初中数学变式教学实践[1]

初中数学变式教学实践[1] 初中数学变式教学的实践研究 一、 课 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的提出 本课题的研究起源可追溯到笔者在高中求学时。当时，笔者最喜欢的功课就是数学，我们的数学老师在课堂上的常用语是“比如说……”。她在讲完一道题后，往往能再比如说出许多与之同类的数学考题，以提醒我们能触类旁通，举一反三，这样的数学教学方式使我们茅塞顿开，恍然大悟，学习效益大增。90年大学毕业后，笔者被分配进宁海县城关中学，初出茅庐，教书育人只凭一腔热情，大搞题海战术，尽管学生中考数学成绩名列前茅，但师生俱累得心神俱疲。从92年开始一直到2000年，笔者一直担任初三数学教师，并担任校数学竞赛总教练。八年来，笔者做了几乎能收集到的全国各地中考题和竞赛题，慢慢发现并总结出一些规律脉络。许多数学考题尽管历年都在不断变化发展，但无论怎样改革，都离不开历史数学题的继承.数学基础知识、基本技能、思想方法总是不变的，即“万变不离其宗”，只是在题目的立意、创设的情景、设问的角度中力求新颖和鲜活的变化. 目前在教学一线的部分教师工作勤勤恳恳，一直以“熟能生巧”来鞭策自己，但事实给我们以极大的反差:许多我们认为让学生练熟的知识，在一次次考试中，只要对问题的背景或数量关系稍作演变，有的学生就无所适从。许多实例也表明，大量单一的、重复的机械性练习，达到的不是“生巧”，而是“生厌”，它不仅对学生知识与技能的掌握无所裨益，而且还会使学生逐步丧失学习数学的兴趣，这正是“题海战术”的最大弊端。许多教师曾意识到此类问题，因此在课堂教学中频频提醒学生解题学习要触类旁通，懂一题会解一片。但究竟如何对数学问题进行举一反三，深入挖掘，充分演变，教师自己也很困惑。 2002年，宁海县教育局组织了第八届县教坛新秀评比，笔者作为主要评委之一，参与了笔试部分的命题工作，其中有一教学设计题，选自初一教材“在直线t同侧有两点A、B，在直线t上找一点P，PA+PB最小，请你设计一教学 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，如何将此题向初三学生进行讲解，分析问题的引申、拓展与演变。”参与评比的青年教师均有较强的解题能力，但此题的得分较低，绝大部分教师无所适从，只能就题论题。这正反应出我们教师对数学知识的处理。比较单一，没能将问题进行引申和一般化，不能演变，不能在各种不同的情况下，识别出数学问题的本质，从而不能使学生在参与中展示知识发展的过程，不能将所学知识归纳入自己的知识系统，获得更深刻、更广阔的理解。 2007年参加了省教育厅安排的“名师送教”活动，在台州玉环给全市数学教师主讲了《在美丽的变式中领略数学的魅力》学术报告，引起了全体教师的浓厚兴趣。2008年受宁波市数学教研员沃苏青老师推荐，在市新华书店报告厅主讲了变式教学教案《从二点间距离谈起》的报告，引起了与会者的强烈反响，受到了一致好评。同时，课题在笔者名师带徒活动中也进行了长达四年的研究和实施，已取得了良好的实际教学效果。 二、本课题的创新之处 本课题的研究与实践较以往的“变式教学研究”有更实在明显的教学效益。以往的变式教学更多地在理论上列举了一题多变、举一反三的教学与学习的优势，更多地立足于宏观教学理论上的探讨。本课题则立足于具体的教师课堂教学和学生解题训练的实际，具体研究了数学问题是如何演变和如何深入的途径，注重于数学问题演变的技术手段(1、图形内部结构的变式探究2、几何图形形状的变式探究3、对原题型的条件或结论的变式探究4、原题数量关系的变式探究5、因某一知识迁移的变式探究6、增加试题层次的变式探究7、转化设问方向的变式探究8、纵横交错、信息互换的变式探究)。 2004年，我根据自己对数学变式教学的理解，写过两篇论文——《三角形相似判定定理(1)的教学实录》、《习题演变的常见策略》。文章得到了中国教育学会中学数学教学专业委员会的肯定，文章均在《中学数学教育》发表。特别是提供可供教师课堂教学与学生解题训练所用的经典变式问题。《数学变式百例精讲》是国内教学类书籍选题的首创(宁波出版社选题审题调研结论)。因此，本课题的研究成果具有更强的模仿性、可操作性、推广性。 三、研究的依据 随着科技、信息的高速发展，迫切要求中学数学教学不应仅局限于知识的传授，更应教会学生会学数学、会用数学，培养学生善于创新的精神。为此，探索并采用有效的教学策略和教学方法，形成实用高效的课堂教学模式，已成为中学数学教学研究和改革的重要内容。但是，长期以来，受“应试教育”的影响，“掐头去尾烧中段”的“题海战术”不仅严重困扰着中学数学教学，而且已成为导致学生厌学，扼制学生学习主动性、针对性和探索创新精神的主要根源。如何解决这个问题,变式教学及其模式，也许是达到这一目的的一个有效途径。这种方法不但可应用于课堂教学，而且在数学课外活动中也具有更为广泛的价值，更是当前大力倡导的开展研究性学习的重要途径。 变式教学以现代教育理论为指导，以精心设计问题、引导探索发现、展现形成过程、注重知识建构、摒弃题海战术、提高应变能力、优化思维品质、培养创新精神为基本要求，以知识变式、题目变式、思维变式、方法变式为基本途径，遵循目标导向、启迪思维、暴露过程、主体参与、探索创新等教学原则，深入挖掘教材中蕴涵的变式创新因素，努力培养学生的求异思维、创新意识和创造能力。 1(皮亚杰的认知发展理论认为，学习是一种能动的建构过程。学生认知结构的发展是在其认识新知识的过程中伴随着同化和顺应的认知结构不断再建构的过程，是在新水平上对原有认知结构进修延伸、改组而形成的新系统。学生只有通过积极自觉的认知活动，来激活大脑中的原有认知结构，使具有逻辑意义的新知识与认知结构中的旧知识发生相互作用(同化与顺应)，才能实现内化中的再建构。 2(建构主义的数学教学观认为，学习是学习者主动的建构活动，而不是对知识的被动接受。真正的数学教学应具有如下几个特征:(1)在学习目标方面，表现为对知识的深层 次的理解;(2)在学习过程方面，表现为高水平的思维;(3)在学习的情境方面，表现为师生、生生之间的充分沟通、合作。教师应成为学习活动的促进者，在肯定学生主体地位的前提下，教师又应在教学活动中起主导作用。教师需要就学习内容设计出有思考价值的、符合学生认知发展水平的、具有挑战性的问题，创设平等、自由、相互接纳的学习氛围，充分开展师生、生生之间的交流与合作学习，引导学生通过持续的概括、分析、讨论、探索、假设、检验等高水平的思维活动，建构对知识的理解。 3(波利亚的数学教育思想源于两个基本观点:(1)数学具有二重性，即数学既有演绎科学，又是归纳科学。(2)人类的后代学习数学与人类的祖先认识数学的历史是相似的。据此，波利亚创立了“数学教与学的三条原则”和“数学解题理论”。波利亚认为:学习任何东西的最好途径是自己去发现，为了有效地学习，学生应当在给定的条件下，尽量多地自己去发现要学习的材料(主动学习原则);学习材料的生动性和趣味性是学习的最佳刺激，强烈的心智活动所带来的愉快是这种活动的最好报偿，所有最佳学习动机是“学生应当对所学习的材料感兴趣，并且在学习活动中找到乐趣”(最佳动机原则);学生必须学习有序，教师教学要有层次(阶段渐进原则)。 随着新一轮课程改革的启动、新《数学课程 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 》的颁布，新的教育理念也必将贯穿于教学实践，其中数学探究活动已成为贯穿整个初中数学课程始终的重要内容(数学探究活动能促进学生将原有知识和新知识有效地组合和沟通，使学生获得深切的感受与体验(数学变式的研究能帮助学生养成良好的质疑、多思的学习习惯，提高类比推理的思维能力，点燃创新思维的火花(而“变式教学”和“变式训练”，通过对数学问题多角度、多方位、多层次的讨论和思考，能帮助学生打通关节，建构有价值的变式探索研究，展示数学知识发生、发展和应用的过程，有意识、有目的地引导学生从“变”的现象中发现“不变”的本质，从“不变”的本质中探究“变”的规律，使所有 知识点 高中化学知识点免费下载体育概论知识点下载名人传知识点免费下载线性代数知识点汇总下载高中化学知识点免费下载 融会贯通，使思维在所学知识中游刃有余、顺畅飞翔(用继承和发展的观点进行反思牞我们传统的教学确实存在着缺乏培养创新精神和探究能力的现象(现在，我国在校学生中不乏解题高手，我国选手历年参加国际奥林匹克数学竞赛，都取得了优异成绩，但在创造性地提出新问题、建立新理论方面都落后于国际平均水平(美籍华裔学者蔡金法先生曾对中美学生的数学能力做过一次调查(在第九届世界数学大会上，他介绍了自己的调研结果:中国学生的计算能力和解决简单问题的能力方面，比美国学生好;在比较复杂、过程或结论具有开放性的数学问题和创造性地提出问题方面，美国学生的平均成绩比中国学生好(在实际课堂教学中也是如此，在课上、课下敢于提出和能够提出较新的、有一定深度和广度的数学问题的学生寥寥无几(所以我国传统的教学方式较难培养学生潜在的创新意识与创新能力，学生大多只停留在解决理解前人留下的东西，解决前人留下的疑问，即为解题，从未想过“越雷池一步”，缺乏因旧问题的解决而激发新问题产生的能力，即问题的演变。其实，一种新的教学理论，只靠严谨的逻辑演绎是无法推导的，必须加上生动的思维再创造。数学理论发展的历史证 明，人们的直觉和“灵光一闪”的顿悟，往往已经得出了整个新理论的百分之七十，剩下的百分之三十则是逻辑与验证。数学史上冠以某数学家名字的猜想、定理、法则，往往并无逻辑证明，逻辑推演是今人补做的，但人们仍把功劳归于提出新问题的首创者，英国富豪出百万美元悬赏“哥德巴赫猜想”的验证，仅仅是在已构造的理论大厦上添砖加瓦。 四、研究的构想 (一)概念间界定 变式教学是指相对于某种范式(即数学教材中具体的数学思维成果，含基础知识、知识结构、典型问题、思维模式等)的变式形式，就是不断变更问题的情境或改变思维的角度，在保持事物的本质特征不变的情况下，使事物的非本质属性不断迁移的变化方式。变式有多种形式，如“形式变式”、“内容变式”、“方法变式”等。变式是模仿与创新的中介，是创新的重要途径。变式既是一种重要的思想方法，又是一种重要的教学途径。通过变式方式进行技能与思维的训练叫做变式训练;采用变式方式进行教学叫做变式教学。变式教学要求在课堂上通过变式展示知识的发生、发展、形成的过程，因此，变式教学有利于培养学生探究问题的能力，是“三”基教学、思维训练和创新能力培养的重要途径 (二)研究目标 、通过变式教学，解决如何优化学生教学思维素质的问题。 1 2、通过变式教学，解决如何使学生贯通教学思想到问题。 3、通过变式教学，解决如何培养学生学习兴趣，提高教学效益，真正达到“轻负高质”的问题。 (三)研究的思路 笔者从1998年就开始了对本课题的研究与实际开展工作，并且已经积累了丰富的教学经验和相应的教学理论素养。 从2003年起在县教育局名师带徒中所带动徒弟中进行实践教学试点实验，先给徒弟们灌输变式教学的理论，传授笔者在实际中所积累的经验，并提供相应的教学资料，引导徒弟中积极开展变式教学课题的实施。从而在桃源中学数学组全面展开本课题的实施工作，边实践、边摸索，边总结，以期达到预期的研究目标。 (四)研究的步骤 1、研究的方法: ?不同学校实验学生成绩对比分析法。 ?同校平行班成绩对比分析法。 ?个体调查法。 2、研究的步骤: ?准备阶段:1996年9月—1998年11月，查阅与之相关的资料，学习有关理论，确定研究方向，制订研究 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 。 ?研究阶段:第一期1998年12月,2003年笔者执行研究计划。 第二期2003年,2008年，桃源中学、西店中学、城关中学、跃龙中学各设两班试点执行研究计划。 ?总结阶段:2006年8月—2008年10月。分析积累的数据和资料，总结提炼完成课题，撰写报告。 五、研究的操作策略 (一)、培养数学问题演变能力的策略 著名的数学教育家波利亚曾形象地指出:“好问题同种蘑菇类似，它们都成堆地生长，找到一个以后，你应当在周围找一找，很可能附近就有好几个。”教师教授数学问题时，培养学生思考问题、解决问题的目的是培养探索解决问题途径的能力，探索新事物的学习精神，提出更一般的、更广阔的、更深刻的新问题和建立新理论。那么如何培养学生针对旧问题而提出新问题(问题演变)的能力, 1、夯实基础，沟通联系 数学基础知识，基本概念(定义、定理、性质、公式、法则)是解决数学问题，产生新问题的起点。从知识发生的过程设计问题，突出概念的形成过程和来龙去脉，从学生认知的最近发展区来设计问题，不是将公式简单地告诉学生，而是通过设计开放性问题，让学生通过类比、归纳、猜想得出结论，再对所得结论进行论证。 案例1.求证:顺次连结平行四边形各边中点所得的四边形是平行四边形。 变式1、求证:顺次连结矩形各边中点所得的四边形是菱形。 变式2、求证:顺次连结菱形各边中点所得的四边形是矩形。 变式3、求证:顺次连结正方形各边中点所得的四边形是正方形。 变式4、顺次连结什么四边形中点得到平行四边形。 变式5、顺次连结什么四边形中点得到矩形。 变式6、顺次连结什么四边形中点得到菱形等。 通过这样一系列变式训练，使学生充分掌握了四边形这一章节所有基础知识和基本概念，强化沟通常见特殊四边形的性质定理、判定定理、三角形中位线定理等，极大拓展了学生解题思路，活跃思维，激发兴趣。 案例2、圆台侧面积公式为π(R+r)l，当r=0时，即圆台体变形为圆锥体，即圆锥体侧面积公式为πRl;当R=r时，圆台体变形为圆柱体，圆柱体侧面积公式为2πRl。这样，我们用整体的观点，站在更高的层次上，分析与研究知识之间的纵横关系、因果关系、演变关系，沟通不同知识间的内在联系，以知识为经，方法为纬，编织一个“知识网”，为进行数学问题演变奠定坚实的知识基础。 2 、推陈出新，发展思维 丰富而扎实的基础知识是形成创新意识的前提，无“知”必无“能”，有“知”未必有“能”，要想知识和能力同步协调发展，教学中既要使学生掌握知识，更要使学生把握知识的产生“过程”，并从中吸取丰富的智力营养，尽力让学生体会到蕴藏在数学问题中的“生命”价值。具体在数学活动中，它是一种不依常规，寻求变异，从多角度、多层次、全方位去思考问题，寻求答案的优良思维品质，其基本特征是:流畅性——能在短时间内表达较多的概念，反应迅速;变通性——思维方向灵活多样举一反三，触类旁通，能提出超常的构想或新观点;独创性——对事物的处理或判断表现出独特的见解，推陈出新。 3、掌握规律，建立技能 数学问题的演变是以基础问题为基本，并且要与学生的思维水平相适应，对学生的思维素质要求较高，但仍有一定的方法技巧可循，如何引导学生根据现有的思维水平，运用已掌握的知识，通过正确的思维方式，把碰到的数学问题，转化为熟悉的或容易解决的数学问题，变中求解，解中求变，以下流程图是可行的: 、数学问题变式设计应注意的问题 4 前面，我们举例说明了数学问题变式的方法，但应当指出，问题变式不是为了“变式”而变式，而是要根据教学需要，遵循学生的认知规律而设计数学变式。其目的是通过变式 “应训练，使学生在理解知识的基础上，把学到的知识转化为能力，形成技能技巧，完成用—理解—形成技能—培养能力”的认知过程。因此，数学变式设计要巧，要有一定的艺术性，要正确把握变式的“度”。一般地，设计数学变式，应注意以下几个问题: 1、差异性。设计数学问题变式，要强调一个“变”字，避免简单的重复。变式题组的题目之间要有明显的差异。对每道题，要使学生既感到熟悉，又感到新鲜。从心理学角度看，新鲜的题目给学生的刺激性强，学生的神经兴奋度高，做题时注意力集中，积极性大，思维敏捷，使训练达到较好的效果。因此，设计数学变式，要努力做到变中求“活”，变中求“新”，变中求“异”，变中求“广”。 2、层次性。所谓的问题变式要有一定的难度，才能调动学生积极思考。但是，变式要由易到难，层层递进，让问题处于学生思维水平的最近发展区，充分激发学生的好奇心和求知欲。要让学生经过思考，能够跨过一个个“门坎”，既起到训练的作用，又可以培养学生的思维能力，发展学生的智力。 3、开阔性。一幅好画，境界开阔，就会令人回味无穷。同样，设计数学问题变式，一定要内涵丰富，境界开阔，给学生留下充足的思维空间，让学生感到内容充实。因此，所选范例必须具有典型性:一要注意知识的横向联系;二要具有延伸性，可进行一题多变;三要注意思维的创造性、深刻性。 4、灵活性。根据教学内容和学生的实际情况，数学问题变式训练的方式要灵活多样，力求使学生独立练习和教师启发引导下的半独立练习相结合。同时，根据数学内容，有时可分散训练，有时可集中训练，有时一个题目的变式可分几次完成，充分展现知识螺旋上 升的方式。这种灵活的训练方式，不仅可以提高学生的兴趣，集中学生的注意力，而且可以使学生的多种感官参与学习，提高大脑和神经的兴奋度，达到最佳的训练效果。 (二)、变式教学课堂的模式策略 1、概念课教学模式 (1)、模式框架 (2)、模式说明 变式教学概念课的教学模式，是一个以学生为中心，以学生自主创新学习为基础，以学生创新精神和创新素质的全面发展为目标的教学过程。具体操作程序为:“问题情境?探究新知?形成概念?变式深化?变式训练?总结升华”六个环节。应当指出，上述六个环节可根据具体情况有所删减。 1、问题情境 新知来源于问题，所以创设问题情境应从概念的来源入手。根据概念的来源，概念大致可分为两类:一类是来源于生活、生产、科研等实际，也就是根据实际问题抽象出来的概念;一类是由已知概念得到的新概念。 在“问题情境”环节中，教师活动主要体现在:根据概念类型、设计概念引入变式， 如实例、模型或已有经验、题组等)提出问题，为学生创设生动形将概念还原到客观实际( 象的教学情境，激发学生自主学习的内驱力。所提问题要适当，既要符合教学大纲和教材的要求，又要符合学生的“最近发展区”。学生活动主要表现在:激发自主创新学习的情感，积极进行发现性学习。学生在教师创设的特定情境中，从实践经验和原认知结构中提取与新知相关的旧知，发现新知、旧知间的联系。 2、探究新知 这是根据教师创设的问题情境，学生自主创新学习的过程。它包括学生个体自主探究、小组相互讨论、集体相互讨论、师生相互释疑等自主创新的方式。 在“探究新知”环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)教师的主导性。当学生在自主探索过程中遇到困难时，教师应适当启发点拨，指导学生明确探究方向，充分挖掘学生自主创新的潜力。教师要创造性地引导学生“探究”，鼓励学生“质疑”，激励学生“超越”，调动学生“选择不，以促进学生创造思维的发展，并形成教师与学生相互协作的新型师生关系。(2)创设自主学习的氛围。在学生自主学习、小组讨论、集体交流的过程中，教师既要了解学生所掌握的知识，又要观察学生的心理变化，创设平等、和谐、民主、宽松、愉快的学习氛围，让学生大胆质疑，勇于求异，敢于争辩。学生活动体现在:(1)学生自主创新学习。展示学生寻找结论的过程，展示思维过程、探索过程的独特性、层次性和创造性。(2)个体自主探究。(3)小组相互探讨。(4)集体相互交流。 3、形成概念 这是在学生充分探究、讨论的基础上，学生自主归纳、概括、抽象形成概念的过程。在这一环节中，教师活动体现在:对学生实施积极的和适度的鼓励性评价。对抽象概念过程中出现差错的学生，要以宽容、谅解、和蔼的态度对待，允许再“想一想”，使学生获得成功的情感体验。学生活动体现在:(1)学生积极参与的状态。学生在课堂上热情饱满，注意力集中，与老师和谐互动、双向交流。(2)学生参与的广度。人人参与，自由发表意见，充分体会成就感。(3)自我评价与相互评价。 4、变式深化 在形成概念后，不应急于应用概念去解决问题，而应对概念作进一步的探讨，通过辨析变式和等价深化变式，使学生对概念有更加深刻的理解，让学生既知其然，又知其所以然。 在变式深化环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)设计概念辨析变式题组，引导学生讨论、探究。(2)设计概念等价深化变式，引导学生探索、发现。可采用诱导、点拨、适度评价等方法。学生活动体现在:(1)积极调动原有知识，与新学概念进行比较、分析，逐步形成新的知识结构与知识系统。(2)根据教师的引导，积极探索、发现新知。通过自主思考、小组讨论等形式，对概念进行更深层次上的认识和把握。 5、变式训练 根据学习目标和学生交流中所反馈的信息，教师精心选编题目，并通过变式得到一组变式训练题组，让学生在解答、变式、探索中，深化对概念的理解，促进认知结构的内化过程。在变式训练环节中，教师活动表现在:根据知识之间的综合联系设计有针对性的问题，鼓励学生探求变式、求异求新，拓宽学生的知识视野，促进其创造性思维品质的形成。学生活动表现在:(1)自我探索。针对训练题目，在多方位探求解法的基础上，通过探索题目变式及对变式问题的解决，理解新概念。(2)公开表述。通过小组讨论，集体交流，将个人学习成果贡献给大家，同时分享集体学习的成果，从中体验成功的快感，形成自主创新学习的动力。 6、总结升华 在完成上述各环节后，对课堂教学内容及方法作适当的总结，使学生对所学概念、方法的认识得以升华。一是建立新知识的内在联系，并纳入原有知识新系统，形成知识结构，实现内化过程中的再建构;二是对研究问题的方法进行回顾、反思，使学生逐步掌握自主创新学习的方式方法，培养科学、严谨的研究态度，从而全面完成教学目标，逐步形成创新能力。 2、定理课教学模式 (1)、模式框架 (2)、模式说明 定理(公式)课教学模式的操作程序为:“问题情境?探究猜想?验证论证?获得定理?变式深化?变式训练?总结升华”。应当指出，上述七个环节可根据具体情况所有删减。 1、问题情境 与概念教学类似，在教授一个新的定理(公式)时，将其还原到客观实际之中，通过一些学生熟知的现实现象抽象、移植定理、公式的本质属性，或者通过题目变式，使学生在原有认知结构的基础上，循序渐进，促进旧知迁移形成新知。 在问题情境这一环节中，教师的活动表现在:根据定理、公式特点，设计定理、公式的形成变式，为学生创设探索、猜想的学习环境。学生的活动体现在:激发自主创新学习的情感，积极进行发现性学习。 2、探究猜想 这是根据教师创设的问题情境，学生自主创新学习的过程。在这一过程中，教师活动主要体现在:(1)启发诱导。当学生在探究、发现、猜想过程中产生思维障碍时，教师要及时给予点拨、引导，为学生指明探究方向。(2)创设自主学习的氛围。引导学生敢于探索，大胆猜测，形成猜想。学生活动体现在:(1)从实践经验和原有知识结构中提取相关知识，主动进行个体自主探究，探求新知。(2)相互探讨和交流。(3)大胆猜测，形成猜想。 3、验证论证 猜想得到的结论不一定是可靠的，学生对它半信半疑。为了提高“猜想”的可信度，可以通过实验或演示等方法验证“猜想”，从而增强学生对新知的感性认识和进一步探索问题的积极性。在验证的基础上，再引导学生给出探索猜想所得结论的理论证明。 在验证论证环节中，教师的活动体现在:(1)点拨验证的方法(如数学作图、数据验算、理化实验、教具或实物演示等)。(2)点拨论证的方法。启发诱导学生对“猜想”实施证法变式，鼓励学生求新求异。(3)适时作鼓励性评价。学生的活动体现在:(1)动脑动手，自主实验，验证猜想。(2)自主探究“猜想”的条件与讨论。(3)自主探索“猜想”的论证方法，给出完整的理论证明。(4)相互交流，共享成果。 4、获得定理 给出“猜想”的严格理论证明后，学生从感性认识上升为理性认识，已完成了一个认知过程。 在获得定理环节中，教师的活动体现在:给予学生鼓励性评价，唤起其继续探究的信心。学生活动体现在:(1)锤炼定理表述。(2)对定理、公式主动识记。 5、变式深化 获得定理、公式后，不是急于应用定理、公式解决问题，而是对定理、公式作进一步探讨，通过语言变式、变形变式、逆向变式和推广变式，使学生对定理、公式有一个全方位的了角。 在变式深化环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)引导学生对定理、公式进行语言变式。(2)设计定理、公式变形变式、逆向变式、推广变式，引导学生探索、发现。学生活动体现在:(1)对定理、公式作语言变式，进行文字语言、图形语言、符号语言三种数学语言的转换。(2)主动探索定理、公式的变化形式和推广形式，对定理、公式有更加深入、全面的理解。 、变式训练 6 根据学习目标和学生交流中所反馈的信息，教师精心选编题目，并通过变式得到变式训练题组，让学生在解答、变式、探索及题目编制过程中，深化对定理、公式的理解和运用，促进认知结构的内化过程。 在变式训练环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)设计针对性强又能进行变式探索的题目。题目设计要注意定理、公式的正用、逆用和变式应用。(2)引导学生解答题目并进行题目变式。(3)引导学生应用定理、公式及其变式进行“编题”训练。(4)适时进行定理、公式的应用要点和技巧的点拨和鼓励性评价。学生活动体现在:(1)灵活应用定理、公式及其变式解决问题，注重探求多解。(2)主动探索题目变式，得到变式题组，扩大解题成果。(3)主动参与编题，进行创新活动，探索问题的源头。(4)在解决问题的过程中，注意总结定理、公式的应用要点和技巧。 、总结升华(参见概念课本环节说明) 7 (三) 例题(习题)课教学模式 (1)模式框架 (2)、模式说明 例题(习题)课的教学程序为:“精选范例?解法变式?方法应用?题目变式?问题解决?总结升华”。应当指出，上述六个环节可根据具体情况有所删减。 1、精选范例 范例的来源可以是课本中的例题或习题，也可以是其它的题目，如选自辅导资料的题目或历年高考、中考题等。选取的范例应具有“四性”:针对性、基础性、灵活性和可变性。即对所学知识的训练有针对性;能用基本知识、基本方法加以解决;解法灵活多变;可以进行题目变式，联题成片。 在精选范例环节中，教师活动体现在:选择符合上述要求的题目，为学生创设优良的探索氛围。学生活动体现在:自主审题，为实施解法变式、题目变式和主动探索、尝试发现作好情感准备。 2、解法变式 通过对范例实施解法变式，追求一题多解，解法优化，培养学生思维的广阔性和灵活性。 在解法变式环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)引导点拨。当学生探索解法遇到困难时，及时给予启发、诱导、点拨。(2)评价鼓励。对学生探索得到的求解思路或方法，给予及时的 鼓励性评价，以增强学生的探索信心和精神，激发探索欲。学生活动体现在:(1)自主探索解法，求得问题解决。(2)求新求异，多角度思考问题，多渠道寻求解决问题的方法。(3)相互交流，相互启发，扩大探索成果。(4)自主总结各种解法的规律与技巧，形成解题技能。 3、方法应用总结范例的解题规律、方法，并把它运用到其它题目的解决过程，使解题方法得到迁移，形成技能技巧。 在方法应用环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)设计方法训练变式题组或引导学生通过对范例的变式而得到方法训练题组。(2)引导学生运用解决范例的方法解答变式训练题组，并对学生给予引导和点拨。学生活动体现在:自主解答变式训练题组，使方法得以迁移，形成技能技巧，提高解题能力。 4、题目变式 通过师生对范例的共同探索(包括变化条件、探求讨论、等价变化、逆向探索、图形变化、推广拓广等)，获得题目的一类或几类变式，从而培养、锻炼学生的探索创新能力。 在探索变式环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)诱导启发，激发学生的探索创新个欲望。(2)适时引导、点拨，指引学生的探索方向。(3)及时评价，鼓励学生的探索精神和继续探索的勇气。学生活动体现在:(1)在教师的引导下，独立探索，挖掘题目变式。(2)小组相互探讨，通过相互交流，相互启发，点燃创新思维的火花。(3)人人参与，自由发言，充分体会成功感。 5、问题解决 对范例变式得到的数学问题，难易程度不同，应采取灵活多样的解决方式，如课上详解、略解，课下练习、书面作业，课下思考讨论等。 在问题解决环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)对变式题的分类处理，确定哪些题目课上解决，哪些题目课下思考。(2)引导点拨，适时启发。引导学生的解题方向，点拨可面向全体，也可面向个体，注意因材施教。(3)适时作鼓励性评价。学生活动体现在:(1)自主探索，按教师要求，探求规定题目的求解策略与方法。(2)相互探讨，对不能自主解决的问题，同学之间、师生之间相互探讨。(3)注意解题规律、方法的积累与总结。 6、总结升华 师生共同完成总结。一是对解题方法、规律的总结升华，对课堂上所用知识、方法加以梳理、概括，纳入知识方法体系;二是对研究问题的方法加以总结，使学生掌握探究学习的方式方法。并逐步使之成为学生的自觉行为。 (四) 复习课教学模式 1、模式框架 2、模式说明 复习课的教学程序是:“知识归析?精选范例?解法探究?探索变式?问题解决?总结升华”。应当指出，在一节复习课中，可以完成一个循环，也可以完成多个循环。对每 一个循环，可以是完整的，也可以减少某些环节，这要根据具体情况，根据所选范例的特点而定。 1、知识归析 复习课的一个重要任务就是与学生一起回顾本专题的知识内容，使学生重温知识的内在联系，建立知识结构，为创新学习打下坚实的知识基础。 在知识归析环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)设计针对性、启发性强的问题，激发学生回顾旧知识的兴趣。(2)引导学生建立知识结构。学生活动体现在:主动参与，积极回顾、探究所学知识的内在本质联系，建立明晰、稳固的知识体系，使所学知识在回顾与反思中得到进一步升华。 2、精选范例 复习课所选的范例应具有针对性(针对复习专题的内容和学生的实际情况而选，起点要低，要面向全体学生)、典型性(为巩固“三基”而选，对某个知识点、某种方法、某种思想的训练有代表性，能起到以点代面的作用)、灵活性(解法多样、题型易变、易于实施变式教学)、综合性(体现 所复习专题的知识、方法在本学科及其它学科中的应用)、层次性(即范例的选排、变式题的探索要有层次性，如由基础到技巧、由简单到复杂、由单一到综合等)。 在精选范例环节中，教师活动体现在:选择符合上述要求的题目，为学生创设广阔的探索空间。学生活动体现在:自主审题，为实施解法变式、题目变式作好情感准备。 3、解法探究 具体操作请参考例题(习题)课教学模式说明2——“解法变式”。 4、探索变式 这里所说的“变式”，与前面例题课教学模式中所谈的“变式”相比，其特点是“新、深、广”，即变式题目新，知识渗透深，方法应用广。 在探索变式环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)诱导启发，创设情境，激发学生的探索、创新欲望。(2)适时引导、点拨，指引学生的探索方向(如引导学生进行条件变式、结论变式、图形变式、等价变式、逆向变式、拓广变式等)。(3)及时评价，鼓励学生的探索精神和继续探索的勇气。学生活动体现在:通过独立探索、小组讨论、集体交流等方式，全员参与、积极思维，最大限度地探索题目的各种变式。 5、问题解决 具体操作请参考例题(习题)教学模式说明5——“问题解决”。 6、总结升华 具体操作请参考例题(习题)教学模式说明6——“总结升华”。 (五) 讲评课教学模式 1、模式框架 2、模式说明 讲评课是指在进行了单元考查、阶段考查或期末考查之后，对试卷进行评析的课型。数学讲评课的教学程序是:“总体评价——归类评析——变式训练——回顾全卷——总结升华”。 1、总体评价 总体评价包括对试题难度、信度、区分度的简要评价;对学生成绩(包括优秀人数、良好人数、及格人数等)的简要分析;对出错较多的题目、题型、知识点等“错点”的简要分析。通过这些分析，使学生了解自己的答题情况，正确评价自己的成绩，把握课堂学习重点。 在总体评价环节中，教师活动体现在:(1)根据统计结果，通报试题的整体难度、信度、区分度，可能的情况下，可对重点题目或全部题目的难度、区分度予以通报。(2)分段通报学生成绩并与平行班级作简单比较。(3)点明出错较多的题目和知识点。学生活动体现在:(1)根据教师的分析正确评价自己的成绩。(2)找准自己的薄弱环节，把握课堂学习重点。 2、归类评析 归类评析又包括典型错例评析、同类题目归类(多题一解)评析、典型方法评析、重点知识评析等。在一份试卷的讲评中，可根据学生答题情况，有所侧重的选择1—2项重点评析。 (1)错例评析 选择典型的、有针对性的、能触类旁通且出错率较高的题目作范例，进行点拨、评析。在评析时，要注意引导学生深刻剖析出错的根源——是知识的欠缺，还是粗心大意,是方法有误还是缺乏毅力,是知识问题还是能力问题,在找到根源的基础上，引导学生探究正确的解题思路方法，进而培养学生严谨的学习态度和良好的学习习惯。 ?对于学生不会作而懂的题目，可以通过分析——讨论——试作——讲评四个环节完成。即教师先引导学生分析，然后交给学生讨论，在相互启发的基础上试作，最后教师讲评。 ?对于学生会作而错的题目，可以通过展示——找错——分析——解答四个环节完成。即由作错的学生展示错解，同学们帮助找出错点并进行错点分析，然后给出解答或简单变式后再练。 ?对于学生作错了而不知为什么错的题目，也可以通过展示——找错——分析——解答四个环节完成。但这里的“找错”与“分析”应在教师的协助下进行，解答可以在错解中进行补救或给出新的严密的解法。 ?对于学生会作而方法非优的题目，可以经过说法——验证——比较——提炼四个环节完成。即由解法不同的学生简单说明自己所用的解法，师生进行解法验证，比较各种解 法的繁简，并从中选优，从而提炼出解决这一类题目的一般规律或方法。如某些选择题，不但可以用计算法，还可以用经验法、淘汰法、特殊值验证法等。 在错例评析环节中，教师活动体现在:?选择典型范例;?引导分析错因;?点拨解题方法，引导学生给出范例的正确解答。学生活动体现在:?自主寻找错因;?积极参与，成果共享;?探求正确解题方法，完成范例解答。 (2)同类题目归类评析 一份试题，无论是从知识的角度分类，还是从方法的角度分类，总存在同类型的题目。在试卷讲评中，把这些同类型题目集中讲评，不仅可以加深学生对问题的理解，使之透过现象看本质，又可以举一反三，节约时间，收到事半功倍的效果。 在同类题目归类评析环节中，教师活动体现在:?引导学生挖掘题目本质，按知识或方法寻求同类型题目;?引导学生确定同类型题目中的一个，深入探究，研深研细。学生活动体现在:?自主探索，将题目归类;?探求类题的优解，提高解题能力。 (3)典型方法评析 一份好的试题，必定用一定数量的题目考查一些主要的数学思想方法。对这些题目，不管学生是否作错，都应针对所考查的数学思想方法进行进一步的评析，以强化学生自觉运用数学思想方法解决数学问题的意识。 在典型方法评析环节中，教师活动体现在:?引导学生提炼数学思想方法;?设计变式问题，强化数学思想方法的运用。学生活动体现在:自主参与，积极总结、提炼数学思想方法，并自觉用之解决有关问题。 (4)重点知识评析 重点知识重点考查是一份好试题的重要标志。在试卷讲评中，通过对有关题目的评析，引导学生进一步回顾、总结、归纳基础知识，深化知识体系，是讲评课的重要任务之一。 在重点知识评析环节中，教师活动体现在:以题目带知识，引导学生反思。学生活动体现在:在教师的点拨下，自主回顾旧知，理清知识网络，重构知识体系。 3、变式训练 这里的变式是指对典型范例的变式，是针对学生出现的错误编拟的矫正练习、针对数学思想方法所设计的强化训练或一些典型范例的引申拓广。变式题既要照顾原题知识、方法的训练，又要有新意，能激发学生的解题积极性。通过对变式题的解答，使学生巩固知识，强化方法，训练能力。 在变式训练环节中，教师活动体现在:?设计变式。可以由教师根据学生出现的错误而设计矫正练习，也可以引导学生对典型范例进行探索而得到拓广变式。?引导学生求解变式问题。学生活动体现在:在教师的指导、点拨下，设计、求解变式问题，矫正错误，建立准确无误的知识网络，形成明晰的数学思想方法，养成良好的思维和学习习惯。 4、回顾全卷 通过上述各环节的教学，学生试卷中反映的普遍问题得到解决，重点知识、重要思想方法得到强化。但因学生的个别差异，每个人存在的知识缺陷不同，解题中出现的错误也不尽相同。因此，必须留给学生一定的时间，让学生回顾试卷、改错、思考。同时，提供一些思考题让好学生思考、研究，体现分层教育、因材施教的原则。 在回顾全卷环节中，教师活动体现在:个别辅导，答疑解惑，学生活动体现在:回顾全卷，改错、思考、讨论、解答，自主学习，查漏补缺。 5、总结升华 讲评课常采用激励小结法。即在讲评课中，教师以感情真挚、满怀期望和信心的语言，鼓励、教育学生，使学生养成在失败和挫折面前不灰心，在荣誉和胜利面前不骄傲的严谨的学习态度。对于成绩好的学生，教育他们胜不骄，继续努力，争取更好的成绩。对于成绩较差的学生，教育他们败不馁，帮助他们树立学习信心，找出差距及原因，并及时进行纠正。使学生感悟到老师的期望和信任，以较高的学习积极性、饱满的学习热情迎接后续知识的学习。 六、成效与分析 (一)数学变式教学的实施，改变了学生对数学解题的恐惧心理，提升了学生对数学解题的浓厚兴趣，实现数学变式教学课题中提倡的“在无穷的变化中领略数学的魅力，在曼妙的演变中体会数学的快乐。”使学生心目中枯燥乏味的“死”数学演变成生机盈然的“活”数学。同时，经过学生自主学习的实践证明，通过对数学问题的变式，提供适当地知识铺垫，由于教师向学生展示了数学知识到发生，形成与发展的过程，使学生体验到知识是如何从已有知识中逐渐演变或发展而来的，从而真正理解知识到来龙去脉，形成一个知识网络，将这种有层次推进的变式用于概念形成、问题解决和构建活动经验系统，帮助学生自己融会贯通，构建起良好的知识结构，培养出解决问题的能力，又避免了反复的机械性训练，一言而撇之，而学生通过训练三十道习题，与其系列变式就可以就可以收到普通学生需做一百道习题的效果，真正达到了教育界说倡导的“高质轻负”，同时不让学生领略到数学的和谐，奇异与美妙，收到极好的学习效果，我们想用一系列的数据，来进一步说明数学变式教学对学生参加数学竞赛后数学成绩提高的巨大作用。 其中全国数学竞赛一等奖获得者沈世民同学曾评论:在所有的数学辅导书中，最喜欢，最让人受益的是《数学变式百例精讲》。这本书让他明白了原料所有数学知识竞是如此紧密联系的，许多疑难问题均在一系列变式训练中得到了非常巧妙的解决。解决数学问题也会让人产生“三日绕梁不绝”的遐思，真是“题海无涯变为舟，书山有路乐为径”。 二)数学变式教学的实施，极大提高了教师教学水平和解题视野，不必再沉浸于不断的“找题——解题——讲题”的题海战术，教师往往能充分开发利用课本例题，中考题、竞赛题，揭示其深刻性，领悟其奥妙性，并对其进行适当地剖析，深入研究，充分演变， 以旧问题的解决来激活新问题的诞生，使教师能通过问题的表象看到问题的本质，并作进一步的思考，真正达到举一反三、触类旁通的教学效果。 2004年，笔者根据自己对数学变式教学的理解，写了二篇论文——《相似三角形判定定理教学实录》《习题演变得常见策略》(见附件一、二)，文章得到了中国教育学会中学数学教学专业委员会的肯定，均在《中学数学教育》杂志上发表。 2006年，笔者积累了几十年的数学问题变式素材向宁波出版社投稿，宁波出版社选题审题小组经过调研，认为《数学变式百例精讲》是国内数学类书籍的首创，故而对其全额投资，于2006年6月正式出版(见附件三)，并在06年7月31日在《宁波日报》“读书”专栏上作了专门介绍，题为《王伟的“数学变式教学”》(见附件四)。 在宁海县教育局的组织下，笔者曾多次向全县数学老师作了专题报告，培训辅导了广大教师和学生，均受到良好反响，《宁海日报》曾对作者作了专访，《数学也可以愉快的学——记县名师王伟和他的“数学变式”教学》(见附件五)，并于07年国庆节在宁海新华书店向广大市民作了《初三数学轻松学》讲座。2008年受宁波市数学教研员沃苏青老师推荐，在宁波市新华书店报告厅主讲了变式教学教例《从二点间距离谈起》的报告，引起了与会者的强烈反响，受到了一致好评 2007年参加了省教育厅安排的“名师送教”活动，在台州玉环给全市数学教师主讲了《在美丽的变式中领略数学的魅力》学术报告(见附件六)，引起了全体教师的浓厚兴趣。 在县教学设计评比中，课题组成员桃源中学汪君未的《立方根》获2007年度一等奖。桃源中学娄群姣的《应用问题解决》、童莹莹的《一次函数的应用》获2008年度一等奖(以上设计均以数学变式教学为主)。在县教学论文评比中，课题组成员共有3人次获县一等奖，6人次获县二等奖。 2006年12月，课题组成员朱惠芳与笔者合作的论文《竞赛题的变式探究》在《初中数学教与学》杂志上发表(见附件七)。 数学变式教学者宁海县初中数学教学中已有较大影响，在09年3月份县教研室组织的初三数学复习课评比中得到较好的验证，所参评的七位老师七节课，全部以数学变式教学为主线展开，课堂教学精彩纷呈，“变式教学”得到了教研室教研员、课题组顾问陈为研老师的高度评价。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.