如何归纳议论文的论证思路

如何归纳议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 的论证思路 在议论文阅读测试中，归纳某个自然段、或者某部分论证思路，是一种比较难的题型。大部分学生要在这里丢分，能够100%回答正确的同学极少。究其原因:一是学生没有懂得归纳论证思路是做什么;其二是学生缺乏最基本的基础知识——不会判定论点、论据、论证 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 、论证角度、论证结构和结论;其三是没有读懂文本，弄不明白部分与部分、句与句的关系。 一.论证思路的定义 就是作者为了证明某个观点，先后都做了哪些事。其语言 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 述形式是:作者先......然后.......接着......再.......进而.......又.......然后.....最后， 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf ，得出.........(结论)(或者提出什么倡议等等)。论证的过程越复杂，步骤越多，这些词运用得越多。 其中“作者先后做的事”，主要包括以下12种: 开头部分，看作者是否做了这三件事: 1.提出论点——是否提出了观点，提出了什么观点, 2.提出分论点——作者在阐述观点时，是否提出了几个分论点，通过直接论证分论点，间接论证中心论点, 3.过渡——作者是否运用过渡句，引出论据, 主体部分，看作者是否做了这六件事: 4.选择论据——引用了什么内容，充当什么论据, 5.确定论证方法——运用什么论证方法, 6.选择阐述角度——从哪个角度(正面还是反面); 7.深入剖析增强论证力度——作者举出事实论据后，是否对论据进行了剖析 说理, 8.追加比喻论证——作者在举例论证和道理论证的基础上，是否又运用比喻论证对文章的观点进行了阐述, 9.追加推理论证——作者在举例论证和道理论证的基础上，是否运用推理，对自己的观点再次进行了论证, 结尾部分看作者是否做了这三件事: of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 10.消除误解——作者在归纳总结前，是否强调了什么，以避免读者误解观点，保证论证逻辑的严密性。 11.总体归纳总结——作者是否对前面的论证进行了总体上的归纳总结, 12.做出结论——作者在归纳总结时，是得出了一个什么结论或者发出了什么倡议或警示, 【要注意的问题是】有的段落先举出X个论据从正面进行论证，然后又举出Y个论据，从反面进行论证，在解说论证思路时，要先从整体归纳其正反对比这种论证方法，然后再针对具体的论据进行分析，不能只见局部，不见整体。 二、判定论证结构，找到解题脉络 一部分或一个自然段，让我们归纳其论证思路，我们只有先明确了作者的论证结构，才能从框架上把握文章的脉络，无论是几个自然段构成的一个部分，还是一个复杂的自然段，都有其常规结构。这里我要从四个角度向大家做以阐述。 (一)2种基本形式(如图所示) (单一的事实论据并列的总分总结构模式图示) of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 (事实论据和道理论据平行并存的总分总结构模式图) (二)4种简化形式 (单一事实论据——省略论点的总分总结构模式图示) of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 (单一事实论据——省略论点和过渡的分总式论证模式图示) (事实论据、道理论据并存——省略论点的总分总结构模式图) (事实论据、道理论据并存——省略论点、过渡的总分总结构模式图示) (三)复杂化结构形式 of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 (四)纵式结构(相对考的次数比较少) 前面三种形式，都属于横式结构，所谓的纵式结构，就是在横式结构的基础上，再增加一个论证部分，具体阐述如何将上面被论证的观念，运用于实践过程中——即在实践中我们如何运用理论。横式机构只论证理论的正确性，停留在理论层面，而纵式结构，在证明论点后，强调实践运用，强理论和实践联系起来。 三、常规答题方法(针对复杂化结构形式) (1)作者先提出了 观点; (2)接着运用过渡，引出X个事实论据和Y个道理论据，从正反两方面，运用正反对比论证，综合论证论点; (3)正面论证部分，先引用 张三、李四、王五.....的事例，充当事实论据，运用举例论证，之后又针对这几个事例进行深入剖析，强 调 ，进一步证明论点;反面论证部分，先引用 某甲、某乙、某丙 的名言(名言以外用集合名称谚语、俗语等代替)，充当道理论据，运用道理论证，之后再针对几个名言(谚语、俗语、警句等)进行深入剖析，强调 ;进一步证明论点。 (4)最后总结，得出 结论 (发出 什么 号召;发出 什么 警示) 【注意事项】 1.答题时，省略形式，省去了哪一部分，就砍掉那部分答案，不第一部分内容加在“首先”之后; of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 2.中间有添加推理论证、比喻论证的部分，在哪里添加的，就在哪里增加这一环节。 3.强调某个内容，避免读者误解的内容，在哪里出现，我们就在哪里添加。 4.纵使结构的段落，最后一点一定要添加——最后作者阐述了 在实践中运用的 个途径(或者方法)。 四.具体解题演示 阅读下面的短文，概括这一部分的论证思路 一个人若要有发现，有创造，就不应当畏惧错误。倘若你想把一切错误都关在门外，那你也必将永远被关在真理的门外;倘若你想避免任何失败，那你也必定永远得不到成功。有人说:“若不让错误出生，便不会有真理降世。”这是有道理的。奠定电磁学实验基础的法拉第，正是由于不怕一而再再而三的失败，经过近十年的艰辛努力，才终于使磁铁产生了电流，开拓了电磁学的新领域。欧立希也以惊人的毅力，在失败了数百次之后，才成功地制成了药品坤凡纳明。无怪德国物理学家普朗克在获取诺贝尔奖金时深有感受地说:“回顾……最后通向发现(量子论)的漫长曲折的道路，我对歌德的话记忆犹新。他说，人们若要有所追求就不能不犯错误。”当然，这绝不是说不要努力去防止和减少错误，或者说可以对错误持满不在乎的态度，而是说不要因为惧怕错误而畏首畏尾，缩手缩脚。这也怕那也怕，是成就不了事业的。 概括这段文字的论证思路，首先我们要理清句与句之间的关系，读懂这段文字的宏观结构。 (1) 一个人若要有发现，有创造，就不应当畏惧错误——这是作者的观点。 (2)A.倘若你想把一切错误都关在门外，那你也必将永远被关在真理的门外; B.倘若你想避免任何失败，.......便不会有真理降世。” ——这是两个比喻论证，从反面论证畏惧错误带来的危害。 (3)这是有道理的——这一句是对两个比喻论证的剖析和总结。 (4)奠定电磁学实验基础的法拉第.......。欧立希......——这是两个事实论据，运用举例论证，从正面论证观点。 (5)无怪德国物理学家普朗克.......有所追求就不能不犯错误。”——这是一个道理论据，运用道理论证，从正面论证作者的观点。 (6)当然，这绝不是说不要努力去防止和减少错误，或者说可以对错误持满不在乎的态度，而是说不要因为惧怕错误而畏首畏尾，缩手缩脚。——强调不畏惧错误不是不努力防止和减少错误、不是犯了错误满不在乎，避免读者误解作何的观点，增强论证的逻辑严密性。 (7)这也怕那也怕，是成就不了事业的——这是对全段文字的总结，是由观点得出的结论。 of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 综合上面的分析，我们可以画出结构图示如下: 问题答案:(1)作者先提出论点:一个人若要有发现，有创造，就不应当畏惧错误;(2)接着引用两个比喻论证从正面进行论证，再引用两个事实论据、一个道理论据，从反面论证，整体采用正反对比论证方法论证观点;(3)在反面论证时，作者两次进行比喻论证，然后归纳总结，强调畏惧错误带来的危害;在进行正面论证时，先后列举法拉第和欧立希两人的事例，充当事实论据，运用举例论证证明观点，然后引用普朗克的名言，充当道理论据，运用道理论证证明观点。(4)然后，作者强调畏惧错误就是毁灭进步不是说我们可以不努力防止和减少错误，或者犯了错误可以满不在乎，澄清了观点的内涵，消除人们的误解;(6)最后归纳总结得出结论:这也怕那也怕，是成就不了事业的。 值得注意的是，回答这种题型时，一定要先理清句与句之间的关系，画出这部分或这一自然段的结构图示，这样条理就会清清楚楚;同时，答案中回答提出论点和得出结论的部分，必须指出具体提出的论点是什么、得出了什么具体结论。 of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1