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湘教版 小学 小学生如何制作手抄报课件柳垭小学关于三违自查自纠报告小学英语获奖优质说课课件小学足球课教案全集小学语文新课程标准测试题 科学复习资料 三年级上册 第三单元 土壤 土壤是指地球表面能够生长植物的(疏松表层)。分为(砂质土、黏质土、壤土)三类，砂质土含砂较多;黏质土含黏土较多;壤土含砂和黏土的量差不多。 鉴别土壤的方法(手捏法)土壤散开不能成团的是砂质土，能捏成团抛到地上也不会散开的是黏质土。能捏成团抛到地上会散开的是壤土。 早在(宋代)，我国就有了无土栽培的尝试。无土栽培是批不用土壤栽培蔬菜等作物，而是直接给作物提供营养液。 我国古代早已认识到(土壤)是可以改良的，不同的(土壤)要采用不同的改良措施。在春秋战国时期，人们就使用(肥料)来改良土壤。他们把野草割来(焚烧)或是(用水沤)让它腐烂后变成肥料，改良土壤。 第四单元 水 水是一种(无色)(无味)透明的液体，有一定的(体积)但无固定的(形状)。测量水的体积用(量筒)或(量杯)。 早在公元前1世纪，中国就出现了水磨。这一发明对长时间从事碾米劳动的人们来说，上一个大大节省劳力的装置。(流水有力量) 食盐、高锰酸钾、胶水、洗发液、肥皂、醋、酒精、小苏打都能溶解在水中，沙、面粉、食用油不能溶解在水中。加快溶解的方法:切碎(弄得小些)、加温、搅拌 地球上的咸水约占(97%)淡水约占(3%)。 第四单元 空气 、空气存在于我们的(周围)，空气是一种没有(颜色)、没有(气味)、没有(味道)、1 (透明)、会(流动)的气体。没有固定的(形状)但占据一定的(空间)。空气有(重量)。 2、空气能够流动，热空气会上升，风是(空气)流动形成的。 3、空气没有固定的体积可以被(压缩)，被压缩的空气有(弹性)。 4、空气中有灰尘，不同环境里空气中的灰尘含量不同。减少空气中灰尘的办法:多栽花草树木等。 第五单元 材料 1、物体都是由一种(材料)或多种(材料)做成的，我们的周围存在着许多不同种类的(材料)。材料分为(天然材料:棉花做成的布)和(人造材料:塑料) 2、我们周围常见的材料有(木头)、(纤维)、(纸)、(玻璃)、(钢铁)、(塑料)、(橡胶)等。 三年级下册 第一单元冷与热 1、物体的冷热程度叫温度，测量物体温度的仪器(温度计)它是利用物体热胀冷缩原理制成的，温度的单位通常用摄氏度用(?)表示。1953年伽利略发明了第一支空气温度计 2、1742年，瑞典科学家摄尔西斯创立了“摄氏温标”。规定1个 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 大气压下，冰融化时的温度为0摄氏度，水沸腾时的温度为100摄氏度。 3温度计的使用方法: (1、测量前，观察所要使用的温度计，了解它的量程(测量范围)、单位和分度值(每一小格对应的温度值); (2、测量时使温度计的玻璃泡跟被测液体充分接触(要浸没在被测液体中)，不能碰到容器; (3、待示数稳定后再读数; (4、读数时温度计玻璃泡要留在被测液体中，不能取出来读数，视线要与温度计液面持平。 4、(固体、液体和气体)都有受热时体积膨胀，遇冷时体积缩小的性质。而重量不变。(也有一些固体和液体在一定条件下是热缩冷胀的。)常见的热胀冷缩现象:水冻成冰后体积会变大;冷的杯子倒沸水时容易炸裂;火车轨道会留有空隙;夏天自行车、汽车、摩托车、电动车的轮胎都不能充太足的气，防止温度高时，因气体膨胀而引起爆胎;温度计也利用了热胀冷缩的原理。 5、热是一种能量的形式，热总是从物体温度较高的一端向温度较低的一端传递，直到两者温度相同。 6、热可以通过多种方式(传导、对流、辐射)进行传递，不同材料制成的物体，导热性能是不一样的。像金属这样导热性能好的物体称为热的良导体;而像塑料、木头、空气这样导热性能差的物体称为热的不良导体。 •热的不良导体，可以减慢物体热量的散失。比如:加穿衣服会使人体感觉到热。 第二单元天气 1、天气是指我们居住的地区，在某个时间的大气状况，可用一些可测量的量来描述(如温度、风向、风力、云量、降水量)。 2、天气特征主要包括云量、降水量、风力、风向、湿度和气温、。 3、(温度计)、(雨量器)、(风向标和风速仪)是测量天气的工具。 4、天气日历是 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 每天各种天气现象的表格。在我们的天气日历中，一般要记录日期和时间、气温、云量和降水情况，风速和风向，如果有云，还要记录云的类型。观察天气应该在每天的同一时间，同一地点。 5、温度、风向和风速、降水、云量是天气观察中的重要数据。 、风向是指风吹来的方向。风向可以用(风向标)来测量，风向标的箭头指方向是风吹来6 的方向。 7、风的速度是以风每秒行进多少米来计算的。(风速计)是测量风速的仪器。气象学家把风速记为13个等级。在我们的天气日历中可以用简化的风速等级来划分风速。 8、降水的开式很多，常见的有雨、雪、冰雹等。 9、雨量器是测量降水量多少的装置。雨量器的集水漏斗用来收集雨水，容器中雨水的高度值就是降水量。我们可以用直筒透明杯子来做雨量器。 10、天空中飘浮的云实际上是由千千万万的小水滴或冰晶组成的。云的形状和大小能告诉我们有关天气的许多 信息。气象学家在对云进行描述时还通常把它们分成三类:积云、层云、和卷云。云可以看作是天上的雾。靠近地球表面的扁平层状云是层云，它通常是灰色的。层云变厚，就是雨层云，将会出现毛毛雨、大雨或雪。高于云层，看上去像棉花堆一样的云叫做积云。积云发展成积雨云，形成雷阵雨。纤细的雨头状云是卷云，卷云是由微小的冰晶组成。 11、一天中下午2点到3点之间气温最高。我国现代气象事业创始人(竺可桢)他写了《物候学》一书。 第三单元养蚕 1、蚕的一生可以分为(蚕卵)、(幼虫)、(蛹)、(成虫)四个阶段。蚕成长的过程中，要经过四次蜕皮，蜕皮的原因是因为旧皮阻碍了身体的生长，蚕蜕皮时不吃也不动。 2、在古代，只有中国是种桑、养蚕，生产丝织品的国家。2000多年前，我国西汉的张骞正是用丝绸打开通往西域各国的贸易通道，使中国与西方的物质和文化 交流 第4课唐朝的中外文化交流教案班主任工作中的交流培训班交流发言材料交流低压配电柜检验标准小王子读书交流分享介绍 成为现实，誉为“丝绸之路”。 3、昆虫的特征是:身体分为头、胸、腹三部分，头上有一对触角，胸部有三对足。 4、有些动物幼年期和成年期的样子很不相同，从一种形态变成了另外一种形态，这种变化叫做(变态)。常见的昆虫中，蜜蜂、蚂蚁、苍蝇、蚊子、跳蚤、蝴蝶、蛾子、甲虫、蝗虫、蟋蟀、螳螂、蜻蜓、蝉、蟑螂、蚜虫、虱子等都属于变态的。还有青蛙和蟾蜍也属于变态的。 第四单元磁铁 1、磁铁能吸引铁制的物体，这种性质叫磁性。磁铁隔着一些物体也能吸铁。 2、磁铁上磁力最强的部分叫磁极，磁铁有两个磁极。(实验:在磁铁的不同位置悬挂大头针或曲别针，观察数量的多少，找到磁性最强的部分。)磁铁能指南北方向。指南的磁极叫南极，用“S”表示;指北的磁极叫北极，用“N”表示。 3、磁铁的同极相互排斥，异极相互吸引。两个磁极的作用是相互的。两块磁铁吸合在一起，磁力会增大;把相互排斥的两个磁极结合在一起，磁力会减小。 4、我国最早的指南针是(司南)它是一块天然的磁石雕磨的。指南针是利用磁铁能指南北的性质，制成的指示方向的仪器。一般的指南针都由磁针和方位盘等组成。指南针方位盘上字母的含义是:N—北;S—南;W—西;E—东;NE—东北;SE—东南;SW—西南;NW—西北。 钢针经过磁铁摩擦后可以变成磁针。 5、 磁铁在生活中的应用:磁性黑板、磁悬浮列车、磁选机等。 第五单元多彩的光 1、像电灯这样可以自己发光的物体叫做光源。 2、光是直线传播的，其最好的证明之一是(小孔成像)。挡光物体会有影子，是因为光是直线传播造成的。 3、影子产生的条件是(光源)、(挡光物体)和(屏)。 、在光的照射下物体影子的(长短、方向、大小)与光源的(位置、方向、距离)有关。 4 一天中，阳光下物体的影子会随着太阳位置的高低和方向的改变而改变。 5、光在传播过程中碰到物体，会发生(反射)反射光也是直线传播的。平面镜让光发生反射。 6、光透过不同形状的玻璃会发生(折射)放大镜的镜片是(中间厚边沿薄的凸透镜)它可以(会聚光线)得到(强光和高温)。光的反射原理在生产生活中广泛应用。汽车反光镜、潜望镜等都是人们对光反射原理的运用。 7、物体吸热的本领与物体的颜色、表面粗糙程度以及阳光的照射角度有关。 8、许多光源在发光的时候也在发热。太阳在地球最大的光源和热源。太阳能是一种清洁、节能、安全的能源，人们正在大力开发和使用太阳能。 四年级上册 第一单元植物 1、绿色开花植物的身体一般是由(根)、(茎)、(叶)、(花)、(果实)和(种子)六部分构成。根、茎、叶是营养器官;花、果实、种子是生殖器官。 2、根的作用是(吸收水分)、(固定植物);茎的作用是(传送水分和养料)、(支撑植物身体);叶子有(光合作用)和(蒸腾作用)，光合作用是制造养料和氧气;蒸腾作用让根吸收的水从叶散失，从而促进植物体内水和养料的运输。 3、萝卜、白薯、山药属于根，马铃薯、甘蔗、藕、姜、竹笋、洋葱属于茎，有储藏营养的作用。 第二单元动物 1、动物的构造特征与它的(运动)(生活环境)(捕食方式)相适应。 2、不同的动物吃不同的食物，根据动物的食性分为(植食动物:以植物为食物)(肉食动物:以其他动物为食物)(杂食动物:以植物和动物为食物)(腐食动物:以腐败的动、植物为食物)。 3、鱼嘴一开一合地不一定是在喝水。生活在淡水中的鱼，终生都不喝水;而生活中海里的咸水鱼，则要经常喝水。 4、象兔子这样(胎生)靠吃奶长大的动物是(哺乳动物)。 第三单元声音 1、声音是由物体(振动)产生的，声音有大有小，有高有低。声音的大小叫(音量)，声音的高低叫(音调即音高) 2、(音量)是由物体振动的(幅度)决定的，振动幅度越大，声音就越强;振动幅度越小，声音就越弱。(音高)是由物体振动的(频率)决定的，振动的频率越快，声音就越高;振动的频率越慢，声音就越低。 3、声音是通过物体以(波)的形式，从一个地方传到另一个地方的。声音可以通过(固体)(液体)和(空气)传播，声音在(真空中)不能传播。所以在月球上，由于没有空气，即没有可以传播振动的物质，两个人即使相隔不远，也不能互相通话，必须要使用无线电设备。 4、音叉是一种发声仪器，用来调试乐器和测试音高。小的音叉发出的声音高，大的音叉发出的声音低。 5、人的耳朵有一个膜，当声音碰到它时它会振动;耳朵和大脑会把这些振动转换成声音的感觉。(我们的耳朵可分为外耳、中耳、内耳。一个振动的物体会使它周围的空气发生振动，振动的空气到达我们的耳朵，敲打鼓膜并使它振动。耳朵中的听小骨再将振动传到充满液体的内耳，引起液体的振动，液体的振动导致听觉神经的移动——产生了信号，大脑接受了听觉神经传过来的信号，我们便感受到了声音。) 6、乐音是物体有(规律)的振动，噪音是物体(无规律)的振动。 过高或过强的声音会对我们的听力产生伤害，保护听力就是要避免我们的耳朵听到过高或过强的声音并控制噪声。 7、听诊器是1816年由法国医师(林奈克)发明的。 第四单元信息的传递 第五单元水的变化 1、水在自然界有液态、固态、气态三种存在状态，水的状态变化与热量有关。当环境温度低于0摄氏度，水的温度下降到0摄氏度时，开始结冰，从液体状态变成了固体状态。水在结冰过程中，要向周围放出热量。当环境温度高于0摄氏度，冰的温度升至0摄氏度时开始融化;冰在融化过程中，冰水混合在一起，温度会长时间保持在0摄氏度，直至完全融化成水。冰在融化过程中，要从周围吸收热量，热量是使水的状态发生变化的重要因素。水蒸气遇冷会凝结成水。 2、为何盛冰的玻璃杯外壁有水珠:因为玻璃杯周围空气中的水蒸气，遇冷的杯壁，凝结成看得见得小水滴。 3、水的三种状态(液态的水、固态的冰和气态的水蒸气)之间可以互相转化 (1)在常温下水变成水蒸气的过程叫(蒸发);由于水蒸气的微粒太小，我们无法看见。(风和加热能加快水的蒸发)。 (2)水蒸气(遇冷)变成小水珠的过程叫(凝结)。如云、雾、雨、露是空气中的小蒸气遇冷形成的: (3)冰的温度上升变成水的过程叫融化。 4、水在自然界有各种形态(云、雾、雨、露、霜、雪、冰、水蒸气„„)即水在自然界同时以存在。水在自然界不断经历着三种状态的循环变化，促使水的三态变化的原因是(温度)的变化。 四年级下册 第一单元植物的一生 1、绿色开花植物生长一般都要经历一定的生命周期:种子萌发、幼苗生长、开花结果、枯萎死亡。 2、种子的结构分为(种皮:保护种子)和(胚:能生长发育成一株植物)。胚分为:(子叶:提供营养)、(胚根:发育成根)、(胚芽:发育成茎和叶)、(胚轴:发育成连接根和茎的部位)。 3、种子萌发条件:有充足的水分，适宜的温度、足够的氧气，有些种子还需要光。 第二单元生生不息 1、(繁殖)是生命的共同特征中一个重要的组成部分。生物的生命能够延续、能够发展是因为它们都有自己的(繁殖方式)。 2、植物的(花)是植物的繁殖器官(花、果实、种子)之一。花的结构:(花萼)、(花瓣)雄蕊(花丝、花药)、雌蕊(柱头、花柱、子房)。解剖花是从外到内。一朵花中花萼、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊四部分俱全叫(完全花:白菜、萝卜、棉等);缺少一部分或多部分叫(不完全花:如南瓜、黄瓜等) 3、雄蕊顶端有花药，花药里的花粉成熟后会通过各种媒介(昆虫、风、水、人工)传到雌蕊顶端，这个过程叫(传粉)。花经过传粉后，花瓣会脱落，子房发育成果实。 4、植物的繁殖方式分为(有性繁殖:开花结果)和(无性繁殖:通过根、茎、叶繁殖常用的方式有扦插、嫁接)。 5、动物的繁殖方式分为:卵生(有昆虫、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类)和胎生(哺乳类) 、(克隆)是生命科学中一项巨大的技术工程。它有利也有癖。 6 第三、四单元位置与运动和力 1、每个物体的位置和运动都是(相对的)，在描述它们时，都需要先找到一个(参照物)。精确描述物体(位置)时要说明参照物及与参照物的(距离)(方位)。选用不同的参照物，判断物体是否运动的结论也不同。如:坐在行驶的汽车里，如果选择路边的树为参照物，人就动了，如果选择汽车为参照物，人就没动，树在向相反方向运动。再如:我们通常说房屋、树木、电线杆、桌子等物体是静止的，是用地球做参照物来判断的，假定选太阳为参照物，它们又都运动 2、物体的运动方式分为(平动)、(转动)。描述物体的(运动)需要知道物体的(位置)、(运动方向)和(快慢)。 3、力是物体之间的(相互作用)，力能使物体的运动状态或形状发生改变。 4、生活中常见的力(如风力、水力、重力、弹力、浮力、摩擦力等) (1)重力是物体由于地球吸引而受到的向下的拉力。 (2)弹力是物体形状改变时产生的要恢复原来形状的力。测量力的仪器(测力计)。在一定范围内，弹簧受到的拉力越大，它就伸得越长并且是有一定规律的。 (3)反冲力是气球里的气体喷出时，会产生一个和喷出方向相反的推力。 (4)摩擦力是一个物体在另一个物体表面运动时，接触面发生摩擦，产生的力。 (5)物体在水中都受到浮力的作用，物体浸入水中的体积越大，受到的浮力也越大。当物体在水中受到的浮力大于物体受到的重力时就上浮，小于重力时就下沉。浮在水面的物体，浮力等于重力。 (6)摩擦力的大小与物体接触面的光滑程度有关:表面越光滑，摩擦力越小;表面越粗糙，摩擦力越大。摩擦力的大小与物体的重量有关:物体越重，摩擦力越大;物体越轻，摩擦力越小。摩擦力的大小与物体的运动方式(滚动还是滑动)有关，对于相同的物体，滚动的摩擦力小，滑动的摩擦力大。 摩擦力对我们有时是有用的，有时是有害的。在工作时有时需要增大摩擦力，有时需要减小 第5单元物质的变化 1、世界是物质的，物质是不断变化的。变过去就不能再变回来，是(不可逆变化)如:和水泥、泥土烧成砖、木头做成家具;变过去，又可以变回来是(可逆变化)如:水的蒸发、玻璃打碎了、蜡烛的熔化。(煮海为盐、青铜器的生产)是人们对可逆的变化过程的运用。 2、(物理变化)是没有新物质生成的变化。如水的三态、扩散、摩擦生热、铁变磁铁，通电发光等。(化学变化)是有新物质产生的变化。如:燃烧、铁的生锈等。 3、金属生锈的主要原因有:环境比较潮湿、与空气接触、与酸碱盐等接触。金属生锈的变化中会产生新的物质(锈)。 4、防止金属生锈的方法有:在金属表面涂上涂料等。 5、蜡烛燃烧中有可逆变化(熔化)也有不可逆的变化产生二氧化碳等新物质，说明物质的变化是复杂的是不灭的。二氧化碳能使澄清的石灰水变浑浊。可以利用它的这个特性鉴别二氧化碳气体。 五年级上册 1、 人体的呼吸器官由:鼻、喉、气管、支气管和肺组成。人是怎样呼吸的:吸气时，空气由鼻腔经咽喉吸进器官，经支气管进入肺部。吸进的氧气从肺进入血管，然后被血液送到全身各处去与养料结合。各种与养料结合的二氧化碳和水蒸气又由血液带到肺部，经支气管、气管、鼻腔呼出体外。 A、 人体需要(氧气)，呼出的气体中(二氧化碳)增多了，(氧气)减少了。 B、 一次尽力吸气后，再尽力呼出的气体总量，就是一个人的肺活量。肺活量的大小可以反应身体呼吸机能的强弱。积极、科学的体育锻炼可以促进增强肺活量。 C、肺是氧气和二氧化碳进行交换的重要器官。当人体(胸腔舒张)时气体进入肺部，胸腔(收缩)时气体排出体外。 D、拉瓦锡发现空气是混合气体。 2、(心脏和血管)都是人体的(血液循环)器官。 A、(脉搏)是血管有节奏的搏动。脉搏跳动与(心脏)跳动有关。(心脏)的有力跳动使得血液在我们全身循环流动。心脏收缩时血液流向全身，心脏舒张时血液流回心脏。 B、经常锻炼的人，心跳缓慢、有力，心脏休息时间也就更长。抽烟喝酒对心脏的健康也有害。 3、(大脑)是人体的总指挥。 4、长期睡眠不足对人体有害，小学生每天保证9——10小时的睡眠。 第二单元简单机械 1、利用机械可以提高(工作效率)。有斜面、杠杆、轮轴、滑轮、传动。 A、杠杆:像开瓶器那样能绕着一个固定支点将物体撬起的简单机械叫杠杆。杠杆上的用力叫(动力点)，承受重物的点叫(阻力点)，起支承作用的点叫(支点)。开平是根据杠杆工作的原理。 B、由较大的“轮”和较小的“轴”组合起来的简单机械叫(轮轴)，扳手应用了轮轴的原理。 第三单元地球 1、地球是一个巨大的球状星体，内部是一个运动着的高温、高压的环境，内部有炽热的岩浆。内部结构是由(地壳)(地幔)(地核)3个部分组成。 2、地表起伏的形态叫(地貌)有山地、平原、海洋、沙漠、丘陵、湿地等。 3、(地球仪)是地球表面的模型。 第四单元电与我们的生活 1、电池由正负两个电极。要使小灯泡亮起来需要一个完整的电路。意大利科学家(伏打)是发明了第一个电池的人。 2、电路是由(电源、开关、导线、用电器)等组成形成的电流通路。 3、人体安全电压36伏，中国的交流电源是220伏。不能用手去接触电源。人体、大地、不纯净水都是(导体)，干木材、塑料、陶瓷都是(绝缘体)。 五年级下册 第一单元听话的电磁铁 1、电磁铁由(铁芯)和(线圈)两部分构成，电能能产生(磁)，电磁铁通电产生磁性，断电磁性消失。 2、电磁铁磁力的大小与(电磁铁线圈的圈数)和连接电池(节数的多少)有关。 3、电磁铁也有南北极，磁极可以改变。 第二单元地球的运动 1、太阳在天空中位置在不断发生变化，地面上物体的影子也在发生方向和长度的变化。最古老的太阳钟——(日晷)就是利用这一规律制成的。 2、太阳东升西落，地球上昼夜交替。昼夜交替是因为(地球的自转)形成的。地球的自转是地球绕地轴(自西向东)的运动。自转一周为一天，需24小时。 3、地球在不停地绕太阳运动，这种运动就是地球的(公转)，地球公转的周期是一年。(四季)是在地球(公转)过程中形成的。“日心说”的创立者(哥白尼)。 第三单元显微镜下的世界 1、(细胞)是构成大多数生物体的基本单位。 、微生物是存在的。食物变质等现象就是(微生物)起的作用。 2 3、(温暖、潮湿、阴暗、富有有机物质)的地方适宜微生物的生存和繁殖。防止微生物过度繁殖的方法:低温、高温、暴晒、保持干燥、清洗干净等。 第四单元遗传和变异 1、“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”这实际上说的就是(遗传现象)，生物的亲代能产生与自己相似的后代的现象叫(遗传)。亲代与子代这间产绝不会完全相同的，或多或少地存在着差异，这种现象叫(变异)。“一母生九仔，连母十个样”这形象地说明了(变异)现象。 2、生物的遗传是有(规律)的，发现生物遗传规律的是(孟德尔)。杂交水稻之父—袁隆平。 3、(基因)是控制遗传特征的物质。 第五单元青春活力 1、人的一生经过(幼儿—童年—青年—老年)。 六年级上册 第一单元生物与环境 1、植物适应环境，一般表现为(向地性、向水性、向光性)。 2、影响植物生存的基本因素是:阳光、水分、温度、土壤等。 3、动物们通过(冬眠、迁徙、换毛)等方法来适应气温的变化。 4、生长在沙漠中的仙人掌叶子是(针状的)以减少(水分)的蒸发。 5、池塘中除了生活着动物、植物还生活着(微生物)，它们能把死亡的动植物尸体(分解)。 6、食物关系就像链条一样把各种生物紧紧联系在一起叫(食物链)。食物链中能自己制造食物的生物叫(生产者)，直接或间接消费别人制造的食物的生物叫(消费者)。食物链中总是以(植物)开始到凶猛的肉食动物结束。食物链中箭头指向谁表示被谁吃。如:树叶?蝉?螳螂?黄雀 7、自然界中的所有生物都无法避免成为食物链中的成员。生物之间通过食物关系来达到(相 互依存、相互制约)的作用。 8、环境的变化会影响动物的(生存)，动物数量的变化也会影响(环境)，随着环境的变化，生物的结构特征也会发生相应的(变化)，从而适应环境，不能适应环境变化的生物将会被(淘汰)。 9、森林的破坏给人类的生产和生活造成了严重的后果:如(洪灾、干旱、沙尘暴、水土流失) 第二单元营养与健康 1、人体的消化器官主要有(口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠)。食物的养分主要是在人体的(小肠)里吸收的。 2、我国青少年一般从11---12岁开始身体进入发育阶段，(盲目地减肥或无节制进食)都会对身体造成伤害。(合理和均衡的饮食习惯)对身体的发育起着及其重要的作用。 3、比尔蒙特发现，胃液是一种(酸性液体)，能将食物(分解)成比较简单的物质。 4.人体需要的营养成分包括(蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、盐类、维生素、水)等。蛋白质含量多的食品燃烧时会产生(一种特殊的气味);淀粉含量多的食品遇碘酒会变为(蓝紫色);脂肪含量多的食品涂在纸上会使纸(变得透明)。蛋白质是构成我们身体的主要成分之一。糖类和脂肪能提供身体需要的能量。维生素和矿物质有调节身体机能的作用。水可以帮助体内毒素排出体外 5、平衡饮食我们应该多吃(米饭、水果、蔬菜)，少吃(油脂类食品) 6、口腔里的牙齿能(磨碎食物)，舌头能(搅拌)，唾液可以(消化食物中的淀粉)。 、饮食中长期养素不足，可导致(营养不良，贫血，多种元素、维生素缺乏，影响儿童智7 力生长发育)，人体抗病能力及劳动、工作、学习能力下降。 8、食物的腐败变质是由(微生物)引起的。微生物生长和繁殖需要空气、水分和适宜温度等条件。破坏微生物生长繁殖的条件(冷冻、晒干、灭菌、密封等方法)可以减慢食物变质的速度。( 第三单元地表变化的奥秘 1、改变地表的力量分为(自然力量)和(人为力量)。 2、(地震和火山)是地球内部运动引起的。 3、地震发生的主要原因是(地壳运动)，地壳的岩层在受到巨大挤压力时会发生(褶皱)，(褶皱)断裂时会释放出巨大的(能量)，使大地猛烈地震动。 4、火山是地球释放(能量)的一种活动，一般会在地表上形成(锥状)的高山，分为死火山、休眠火山和活火山。火山爆发时，除了喷出(岩浆)，还会喷出(火山灰)、(水蒸气)等。火山熔岩的温度约有1000摄氏度。 5、火山的喷发有害也有利，如:火山岩是良好的建筑材料，(地热)是一种清洁而有发展前途的巨大的自然能源。 6、(温度)(水)(植物)等都会对岩石的变化产生作用。 7、各种矿物都需要一定的条件才能形成。常见的矿物有(煤)(石油)(金矿石)等。聚集在一起具有开采价值的矿物叫(矿产);矿产资源是地壳在长期发展与演变过程中的产物。一般分为(能源矿产)(金属矿产)(非金属矿产)等。 8、早在2000多年前，我国就开始利用(煤)做然冶炼铁，利用(天然气)做燃料煮盐。 9、(岩石)和(矿物)是组成地球的重要物质，也是人们生产和生活的(宝贵资源)。 10、(化石)可以告诉我们关于地球的历史及生物进化的许多信息。 第四单元能量 1、地球上的能量绝大部分来源于(太阳)。所有的生物能源也是来源于(太阳能)，大多数能源最终都来自(太阳)。 2、(节约用电)、(节约用水)、(节约资源)都是节约能源 3(举高)的石块、(收缩)的发条、(压缩)的空气都具有能量。运动的汽车具有(“动能”)、熔炉里的钢储存了(热能)、燃料、食物储存着(化学能)。 4、电的计量单位是(“度”)，它表示一段时间内消耗的(电能)。比如:10个100瓦的灯泡亮1个小时，就用了(1度电)。 5、.我家里最耗电能的电器是( );我家里最常用的电器有( )( ) 。 6、植物通过光合作用将(太阳能)转化为(化学能)储存起来。 7、(声)、(光)、(电)、(热)、(磁)等都是能量的各种表现形式。各种形式的能量可以(相互转化)。焦耳用实验证明了(动能)和(热能)之间可以相互转化。 8 、环保能源有(风能)、(水能)、(太阳能)等等 9、能量有不同的形式。声、光、电、热、磁等都是能量的不同表现形式。电能可使电动机转动，热能可使水温升高，光能可以让绿色植物制造淀粉。 10、和运动有关的物体也有能量叫(机械能)，能量还储存在燃料、食物和一些化学物质中叫(化学能)如:苹果、煤中含(化学能) 11、能源是能为人类提供能量的(物质资源)，其中煤、石油和天然气是(不可再生)能源;木材、草类、肉类等由生物提供的能量和水能、太阳能、风能等是(可再生)的能源。 第五单元月球 1、月球是离地球最近的一颗星球，它是地球的卫星，距离约为38万千米，体积只有地球的?49。吸引力只有地球引力的(1?6)。月球上没有(空气)声音无法传播。没有水，至1 今也没发现有生命。 2、月球不会(发光发热)但能反射太阳光我们看到的月光是它反射的(太阳光) 3、月球圆缺的样子叫(月相)。(月相)的变化是(月球)绕(地球)自西向东公转过程中形成的，变化是有(一定规律)的，农历上半月(由缺到圆)下半月再(由圆到缺)。 4、1969年7月美国的(阿波罗11号)载人飞船成功的登上了月球，并带回了月球上的(岩石)和(土)的标本。 5、月球上最显著的特征是星罗棋布的(环形山)。 六年级下册 1、科学家在5亿年前的生物化石中发现只有(海洋生物);距今4.08亿年前出现了最早的(陆生动植物);3.60亿年前的陆生脊椎动物中，只有(两栖动物);距今1.44亿年前出现了(哺乳动物)，这说明生物进化的规律是从(水生)到(陆生)，从(简单)到(复杂)，从(低级)到(高级)。 2、古生物(遗体遗物)和它们生活的(遗迹)被埋在沉积物中，经过数百万年的演变，就形成了我们今天看到的化石。 3、动物进化的根本原因是(地球环境的变化)，自然环境的变化促使动物的变化。 4、自然选择的结果是(适者生存)。 5、南方古猿生活在(300)万年前，能直立行走。蓝田猿人生活在(115—65)万年前，能制造石器。北京猿人生活在(70—23)万年前，能制作(石器、骨器)还会人工取火。 6、人类根据自己的需要对野生动物进行了驯养，使其体态和习性改变，这就是野生动物的(驯化)。 7、有些传染病是人与动物共患的，如(狂犬病)(非典)(禽流感)等。 8、我国地面水环境质量标准把水分为(五类)，当水质下降到(三类)以下，就会影响人休健康，不能作为饮用水。 9、污染物的主要来源有(工业污染)(农业污染)(生活污染)。 10、1970年(4月22日)美国学生丹尼斯.海斯，发起了第一个(地球日)。 11、世界环境日为每年的(6月5日)。 12、太阳是一个炽热的气体星球，内部温度高达(1500万)摄氏度，表面温度约为(6000)摄氏度，大小相当于(130万)个地球。 13、太阳系是由(太阳)(行星)(卫星)(慧星)和(流星)构成的天体系统。 14、太阳系的八大行星是(水星)(金星)(地球)(火星)(木星)(土星)(天王星)(海王星)。(顺口溜:水金地、火木土、天海王) 15、我国有关哈雷慧星的文字记录，最早见于2600多年前的《春秋》。 16、人们把日出之前的金星叫做(启明星)，把日落之后的金星叫做(太白星)。 17、(光年)是天文学中使用的距离单位，指的是光在真空中经历1年所走的距离。 18、1609年，意大利天文学家(伽利略)制作出了第一架天文望远镜。 19、2004年美国的(勇气)号火星车在火星表面成功着陆。 20、北斗星由(七颗星)组成一个勺形，他是(大熊座)的一部分。位于大熊的背部和尾部，通过北斗星可以找到(北极星)，北极星总出现在(正北方)的天空。它处于小熊的尾巴尖端。 21、春季夜晚，在南天可以看到(狮子星座)，在夏季南天可以看到(天蝎星座)，冬季可以看到(猎户星座)。 22、我国的探月 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 “嫦娥工程”于(2004)年开始实施。 23、(酸雨)已成为植物的致命“杀手(温室效应)使全球气候逐年变暖，(臭氧空洞)也表明了地球第一道保护防线遭到破坏。 24、土星最引人注目的地方是环绕着的巨大光环。地球的姊妹星是(金星)。 25、地球上最古老的生命痕迹可以追溯到(35亿)年前。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.