该审查一家博物馆计划展出的艺术作品或者历史陈列。 政府之艺术 4. Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.【85】 政府资助艺术会威胁到艺术的完整性。 政府之艺术 5. Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged.【96】 尽管评论艺术的批评家们倾向于否认存在任何 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 艺术作品的客观标准，但他们还是有责任建立 用于评判艺术作品的标准。 独立题目 6. Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people.【101】 政府应该为艺术家提供资助以便于艺术能够繁荣发展并且是所有人都能够享受艺术。 政府和艺术 7. The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society. 【131】 艺术(绘画、音乐、文学等等)揭示了隐藏的其他方面的社会理念和动力。 艺术 8. Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity.【143】 *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings , etc. 艺术家不必太在乎他们的批评者。批评总是在破坏和压制艺术家的创造力。 艺术家和批评者 9. 'It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.(critic: A person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films music, paintings, etc.)【144】 艺术家而不是评论家带给了社会一些具有持久价值的东西。(评论家指的是评价艺术作品的人， 例如小说、电影、绘画等) 10. The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.【158】 艺术(音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等等)对与学生们的教育至关重要，因此应该和数学、自然科学等 主流学科一样受到重视。 艺术 11. As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate-and, perhaps, even cruel-when one considers all the potential uses of such money.【190】 一旦人们陷于饥饿、失业或者缺乏谋生的基本技能，运用公共资源去扶持艺术是很不恰当的-- 并且甚至是残忍的--尤其明知这些资金所有可能的用途。 12. In order for any work of art-whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.【218】 任何的艺术作品为了有价值，例如电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲，都必须让大多数人易于理解。 少数和多数之艺术价值 13. The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments.【242】 一个文明的真正价值是反映在艺术创造中的而不是它的科学成就。 艺术和科学 十 文化类 1. Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 【10】 政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保 存和发展。 城市和国家的关系之文化传统 2. To truly understand your own culture-no matter how you define it-requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own.【63】 为了真正理解你自己的文化--无论你如何地定义它--都至少需要了解另外一种文化，并且该文化 与你自己的文化是截然不同的。 旁观者清 3. Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society.【76】 真正深刻的思想家和充满创造力的艺术家总是超前于他们所在的时代和社会的。 另类天才 4. Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are. 【207】 礼节和典礼有助于定义一个文化。如果没有这些，社会或者团体就会逐渐地迷失自我。 5. Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time.【172】 重要的真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思 想。 6. The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests . You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people. 【208】 人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和 举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。 以小见大 7. In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made.【217】 为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪 些贡献。 他山之石可以攻玉，科学是承前继后的过程 8. To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions.【227】 为了保持活力，所有的学术领域都需要真正的独立思想家的领导，他们可以无视既定的限制而挑 战经久不衰的理论。 挑战权威之创新和离经叛道 9. The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments.【243】 一个文明的真正价值是反映在艺术创造中的而不是它的科学成就。 艺术和科学 十一 国际类 1. All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems.【11】 所有的国家都应该支持发展一所全球性的大学，它的主要目的是要让学生们致力于解决世界上最 难缠的社会问题。 全球化问题之全球解难大学 2. Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The government of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct. 【13】 世界上很多的小语种都快要消失了，因为越来越少的人在使用这些语言。使用这些小语种的国家 应该采取行动以防止这样的语言逐渐销声匿迹。 反全球化问题之小语种与政府保护 3. National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.【20】 任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为成人建设更多的社会项目和服务。 孩子和成人之社会建设 4(Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.【21】 改革几乎从来都不是由那些关心自己声誉和社会地位的人发起的。那些真正热衷于政府改革、教 育改革和其他机构改革的人们一定都是甘于被他人轻视的。 5. Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear.【44】 政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。 政府和科研 6. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve.【45】 政府官员应该依靠自己的判断而不是不管三七二十一的遵从人民的意愿。 少数和多数，政府 7. Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.【56】 政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试 图解 交通标志图片大全及图解交通标志牌图片大全及图解建筑工程建筑面积计算规范2013图解乒乓球规则图解老年人智能手机使用图解 决将来预期的问题上。 时间之当务之急和百年大计 8. Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.【81】 出于爱国对于一个国家的尊崇往往不是促进进步而是阻碍进步。 沙文主义 9. Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.【83】 政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。 政府之领土 10. With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society-including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from international influences.【116】 随着全球网络在经济和通讯等领域中的发展，毫无疑问，社会的各个领域--包括教育、政治、、 艺术和科学--都会从国际影响中获益匪浅。 全球化 11. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.【170】 一个伟大国家最真实的体现不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是他所有老百姓的普 通福利(幸福)。 社会精英和人民大众 12. The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.【197】 一个国家的物质进步和安定和其他所有国家的物质进步和安定是紧密相关的。 国家之间的关系 13. The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time.【215】 当代社会中视觉形象的冲击导致了人们愈加无法长时间清晰而深刻地将注意力集中在一件事情 上。 全球化之信息 -- 明知是痛苦，依然去享受 Welcome to ???????????? 明知是绝望，依旧若萧然 Board ???????????? 天空会变蓝，海水会澄清 ??????????? 希望若永存，吾辈当坚持 ???????????? KEEP ABREAST OF THE LATEST TRENDS ※ 来源:?BBS 水木清华站 smth.org?[FROM: 219.224.187.88]