附录一机械英语文章翻译

附录一机械英语文章翻译 附录一 Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineer material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsolete many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. A design personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) Designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) Does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products? (3) Produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) Product service is whether convenient? (5) Product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process? Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seek these better methods. Recent year, the engineering material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees it's all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case are because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. 机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为 所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最 优的操作范围和操作过程。 另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流 ，需要解决下列问题: (1) 所设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要, (2) 此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力, (3) 生产这种产品是否经济, (4) 产品的维修是否方便, (5) 产品有无销路,是否可以盈利, 只有时间能对上述问题给出正确 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 。但是， 产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行磋商。 通常 ，在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能会要求对某个零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生产变得容易。但是，工程上的更改必须要经过设计人员批准，以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时，在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员应该不断努力，寻找这些更好的方法。 近些年来，工程材料的选择已经显得重要。此外，选择过程应该是一个对材料的连续不断的重新评价过程。新材料不断出现，而一些原有的材料的能够获得的数量可能会减少。环境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面经常会对材料选择附加新的限制条件。为了减轻重量或者节约能源，可能会要求使用不同的材料。来自国内和国际竞争、对产品维修保养方便性要求的提高和顾客的反馈等方面的压力，都会促使人们对材料进行重新评价。由于材料选用不当造成的产品责任诉讼，已经产生了深刻的影响。此外，材料与材料加工之间的相互依赖关系已经被人们认识得更清楚。因此，为了能在合理的成本和确保质量的前提下获得满意的结果，设计工程师的制造工程师都必须认真仔细地选择、确定和使用材料。 制造任何产品的第一步工作都是设计。设计通常可以分为几个明确的阶段:(a)初步设计;(b)功能设计;(c)生产设计。在初步设计阶段，设计者着重考虑产品应该具有的功能。通常要设想和考虑几个方案，然后决定这种思想是否可行;如果可行，则应该对其中一个或几个方案作进一步的改进。在此阶段，关于材料选择唯一要考虑的问题是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供选择;如果没有的话，是否有较大的把握在成本和时间都允许的限度内研制出一种新材料。 在功能设计和工程设计阶段，要做出一个切实可行的设计。在这个阶段要绘制出相当完整的图纸，选择并确定各种零件的材料。通常要制造出样机或者实物模型，并对其进行试验，评价产品的功能、可靠性、外观和维修保养性等。虽然这种试验可能会 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明，在产品进入到生产阶段之前，应该更换某些材料，但是，绝对不能将这一点作为不认真选择材料的借口。应该结合产品的功能，认真仔细地考虑产品的外观、成本和可靠性。一个很有成就的公司在制造所有的样机时，所选用的材料应该和其生产中使用的材料相同，并尽可能使用同样的制造技术。这样对公司是很有好处的。功能完备的样机如果不能根据预期的销售量经济地制造出来，或者是样机与正式生产的装置在质量和可靠性方面有很大不同，则这种样机就没有多大的价值。设计工程师最好能在这一阶段完全完成材料的分析、选择和确定工作，而不是将其留到生产设计阶段去做。因为，在生产设计阶段材料的更换是由其他人进行的，这些人对产品的所有功能的了解不如设计工程师。 在生产设计阶段中，与材料有关的主要问题是应该把材料完全确定下来，使它们与现有的设备相适应，能够利用现有设备经济地进行加工，而且材料的数量能够比较容易保证供应。 在制造过程中，不可避免地会出现对使用中的材料做一些更改的情况。经验表明，可采 用某些便宜材料作为替代品。然而，在大多数情况下，在进行生产以后改换材料要比在开始 生产前改换材料所花费的代价要高。在设计阶段做好材料选择工作，可以避免多数这样的情 况。在生产制造开始后出现了可供使用的新材料是更换材料的最常见的原因。当然，这些新 材料可能降低成本、改进产品的性能。但是，必须对新材料进行认真的评价，以确保其所有 性能都满足要求。应当记住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像现有材料那样为人们所了解。大 部分的产品失效和产品责任事故案件是由于在选用新材料作为替代材料之前，没有真正了解 它们的长期使用性能而引起的。 产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中， 五个最常见的问题为:(a)不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料; (b)未能预见和考虑擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由 于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产 品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决);(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些 数据不确定，尤其是当其长期性能数据是如此的时候;(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证; (e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。 通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由存在的结论。对这些问 题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避 免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼 的数量。 从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全 面而基本的了解。 附录二 GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an in volute helicoids. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an in volute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an in volute is called an in volute helicoids. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helix: www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.com BBS.CAD.com www.ChinaCatia.com cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is, a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angles are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears. Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle. When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very well results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of spur gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go: www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.com BBS.CAD.com www.ChinaCatia.com do design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears. A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elements as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or tensional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time. The word "shaft" covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Andale neither is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the tensional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, this reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von man method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot preening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability. Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.com BBS.CAD.com www.ChinaCatia.com reties I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for earth geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as follows: . Rim type with internally expanding shoes . Rim type with externally contracting shoes . Band type . Disk or axial type . Cone type . Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: . Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces. . Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point . Apply the condition of statically equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions. Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to "freewheel" or "overrun" because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This: www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.com BBS.CAD.com www.ChinaCatia.com type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained. 齿轮和轴的介绍 在直齿圆柱齿轮的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在单一平面的。我们将研究作用力具有 三维坐标的齿轮。因此，在斜齿轮的情况下，其齿向是不平行于回转轴线的。而在锥齿轮的 情况中各回转轴线互相不平行。像我们要讨论的那样，尚有其他道理需要学习，掌握。 斜齿轮用于传递平行轴之间的运动。倾斜角度每个齿轮都一样，但一个必须右旋斜齿， 而另一个必须是左旋斜齿。齿的形状是一溅开线螺旋面。如果一张被剪成平行四边形(矩形) 的纸张包围在齿轮圆柱体上，纸上印出齿的角刃边就变成斜线。如果我展开这张纸，在血角 刃边上的每一个点就发生一渐开线曲线。 直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接 触是一点，当齿进入更多的啮合时，它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中，接触是平行于回转轴 线的。在斜齿轮中，该先是跨过齿面的对角线。它是齿轮逐渐进行啮合并平稳的从一个齿到 另一个齿传递运动，那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴 承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变的大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时，那就可以使 用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮(人字齿轮)是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他 们产生相反的轴向推力作用，这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多个单向齿斜齿轮被在同 一轴上时，齿轮的齿向应作选择，以便产生最小的轴向推力。 交错轴斜齿轮或螺旋齿轮，他们是轴中心线既不相交也不平行。交错轴斜齿轮的齿彼此 之间发生点接触，它随着齿轮的磨合而变成线接触。因此他们只能传递小的载荷和主要用于 仪器设备中，而且肯定不能推荐在动力传动中使用。交错轴斜齿轮与斜齿轮之间在被安装后 互相捏合之前是没有任何区别的。它们是以同样的方法进行制造。一对相啮合的交错轴斜齿 轮通常具有同样的齿向，即左旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。在交错轴斜齿设计中，当 该齿的斜角相等时所产生滑移速度最小。然而当该齿的斜角不相等时，如果两个齿轮具有相 同齿向的话，大斜角齿轮应用作主动齿轮。 蜗轮与交错轴斜齿轮相似。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数，通常是一到四齿，由于它们 完全缠绕在节圆柱上，因此它们被称为螺纹齿。与其相配的齿轮叫做蜗轮，蜗轮不是真正的 斜齿轮。蜗杆和蜗轮通常是用于向垂直相交轴之间的传动提供大的角速度减速比。蜗轮不是 斜齿轮，因为其齿顶面做成中凹形状以适配蜗杆曲率，目的是要形成线接触而不是点接触。 然而蜗杆蜗轮传动机构中存在齿间有较大滑移速度的缺点，正像交错轴斜齿轮那样。 蜗杆蜗轮机构有单包围和双包围机构。单包围机构就是蜗轮包裹着蜗杆的一种机构。当 然，如果每个构件各自局部地包围着对方的蜗轮机构就是双包围蜗轮蜗杆机构。着两者之间 的重要区别是，在双包围蜗轮组的轮齿间有面接触，而在单包围的蜗轮组的轮齿间有线接触。一个装置中的蜗杆和蜗轮正像交错轴斜齿轮那样具有相同的齿向，但是其斜齿齿角的角度是极不相同的。蜗杆上的齿斜角度通常很大，而蜗轮上的则极小，因此习惯常规定蜗杆的导角，那就是蜗杆齿斜角的余角;也规定了蜗轮上的齿斜角，该两角之和就等于0度的轴线交角。 当齿轮要用来传递相交轴之间的运动时，就需要某种形式的锥齿轮。虽然锥齿轮通常制造成能构成0度轴交角，但它们也可产生任何角度的轴交角。轮齿可以铸出，铣制或滚切加工。仅就滚齿而言就可达一级精度。在典型的锥齿轮安装中，其中一个锥齿轮常常装于支承的外侧。这意味着轴的挠曲情况更加明显而使在轮齿接触上具有更大的影响。 另外一个难题，发生在难于预示锥齿轮轮齿上的应力，实际上是由于齿轮被加工成锥状造成的。 直齿锥齿轮易于设计且制造简单，如果他们安装的精密而确定，在运转中会产生良好效果。然而在直齿圆柱齿轮情况下，在节线速度较高时，他们将发出噪音。在这些情况下，螺旋锥齿轮比直齿轮能产生平稳的多的啮合作用，因此碰到高速运转的场合那是很有用的。当在汽车的各种不同用途中，有一个带偏心轴的类似锥齿轮的机构，那是常常所希望的。这样的齿轮机构叫做准双曲面齿轮机构，因为它们的节面是双曲回转面。这种齿轮之间的轮齿作用是沿着一根直线上产生滚动与滑动相结合的运动并和蜗轮蜗杆的轮齿作用有着更多的共同之处。 轴是一种转动或静止的杆件。通常有圆形横截面。在轴上安装像齿轮，皮带轮，飞轮，曲柄，链轮和其他动力传递零件。轴能够承受弯曲，拉伸，压缩或扭转载荷，这些力相结合时，人们期望找到静强度和疲劳强度作为设计的重要依据。因为单根轴可以承受静压力，变应力和交变应力，所有的应力作用都是同时发生的。 "轴"这个词包含着多种含义，例如心轴和主轴。心轴也是轴，既可以旋转也可以静止的轴，但不承受扭转载荷。短的转动轴常常被称为主轴。 当轴的弯曲或扭转变形必需被限制于很小的范围内时，其尺寸应根据变形来确定，然后进行应力分析。因此，如若轴要做得有足够的刚度以致挠曲不太大，那么合应力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但决不意味着设计者要保证;它们是安全的，轴几乎总是要进行计算的，知道它们是处在可以接受的允许的极限以内。因之，设计者无论何时，动力传递零件，如齿轮或皮带轮都应该设置在靠近支持轴承附近。这就减低了弯矩，因而减小变形和弯曲应力。 虽然来自M.H.G方法在设计轴中难于应用，但它可能用来准确预示实际失效。这样，它是一个检验已经设计好了的轴的或者发现具体轴在运转中发生损坏原因的好方法。进而有着大量的关于设计的问题，其中由于别的考虑例如刚度考虑，尺寸已得到较好的限制。 设计者去查找关于圆角尺寸、热处理、表面光洁度和是否要进行喷丸处理等资料，那真正的唯一的需要是实现所要求的寿命和可靠性。 由于他们的功能相似，将离合器和制动器一起处理。简化摩擦离合器或制动器的动力学表达式中，各自以角速度w和w运动的两个转动惯量I和I，在制动器情况下其中之一可能是零，由于接上离合器或制动器而最终要导致同样的速度。因为两个构件开始以不同速度运转而使打滑发生了，并且在作用过程中能量散失，结果导致温升。在分析这些装置的性能时，我们应注意到作用力，传递的扭矩，散失的能量和温升。所传递的扭矩关系到作用力，摩擦系数和离合器或制动器的几何状况。这是一个静力学问题。这个问题将必须对每个几何机构形状分别进行研究。然而温升与能量损失有关，研究温升可能与制动器或离合器的类型无关。因为几何形状的重要性是散热表面。各种各样的离合器和制动器可作如下分类: (轮缘式内膨胀制冻块; (轮缘式外接触制动块; (条带式; (盘型或轴向式; (圆锥型; (混合式。 分析摩擦离合器和制动器的各种形式都应用一般的同样的程序，下面的步骤是必需的: (假定或确定摩擦表面上压力分布; (找出最大压力和任一点处压力之间的关系; (应用静平衡条件去找寻(a)作用力;(b)扭矩;(c)支反力。 混合式离合器包括几个类型，例如强制接触离合器、超载释放保护离合器、超越离合器、磁液离合器等等。 强制接触离合器由一个变位杆和两个夹爪组成。各种强制接触离合器之间最大的区别与夹爪的设计有关。为了在结合过程中给变换作用予较长时间周期，夹爪可以是棘轮式的，螺旋型或齿型的。有时使用许多齿或夹爪。他们可能在圆周面上加工齿，以便他们以圆柱周向配合来结合或者在配合元件的端面上加工齿来结合。 虽然强制离合器不像摩擦接触离合器用的那么广泛，但它们确实有很重要的运用。离合器需要同步操作。 有些装置例如线性驱动装置或电机操作螺杆驱动器必须运行到一定的限度然后停顿下来。为着这些用途就需要超载释放保护离合器。这些离合器通常用弹簧加载，以使得在达到预定的力矩时释放。当到达超载点时听到的"喀嚓"声就被认定为是所希望的信号声。 超越离合器或连轴器允许机器的被动构件"空转"或"超越"，因为主动驱动件停顿了或者因为另一个动力源使被动构件增加了速度。这种离合器通常使用装在外套筒和内轴件之间的滚子或滚珠。该内轴件，在它的周边加工了数个平面。驱动作用是靠在套筒和平面之间契入的滚子来获得。因此该离合器与具有一定数量齿的棘轮棘爪机构等效。 磁液离合器或制动器相对来说是一个新的发展，它们具有两平行的磁极板。这些磁极板之间有磁粉混合物润滑。电磁线圈被装入磁路中的某处。借助激励该线圈，磁液混合物的剪切强度可被精确的控制。这样从充分滑移到完全锁住的任何状态都可以获得。 徐州工程学院毕业设计( 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ) I