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高三英语语法复习资料整理高三英语语法复习资料整理 高三英语语法复习资料[全套] 名 词 篇 纵观高考试题,试题中出现的考点主要有:名词的复数形式;不 可数名词的辨认;抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词;名词 作定语;双重所有格;名词前多个形容词排列。 一、名词可数与不可数及修饰词: 常考的抽象名词有:advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information, ...

高三英语语法复习资料整理
高三英语语法复习资料整理 高三英语语法复习资料[全套] 名 词 篇 纵观高考试题,试题中出现的考点主要有:名词的复数形式;不 可数名词的辨认;抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词;名词 作定语;双重所有格;名词前多个形容词排列。 一、名词可数与不可数及修饰词: 常考的抽象名词有:advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information, salt, knowledge, luck, weather, progress, news (word), money 注意:another不能修饰不可数名词,可说another book,不可说 another news。 二、复合名词的复数形式因词而异: 1. a man driver (men drivers) a woman doctor ( women doctors) 2. a film-goer (film-goers) 电影爱好者 3. a looker-on (lookers-on) 旁观者 passers-by 4. a grown-up (grown-ups) 成年人 三、部分名词的复数形式 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示特殊意义: goods, looks(表情、外貌), times, interests, works, glasses, hairs(头发), drinks(饮料), manners, papers, greens(青菜、蔬菜), irons(熨斗), forces(军队), sands(沙滩), arms, airs(做作的 样子、架子) ?put on airs 1 e.g. 1. His mother wants to buy some greens in the market. She is dressed in green. 2. Her grandfather can not read without glasses. In fact her necklace was made of glass. 3. Wood can be made into paper. It’s polite for the students to help the teacher collect or hand out papers. 4. It takes a lot of work to build a house. A new chemical works will be set up here. 5. The city is in great need of our goods. How good of you to come and help us! 6. Put down your arms, or we’ll fire. She carried a box under her arm. 7. What does this French word mean? Only by this means can we learn English well. 8. Don’t put on airs before us. He likes going out for fresh air. 9. She takes no interest in politics. We should not live only for our own interests. 四、几个容易误用的名词的单复数: 1. 单复数相同:sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, works 2. 只有复数:cattle, people 3. 常以复数形式出现:trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains 2 (遗物), contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations(准备), tears, repairs, regards, games(运动会) 4. 以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数: politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations 五、几组易错名词的用法: 1. many a + 单数名词 = many + 复数名词 2. 集合名词:family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, company, police, party 作主语时,若看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若表示组成分 子,则用复数。 e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner. My family is / are going to have a long journey. 3. population: 1)作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词,谓语 用单数。 2)问“多少人口”时,不说how many或how much,而用what。 3)在谈到“人口比„„多”时,常用large,great;“人口少” 时,常用small,而不用much,many或little。 4)当谈及“有人口”时, 习惯上用have a population of„。 5)当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时,谓语用复数。 6)表示某个地区人口时,其前应有定冠词。 7)population不能与people连用。 3 e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers. The city has a population of the million. 六、表示“许多”的词组: 1. 代替many,修饰可数名词的有:a great number of, a large number of, a good number of, a great many, many a 2. 代替much,修饰不可数名词的有:a great deal of 3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large / great / good quantity of, large quantities of e.g. The teacher gave us a large number of examples. 七、用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示其全家人或夫妇两人: the Smiths 八、名词的双重所有格的用法: 1. 只能用于指人的名词 a friend of my sister’s 2. 前一名词必须泛指或有this,that,those,another,some,every, several,such,any,which,what修饰或限制,或前面有数词。 九、名词前多个形容词的排列顺序: 描绘性+大小/新旧/年龄/温度/形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/ 目的分类 e.g. a pretty little American girl an old stone bridge a small round pine table the dirty old green coat 十、名词用来作定语,修饰名词: 4 有生命的多用’s或s’的所有格,无生命的多用of短语。 一个名词直接做定语修饰另一个名词,往往属于固定的搭配。 telephone number, school education, air pollution, research work, bus driver, coffee cup, sports meet, village people 十一、表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事, 表示变化了的词义,这一类抽象名词已完全名词化变为可数名 词: 1. in surprise / a surprise 2. with pleasure / a pleasure 3. have pity on sb. / It’s a pity. ( What a pity.) 4. a man with experience / an experience 5. light(光) / a light(灯) 6. have difficulty in doing sth. / meet with many difficulties 7. failure ( success ) 8. danger(危险) / a danger(危险物) 十二、常用名词辨异: 1. accident / incident: accident常指不幸的,预料不到的,突发性的意外事件,如灾祸、 灾难等;还常与by连用,by accident 偶然 类似: come across, happen to do, chance to do, by chance e.g. He had met with an accident on the way. This is why he was late for the meeting. 5 incident指不重要的小事或引起公众注意的事件;也指事变、战争等。 e.g. My father told me of an incident that took place on his first day at school. 2. affair / business / matter affair的单数形式作“事情、事件”解,复数形式作“事务、业务”解,用指国内、国际的事务。 business作“生意”“行业”,没有复数形式。 matter作“事情、东西、问题”解,通常指必须考虑和处理的事情。 另外:1)the matter麻烦事 2)v. 主要用于否定句、疑问句,表示“要紧,有重大关系” 3)no matter „ , as a matter of fact 4)matter 物质 3. clothes / cloth / clothing / dress clothes统指衣服,不能与数词连用,但可以说many(a few,those,my)clothes, 说“一套衣服”可以表达为“a suit of clothes”,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 cloth指做衣服的衣料,是不可数名词,但用于特殊用途的布,如“台布”“抹布”等是可数名词,复数形式为clothes。 6 clothing指衣服、服装的总称,是集合名词,没有复数形式。 一件衣服a piece of clothing / an article of clothing,不能说a suit of clothing dress指穿在外面的衣服,尤指在社交场合的衣服,可数名词。 4. fun / joke fun和joke都有“开玩笑”的意思,fun是不可数名词,而joke可用做动词,表示“开玩笑”,而fun不能用作动词。 同某人开玩笑:make fun of, play a joke / jokes on sb. make a joke / jokes about sb. / sth. 5. e moment (that)… / for the moment in a moment“一会儿后”,指从现在往后的一段时间,也可指“很短的一段时间内”。 after a moment“一会儿后”,用于过去或将来的某时起往后一段时间。 for a moment作一段时间解时,指“很短暂的一整段时间”。 at the moment“当时”“目前”(= at this moment, then) the moment that表示“一„„就„„” for the moment暂时、目前 6. pay / wage / salary pay是不可数名词,是个常用词,可替代其他两个词。 salary是可数名词、不可数名词,按月、季或年发给的工资,一般指脑力劳动者的工资。 7 wage(常用复数),一般指体力劳动者的工资,按日或星期来计 算的。 7. strength / force / energy / power strength常指固有的潜在力量,指人时,着重力气。 force主要指自然界的力量,如暴力、势力、军事力量等。 energy主要指“人的精力、自然界的能量” power主要指做一件事情所依靠的能力。 十三、Repeat: 1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with less money and fewer people. 2. Shortly after the accident, two dozen police were sent there to keep order. 3. We have worked out the plan and now put it into practice. 4. He is going camping with two other little boys. 5. We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 6. He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers. 7. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a message. 8. You’ll find this map of great value in helping you to get round London. 8 代 词 篇 一、 it的用法: 1. 代替指示代词this或that 2. 用作人称代词 3. 表示时间、天气、距离等 4. 引导词,在句中充当形式主语或形式宾语 1) It seems that „ ? Sb. seems to do / to be doing / to have done 2) It appears that „? Sb. appears to do / to be doing / to have done 3) It happens that „? Sb. happens to do / to be doing / to have done 4) It is no use / useless / no good doing sth. 5) It is said / reported / believed that … 6) It has been proved that „ 事实证明„„ 7) It is + adj. + for sb. / of sb. to do sth. 8) It is a pity that … 9) It is certain that … 10) It is time ( that ) „(虚拟语气) 11) It is necessary that „(虚拟语气) 12) Sb. + v. + it + n. / adj. + to do sth. / doing sth. / that… 9 feel it an honour to do… make it clear to sb. to do find it no use doing 13) It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who „ 14) It was ( not ) / will ( not ) long ( hours ) before … 15) It is not until „ that „? Not until „ 16) It takes sb. some time to do sth. 二、反身代词: come to oneself(苏醒)/ be not oneself(身体不舒服) congratulate oneself on(暗自庆幸) enjoy oneself express oneself(表达) devote oneself to(致力于) dress oneself(穿衣) find oneself(发觉自己在) help oneself to(随便吃) hide oneself(躲藏) keep sth. to oneself(保守秘密) make oneself at home(不要拘束,就像在自己家里一样) make oneself + p.p. seat oneself 三、替代词so的用法: 10 1. So do I. 后者与前者相同,两个不同的主语。 2. So I do. 重复前面的内容,同一个主语。 3. I do so. 指代前面的内容。 4. So it is with„ 如果前面是两个或两个以上的句子,而且里面 包含不同的人称、数或时态等时,so可以替代从句中的that宾语 从句下面的动词,多用此种替代方法。 5. 常用结构: I’m afraid so. ? I’m afraid not. I think so. ? I don’t think so. I believe so. ? I believe not. I hope so. ? I hope not. I suppose / fear / imagine so. ? I suppose / fear / imagine not. I have been told so. 四、such与so的不同用法: 1. such置于冠词之前,但常用在some / any / every / many / all / no 之后。 such an interesting book ? so interesting a book no such thing / one such animal 2. such + adj. +不可数名词/名词的复数形式 3. so many / few / much / little +可数/不可数名词 so many people / so little money / such a little girl 4. such用于特殊结构 Such is our study plan. 11 5. so that(目的/结果)? in case(没有such that) such … as… 五、常用代词辨异: 1. one, ones, that, those, it ?one与ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one指单数,ones指复数。 ? ?one与ones既可指人也可指物,ones不可单独使用,也不可用those,these直接修饰,但可用the修饰,或these + adj. + ones。 ? ?one可代替可数名词为中心的整个名词词组,而ones不能。 ? ?one不能加不定冠词,除非中间有形容词。 ? ?one可单独使用,作“任何人”解。 ?that与those,that代替前面提到过的不可数名词,those代替前面提到过的复数名词。That,those后面跟定语从句时,关系代词不能用that。 ?one和it都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词。one代替这类东西的任何一个,it代替前面所指的特定的东西。 2. no one, none ? no one = nobody,只指人,不指物,谓语动词用单数。 ? no one没有固定范围,故其后不接of短语。none可接of短语。 12 No one,nobody用于简略回答时,不能用来对“How many”或“How much”做否定回答。 e.g. Is there anyone who can do the experiment? No one. ? none表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中“没有一个”或“任何一个都不”。表示不可数名词时,谓语用单数;表示可数名词时,单复数均可。 ? none常用来对“How many”或“How much”做否定回答,也可对 any + of 短语构成的一般疑问句做否定回答。而no one用来回答“Who”引导的特殊疑问句。 3. both, either, neither ? both两者都, 作主语时谓语动词用复数。作形容词时,可直接修饰名词,如有定冠词the,物主代词或指示代词修饰名词,需置both之后。both指两个人或物,不可与单数名词或不可数不清名词搭配,只与复数名词搭配。 ? either两者中的任何一个,跟谓语动词的单数。作形容词用,只能和单数可数名词连用,作案不定代词时,可单独使用,也可跟of短语。 ? neither两者中无任何一个,用法同either。 六、Repeat: 1. Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs. 2. There are so many kinds of books on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy. 13 3. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didn’t help. 4. I was disappointed with the film. I had expressed it to be much better. 5. They were all very tired, but none of them would stop to take a rest. 6. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. 7. I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 冠 词 篇 一、a与one的对比 1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似,但它们几乎不能互换 使用。 2. 在连续记数时,习惯上,用one而不用a。 3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。 4. 用在某些固定词组中。 e.g. all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(事实上),in a hurry, in a word,do sb. a favour,pay a visit to,a hand of(少量的),a length of(一根、一段),a variety of(种种),a depth of(深度为), 14 an article of(一件),a total of(总共),an average of(平均), one by one,one after another,one day 二、不定冠词的基本用法 1. 具有泛指的概念,表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。 2. 初次提到某人或某物。 3. 速度、比率、价格等,其意义相等于one或every。 4. 用在某些物质名词前,该物质名词便具体化了。 a coffee, a heavy rain 5. 用在某些抽象名词前,该抽象名词前便具体化了。 He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success. 6. 用在专有名词前,表示类似的一个或某一个。 He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you. 7. 表示“同一个”的意思。 The two boys are of an age. These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size. 8. 不定冠词的特殊位置:how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词 so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book 三、定冠词的主要用法 1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。 2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。 3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。 15 4. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。 5. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。 6. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。 7. 用在姓氏的复数前,表示该夫妇俩或全家人。 8. 乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词。 9. 用于某些缩略词之前。 the PRC 10. 用在表示发明物的单数可数名词之前。 11. 固定搭配。 in the morning on the other hand 四、不用冠词的几种情况 1. 季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前,一般不加冠词。 the Spring Festival (除外) 2. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,一般不加冠词。 3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加。 4. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前,一般不加冠词。 5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前,不加冠词。 6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。] 7. 在turn,go(变成、成为)变成后面的名词做短语时,名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。 8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中,该普通名词前不加冠词。 16 9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。 10. 固定搭配。 in debt,in good (bad) health,in good condition,in great demand,in great need of,in time of danger,in office(就职),in honour of,in trouble (difficulty),in favour of,with anger,in general,in size, in (out of) order,on business,in character(在性格上),in sight, on holiday, on leave,on watch,on fire,heart and soul,knife and fork,at sea,husband and wife,brother and sister,from morning till night,on horseback 五、特殊情况 1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来,名词前 无冠词,则表示抽象意义;名词前有冠词,则表示具体意义。 out of problem(不成问题),out of the problem(不可能),take place,take the place of,in hospital,in the hospital,at table,at the table,in front of,in the front of,three of us,the three of us,on earth,on the earth,of age(成年),of an age(同岁数),lose colour(脸色苍白),lose the colour(褪色), 2. 有些词组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ,意义不同。 a number of the number of 3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时,冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。 17 4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中,名词前不用冠词。 六、表示类别的三种情况 1. 定冠词+单数可数名词(用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物)。 2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词(用“任意一个”“某一个”所具有的特性、特征表示一类事物)。 3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词,指“类别”。(考虑到同一类中的各个情况)。 介 词 篇 一、 考点精析 复习介词时要把握三点: 1( 要注意理解情景意义:同一介词可表达多种意义,同一场合意义不同则介词不同。 2( 突破几个关键介词in,on,at,with,by,from,of,to,for。 3( 注意介词搭配,集中归纳,反复练习。 二、 常用介词基本用法 1( at:主要表示方向、场所、时间的某一点 at the corner of the street,at dinner,at sixty miles an hour,be sold at three yuan a dozen,come at us 18 固定搭配:at daybreak,at one time,at the beginning of,at the post office,at the airport,at dawn,at the weekend,at the age of 25, at the same time,at birth,at present,at any time,at a time,at times, at the speed of ,at a height of ,at the latest 表示原因,表示“见/闻„„而”。 at the news 2( in:表示场所、时间与期限、状况、方向。 be dressed in rags in English be sold in pairs 主要用来表示较长的时间单位,如月份、季节、年份等 in the 1990s in the late 19th century 形成“in+时段名词”的词组或固定搭配 in those days,in the daytime,in a short while,in no time,in time 介词in在短语或句型中的省略: 1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接v-ing形式时,v-ing形式前的 介词in可以省略。 be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于„„) 2) 某些动词如busy、occupy、employ等,常与反身代词连 用,其后的in也可以省略。 busy oneself (in) doing occupy oneself (in) doing 3) 某些动词如spend、pass、waste等与表示时间的名词连 用,后面的介词也可以省略。 spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing 19 4) 在have no difficulty in doing sth.、have no trouble in doing sth.、have no business in doing sth.等句型中介词也可以省略。 5) 在句型There is no use (in)doing sth.中,介词也可省略。 固定搭配:in the world,in (the)future,in the snow /rain / storm,in ink,in short,in public,in return,in turn,in danger,in this way,in that case,in search of,in place of,in the air,in case,in common, in other words,in praise of,in silence,in space,in the hope of, in one’s opinion,in modern times,in surprise,in a queue,in the open air 3( on:主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。 固定搭配:on doing sth.,on the afternoon of October,on Tuesday evening,on foot,hit sb. on the head,on the right/ left,on fire, on duty,on sale,on the radio,on and on,on show,on earth, on average,on one’s own 注意:一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at,如圣诞节。 一般的节日名词前用on。 4( by主要表示接近、时限、动作的执行者、方式。 固定搭配:by the village,be paid by the month,by oneself, by chance,by foot(=on foot),by hand,learn „ by heart, by mistake,by accident,by force,year by year,side by side, stone by stone,by now / then 20 5( for主要表示目的、原因、交换值以及时间和距离的长度。 固定搭配:make sth. for sb.,for some reason or other, thank sb. for sth.,for almost one year,for example, for the time being,for sale,for free,for one thing,for nothing 6( of表示部分与全体的关系、所有关系、来源和所用的材料。 of所有格表示的多种关系: 1) 从属关系:the wheel of the car 2) 局部----整体关系:some of the water 3) 量化关系:a cup of tea 4) 描述关系:a professor of learning(知识丰富的教授) 5) 同位关系: the city of Beijing 6) 动宾关系:the study of the map(研究地图) 7) 主谓关系:the determination of the workers(工人们的决心) 固定搭配:be of much use,rob sb. of sth.,be fond of,make fun of,be tired of,of one’s own,instead of,run out of 7( to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。 固定搭配:rise to / by „,to one’s surprise / joy/ astonishment, to the east of,key to„,come up to,add up to,be open to the public,to the point,thanks to,suit „ to „,stick to,refer to 21 三、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配 1( be made of,be made from,be made into,be made in 2( call on = visit,call for = go and pick up,call at one’s house or office 3( on business (出差)/ strike()罢工 / duty(值日) / holiday / fire / vacation / watch(警戒) / sale(出售) / leave(请 假) / guard(警戒) 4( have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.,have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth. 5( A is pleased to B,B is pleased with A(对„„感到满意) 6( be tired of,be tired from 7( with the help of,under the leadership of 8( by means of(使用),by way of(经由),by heart(记 住),by the way 9( out of question(毫无疑问),out of the question(毫不 可能) 10( prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth. 11( be thankful to sb. for sth. 12( steal sth. from sb.,rob sb. of sth. 13( insist on doing sth.,persist in doing sth.,stick to,go on doing sth. 14( set about doing sth.,set out to do sth. 22 15( look sb. in the face,hit sb. on the face,lead the cow by the nose 16( do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour 17( tell A from B 四、 介词的惯用型 at all(全然),in all 1( above all(首先),after all, 2( day after day,year after year,one after one,one after another 3( at peace(和平),at war(战争),at times(时常),at dinner 4( by oneself,by all means(尽一切办法、务必),by chance,by accident, by no means(决不、并没有),by means of(用、依靠) ,by the way 5( in her teens(十几岁),in pain,in danger,in need 6( to one’s joy / sorrow / surprise 7( with care(仔细地),with joy / pleasure(高兴地),with one’s help, with the best wishes(致以我们良好的祝愿),without difficulty(毫不困难地),without exception(毫不例外),without delay(立即、马上) 8( according to(依据),along with(和„„一起),as to(至于„„),because of,except for(除„„之外),instead of 23 (代替) 9( out of order(不正常),out of date,out of trouble(脱离困境),out of sight, out of debt(还清了债务),out of touch(没有联系) 10( at the bottom of,at the centre of,at the end of,at the top of, at the cost of(以„„为代价)at the sight of,at the thought of,at a speed of 11( in memory of(纪念),in favour of(同意),in the habit of(有„„习惯),in touch with(与„„保持联系),on the left of,on the eve of(在„„前夕) 12( from time to time(不时地), from day to day(天天), from hand to hand(一个传一个),from side to side(左右地),from car to car(一个车厢一个车厢地),from bad to worse(越来越差),from beginning to end(从头到尾),from hand to mouth(仅能糊口),from head to foot,from start to finish,from one to another 五、 掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法 1) in +文字、语言、材料名词 in English (ink, pencil, capital letters) 2) with +工具、机器;人体器官;情绪、情感、态度的名词 with a branch, with one’s nose, with pride, with satisfaction, 24 with the help of, with one’s permission 3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段 by bus, by land, by means of(用„„方法), by way of(经由) , by doing sth., by hand(手工), by post(由邮局传递), by letter(用写信的方 式), by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour(by + the + 单位名词) 按„„ 4) 其它表示方式(情况、状况、手段)的表示法 through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice, by telephone (on the telephone), on foot, on the train, in satisfaction, in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits, in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears, in use, in pain, 六、 某些名词和介词的固定搭配 key, answer, visit, apology, introduction 1) 要求to: 2) 要求in:interest, satisfaction, expert 3) 要求on:mercy, congratulation 4) 要求其它:victory over, struggle with, price for, respect for 25 七、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配 1) be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替„„而担心 2) be angry about / at sth.因„„而生气 be angry with sb.对„„某人发怒 3) be anxious for sth.渴望 be anxious about sth. / sb.担心 4) be different from 与„„不同 be indifferent „„不关心 to „ 5) be good at „擅长 be good for „对„„有益 be good of sb. to do sth.友好 6) be strict with sb.对„„严格 be strict in sth. 7) be popular with sb.受到„„欢迎 be popular in some place流行在 „„ be popular for因„„而流行 8) be pleased with + n.或what从句;be pleased at +抽象名词 听、看到而高兴 9) be disappointed at sth. ;be disappointed with sb.对„„失望 10) be known to sb. ;be known with + n.或从句 ;be known for因„„而著名 11) be absent from缺席 12) be devoted to „献身于„„ 13) be open to „对„„开放 26 14) be poor / clever / expert at „ 15) be sorry for „替/为„„后悔 16) be rich in „ be interested in „ 17) be proud of (take pride in) 18) be satisfied with / by „ be sure of / about „ 19) be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.) 20) be late for, be ready for 21) be similar to „ ;be wrong with „ 八、 以to为中心构成短语的归纳 belong to, come to(苏醒), look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to, drink to(为„„干杯), object to(反对), reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance to the music(和着„„在„„声中唱/跳), devote oneself to 九、 以for为中心构成短语的归纳 ask for, call for(去接某人), care for(关心), go in for(从事), answer for(对„„负责), send for, pay for, praise sb. for(赞扬某 人某事), head for(向„„方向移动), search for, take „ for „ (误以为), leave for, prepare for(为„„准备), thank sb. for, make a dive for(向„„猛冲), make up for(弥补„„损失) 十、 以on为中心构成短语的归纳 27 come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠„„生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on „ as „把„„看作, push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spend„on „在„„上花费时间、金钱, operate on给„„动手术, take on a new look呈现新面貌 十一、吊尾介词 1) 某些形容词后接不及物动词或“V+介”型短语动词的 不定式形式表“反射”,常用吊尾介词。 A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavy等形容 后,常用吊尾介词。 e.g. The girl is easy to get along with. B) be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done, want / require / need doing表反射,常用吊尾介词。 e.g. The problem is worth dealing with. The book is worthy of being referred to. 2) 不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场所、工具、 手段、方式、材料等”意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。 e.g. There is nothing for us to worry about. a room to live in 3) 定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,则不 及物动词后要带介词,先行词被“V+介”组成的短语动词所修 28 饰,介词常在句尾。 e.g. He is the very man I just spoke to. This is the life he is used to. 4) 以what,whose,who,whatever等引导的宾语从句、表语从句中常出现“吊尾介词”。 e.g. I don’t know what you do it for. 5) 强调句型和特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词。在上下文意义清楚时,特殊疑问句常用省简结构。 e.g. It is the poor boy that we gave the books to. What for?(为什么,)Where to?(去哪儿,)Who with?(和谁去,) 6) 被动语态中“V+介”短语常用吊尾介词。 e.g. He was listened to to come here. He has never been spoken to in this way. 十二、双重介词 双重介词是两个介词的重叠使用,表达两个介词共有的更精确更明了的含义,从表达意义的角度 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ,双重介词用在一个介词难以全面表达含义的场合,或者是需要从两个角度来描述其具体意义的场合,一般地,前一个介词意义含糊,后一个介词比较具体或从另一个角度对前者进行补充完善。 e.g. New shoots will come up from round roots.新芽从旧根周围长 29 出。 (from和round同属地点位置范畴,但一个介词均不足以全面表意。) He won’t come back until after sunset.到太阳落山之后他才回来。 (until与after同属时间范畴。) He has traveled everywhere except in Japan. Water began to flow out instead of into the bottle. 十三、常用介词辨异 1( about, on, of 关于 on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“ 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。 about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。 of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。 2( except, except for, except that, but, besides, beside except“除„„之外”,指不包括„„,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。 except for“除了,只有”,意思和except一样,主要指说明基本 30 情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。 except that“除了,只是”,意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,主要指其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。 but所含“除„„外”的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。 besides表示“除„„外还有”,所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。 beside也是介词,表示“在附近”,只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。 【对比】如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。 e.g. This book has no blunder except a few mistakes. This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.(前面无同类词语) Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition. 3( including, included including是一个介词,意思为“包括”,它一般放在包括对象的前面。 included是一个过去分词,意思也是“包括”。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。 31 4( in, later, during 都与时段名词搭配 1) in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即“in + 时段名词”,一般用于将来时。 2) later表示“„„以后”,常同时段名词搭配,即“时段名词 + later”,常与过去时连用。 3) during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即“during + 时段名词”,常与现在时或将来时等连用。 5( in, with, by 用 with通常指“用”具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示“用”某种手段、音调等。 by作介词表示“用”时,一般指“用”方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。 in指“用”语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。 动 词 篇 动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点。通常考查:动词的辨异、动词的不 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 变化、某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等。 一、 动词的基本形式 1( 第三人称单数形式 32 2( 过去式 3( 过去分词 4( 现在分词 (同学们应在课下将各个词的形式熟记。) 二、 形状相似的动词的误用 这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似、词根同或在不规 则变化中因某些相似而引起。 1( lie与lay的区别 lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying 2( hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死、吊死)的区别 hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging 3( rise与raise rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.) 4( experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(n. & v. 实验) 5( loose(松开、解开)与lose(丢失) 6( insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持) 7( effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响),effort 三、 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用 常见的词有: 33 accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect advise ---- advice / practice ---- practice bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe choose ---- choice pass ---- passed ---- past succeed ---- success ---- successful ---- successfully 四、 常用动词的词义与搭配 1. have sth. done have sb. (sth.) doing have sb. do have sb. (sth.) done / doing „ / do „ 用在否定句中have可表示 “允许、忍受、容忍”。 e.g. We’ll not have you tell him what to do.(不允许) They can’t have that sort of thing happening.(容忍) I’ve never had anything said against her.(不容忍) 2. 表示“有”时带不定式做定语表“将来”,带分词做定 语表“正在进行” 【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻 辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及 物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式) I’ll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted? 34 (post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式) 1( 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj.,make + it + adj. / n. +to do sth. / that-clause,make sb. / sth. do, make sth. / oneself done 2( 短语: make an apology to „;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演讲);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(尽量利用、善用);make preparations for;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻烦);make one’s way(前进、行进);make up one’s mind;make up(构成、弥补、虚构、打扮);make sure / certain;make a bed(铺床);make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make an effort(努力);make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(录制唱片);make money;make 35 a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战) 注意do和make:一般说来,“do”含有“进行某项活动”的意思,而“make”含有“造出新东西”的意思。 do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.) (对„„有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房间),do away with(取消、废除),do copies(复制),do one’s hair(做头发),do one’s duty,do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效) go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海滨),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在、走了;(物)丢失、用完了),go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on((时间)过去、流逝(相当于go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college 1( 表“认为、猜想”时否定、疑问、回答的方式。 e.g. I suppose he’ll trouble you again, won’t he? 36 He doesn’t suppose you are right, does he? 简略答语常说:I suppose so / I don’t suppose so (I suppose not.) 具备这种用法的词还有:think, imagine, believe 注意:常说I hope so (not), I’m afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I’ m sure so (not). 2( 作插入语 e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday? 3( 接复合宾语用to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有 时可用完成式或进行式。 e.g. I suppose him to be fifty. She was supposed to have left home / to be writing. 4( be (not) supposed to do “应当(不应该)” e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道, 表示按道理应该„„) He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到) 比较:1)He is supposed to be a student. 2)He is supposed to come early. 5( 提出建议,请求 Suppose we go / went for a walk? = What about us going for a walk? (用went语气更婉转) 6( 假设 Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do? 37 1( consider + 宾语(名词、代词、从句、动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑 2( consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词、形容词、不定式to be或to have done)认为 3( consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth. 4( consider „ as „ 比较:take „ as „ 与take „ for „ 五、常用动词的词义与搭配 1( 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住„„) 2( 钩住、挂住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail. 3( 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂、清) catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with 4( 偶然(突然)撞见、发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构。 catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on „, 38 give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向„„汇报),give birth to(产仔),give medical care to(对„„进行治疗),give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光、热等)),give up,give away(泄露),give one’s life for(为„„而献身),give in take pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄准),take an interest in(对„„发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice(注意),take one’s chance(抓住机会),take one’s leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),take steps(采取措施),take the chair(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在„„一边),take one’s time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take one’s temperature,take one’s place,take „ for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinations,take it for granted that „(认为„„当然),take sth. by mistake(错拿某物) call at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on sb. to do sth.,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,call / draw one’s attention to(引起某人注意某事) 1( come to 39 e.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest. (谈到) We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know) He came to see you. (=came and saw) Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒) The book came to how to learn English. (涉及) It comes to the same thing. (结果是) The number comes to 1000. (达到) 2( 其它短语: come after(跟着„„、为找„„而来),come out(出来、(花) 开、出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来、减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来), come true,come along(一起走、快点) get out of = get away from = escape(躲避、逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with,get on the bus,get in(进来),get in the crops, get in touch with,get into trouble,get into the habit of,get off = start 40 off(离去、动身),get off the boot,get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),get over the difficulties(克服困难),get over the river,get rid of,get round = get about(传开),get through the work(做完工作),get through the test,get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on one’s knees,get down = write down,get to doing sth.(开始做),get down to,get back to sth.(重新做„„、重谈„„),get sth. back,get sb. to do sth.,get the car going turn against,turn over,turn in,turn up,turn to sb. for help,turn doctor,turn green look through the book(浏览),look on the book(与某人同看),look into(看里面、调查),look up(查阅、仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,look upon / on „ as,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to put away(放好),put off(推迟),put on(穿上、上演),put out(发行、熄灭),put down(放下、记下、镇压),put up(张贴、举起、建立),put „ into „(送入、输入、把„„翻译成„„),put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward(提出),put one’s heart into„„„,put up with(容忍、忍受) 41 六、需注意的常用动词的习惯搭配 1( 有些动词常跟双宾语。 bring,fetch,give,hand,leave,read,send,teach,offer,tell,wish 2( 有些动词常跟复合宾语。 1) 跟名词作宾补的动词有:call,name,make,elect,think, leave find, 2) 跟不定式作宾补的动词有:cause,force,intend,prefer,remind,hear 3) 跟形容词作宾补的动词有: make,paint,cut,keep,find,prove,leave 4) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:hear,feel,have,make 3( 有些动词本身的含义,避免添加意义重复的词,如:return,repeat等。 六、 常用动词辨析 1( 七穿:put on,wear,have on,dress,be in,pull on,try on 作及物动词时,意思是“给„„穿衣服”,可跟别人,也可跟反身代词。 dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作。be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称。 和have on都表示状态。Wear用于一般式时表示经 42 常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况。have on不用于进行时态。put on表示动作,其反义词为take off。have on、wear、put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服、袜、鞋、手套、首饰、眼镜等。 表示动作迅速,其反义词为“pull off”。try on、fit … on表示穿戴的动作,意为“试穿(衣服)、试戴(帽子)”。 2( 三建议:advise,persuade,suggest 表示“劝说、建议”,而persuade表示“说服”的结果和结论。 搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth.,advise doing sth.,advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth.,persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.,persuade sb. out of doing sth.,persuade sb. of sth. (使某人想起某事),suggest doing sth.,suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用) 3( 三个看起来:seem,look,appear 以上三个词都可表示“好像”,而且往往可以相互替换。但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear有时说明外部表象是一种假象。 和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能。 43 和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能。 和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式。 、look均可接as if + 从句。(虚拟语气或陈述语气) 、appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look不能。 、seem、look作系动词时,常常只用一般现在时或一般过去时。 4( 四打击:beat,hit,strike,knock 着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方,与win、defeat同义。 作“击中”或“打”解,并带有瞄准某物而击中之意,强调打一下,而且是直接接触某物。 作“敲打,撞击”解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,强调迅速性、突然性。 撞倒、重敲:knock on / at the door,knock into sb. 5( 五输赢:win,defeat,beat,gain,fail 用于比赛、游戏、搏斗、辩论等竞争性活动,后接“对手”表结果。 后接比赛、辩论、战斗、奖品、荣誉、胜利等名词,表“获得、争得、赢得”。 在战斗、战争、比赛等中击败对手,表暂时行 44 为。 获得、赢得所需之物,通过竞争所得时与win换用。 失败,短语搭配有:fail (in) the examination,fail to do sth.(没能做„„) 6( 四想要:hope,wish,want,expect 表示对愿望的实现抱有一定信心,这种希望往往是可以实现的,其搭配有:hope to do sth.,hope +宾语从句,hope hope for the best(作最好的打算)。 for, 希望、但愿,往往用来表示“祝愿”,后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反的事情,从句中使用虚拟语气,其搭配有:wish (sb.) to do sth.,wish sb. + n. & adj.,wish + that-clause want想,普通用语,表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth.,want (sb.) to do sth.,want sth. + p.p., want / need / require doing = want / need / require to be done 期望、预期、料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth.,expect that-clause。 总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth. 2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能。 3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能。 4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能。 45 7( 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sell 、cost和take都是“花费”的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多。 和charge的区别在于pay意在“支出”,charge却意在“收入”,试比较: e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat. The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat. 和sell的区别很明显,一个是“买”,另一个是“卖”,都可跟双宾语。 注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back,pay off,pay attention to,pay one’s respects to(向„„表示敬意),pay a visit to 2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本) 3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是“花费”,而be worth意在“价值”。 8( 四收到:receive,accept,admit,get 系被动地“收到”、“接到”,与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系。 系主动地“接受”,其动作是由主观愿望所决定的。 强调准许、接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意。 46 在“接到”、“收到”之义上可与receive交换。 注意:1)在表示“接纳”、“接受”某人加入某一团体或组织时,既可用admit,也可用receive。如:admit / receive sb. into the Party 吸收某人入党 2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse(拒绝)的反义词。 3)在英语中,像receive与accept这样成对的词或短语很多,前者表示动作,后者表示结果。如: look (at) / see,listen (to) / hear,look for / find,put on / wear, get to know / know,try to do sth. / manage to do sth., advise / persuade,shoot at / shoot,build / complete 9( add up to,add up,add „ to „,add to 意为“加起来总和是„„”,它可以引申为“总起来就意味着”“等于”。 意思是“加起来”。 意思是“把„„加在(到)„„ 上(中)”。 意思是“增加、增添”。 10( agree to,agree with,agree on 同意某人的“看法”。 on sth.表示双方达成“协议”。 同意某人的“提议、办法、 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ”等。 同意做某事。 47 11( answer,reply 是常用语,可用作及物或不及物动词,后接名词、代词或that从句。 没有answer用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词, 当做不及物动词时,后面常跟to。 be made of, be made into,12( be made in,be made from, be made up of, be made by 13( become,get,go,grow,turn 、get、go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化。 有逐渐变成新的状态的含义。 有成为完全不同的事物的含义。用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语, 名词前不用a或an。但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an。 14( begin,start begin和start都有“开始”的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化。 另外,start还可以表示“动身、出发”的意思,而begin不能这样用。 48 begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况: 当主语是物而不是人时。 当begin或start用于进行时态时。 当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时。 15( believe,believe in believe作及物动词,表示“相信”“认为”,后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的。而believe in则表示“信任某人”,“相信„„是有价值的”。当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式。 【类似】 trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb.。trust in指依靠或依赖某人。 16( build,put up,set up 建立 一般用于房屋、桥梁、道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物。 用于盖临时性的房屋。在现代英语中,put up与build区别不太大,只不过略为通俗一些。 用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化。 17( call on,visit,go to see,drop in call on比go to see、drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式。 49 visit还可作名词,如: pay a visit(进行访问)。 go to see一般用于人。drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语,后接某人时,某人前应加介词on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即drop in at some place。 18( can,be able to 表示人们对自身能力的推测和估计,没有将来时态和完成时态,因而只能用be able to来代替。 常用来表示通过自身的努力或克服种种困难最终能达到的自身能力,它不能用于进行时态中。 在表示过去时间做某事成功这层含义时,只能用was(were)able to,不能用could。 【类似】 unable是形容词,意为“不能”,是able的反义词,而enable是动词“使„„能”。 19( choose,select,elect 表示“选择”或“挑选”,有时也表示“推选、选举”的意思,但一般表示范围很小、普遍的选举,没有elect正式。 表示(精心地)“挑选、选定”,具有“精选”的意思。 表示“选举”的意思,一般是较大范围的具有正式 50 手续的选举。 20( die from,die of,die out,pass away die of与die from表示“死因”,die of一般表示“因(患)„„ 而死”,常指由于疾病、情感、饥寒等原因造成的死亡,即死于内因。而die from表示“由于„„ 而死”,一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,即死于外因。 die out表示“灭绝”。pass away表示“死去、逝世”,是比较委婉的用法。 21( discover,invent 22( drill,exercise,practise,train 指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练。 主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习。 指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地、反复地做某事。 着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的、有一定期限的培养。 23( do with,deal with 一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为“把某事或某物怎样处理”。 表示“对付、论述,与„„打交道”,常用于 51 肯定陈述句中。当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语。 24( finish,complete,end finish和complete都可以表示“完成、结束”,finish与complete作为及物动词,两者用法基本相同,表示的含义相近。 finish(普通)“完成”,一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing形式作宾语,不能接动词不定式作宾语。 (正式)“完成”,主要指把未完成的东西经过进一步地的努力使之完成,该词后只能接名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing形式。作形容词时,意为“完全的、充满的、十分的”。 作“结束”解,强调某事的终止时间而不考虑内容是否完成,常用于讲话、会话、演说、战争等。 25( give in,give up 26( join,connect,unite 连结、结合 是指把分离的两者连接在一起,强调原来形体清楚地分离的事物之间的结合,通常只直接连接,像国与国、田与田、线与线等 表示一种事物与其它事物的关系,强调通过某种媒介把具体事物(人)或抽象概念连接起来。 强调几个部分组成一个整体,表示联合在一起。 52 如:the United States 27( offer,give,spare,present 给予 基本含义是:1)“(主动)提出(做某事)”,后跟不定式作宾语。 2)“(主动)给予”,后接名词为直接宾语或接双宾语。 其基本含义是“给予”,其后一般跟双宾语,有时也可以接一个直接宾语。 主要意思是“匀出,让给”,后面可跟一个或两个宾语。 主要意思是“赠送给„„”,搭配不能带双宾语。 28( promise,allow,permit promise表示“允诺、允许”,侧重答应自己要干某事,后跟不定式或宾语从句,也可跟名词或代词。allow和permit表示“允许”,侧重允许别人去干某事。allow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但前者比较正式,且有“默许”的含义,而后者有“准许”的意思。 29( prepare,prepare for sth.,prepare to do sth.,be prepared to do sth., be prepared for sth. 指为了某目的而直接动手处理、整理、安排某事。 指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工 53 作,意为“为„„进行„„准备”,从而使句子的含义更为明确。 表示“因为要„„而准备”,指准备去做这一具体动作。 (提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿。 主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构。 30( remain,stay remain和stay作为动词,都有“停留”的意思,有时可以通用。remain和stay作为系动词,表示“保持某一状态”时,可以通用。 remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍“继续停留”、或“保持原来的状态”。stay则指“停留、逗留”。 31( save,spare save意为“储蓄、节省”,指把钱、时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指“救命”。spare意为“省”,指小心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用。 32( seat,sit seat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down 33( sleep,asleep,sleepy,sleeping 这几个词都有“睡”之意。从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep为副词或形容词,sleepy与sleeping都为形容词。从语法 54 结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping可作表语也可作定语。从词义上来分析,sleepy有“欲睡、困乏的”含义,而asleep和sleeping则有“睡着”之意。 asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep。 34( support,keep,raise 意为“赡养、养活”,主要指提供金钱或东西给某人生活。 意为“赡养、养活”或“饲养”,主要指提供必要的物品来照顾家庭。 指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up。 35( take part in,join,attend 36( take place,happen 37( try to do sth.,manage to do sth.,attempt to do sth. attempt to do sth.意为“企图、试图”,指某人想尽办法去做某事,但结果往往是失败的。 38( used to do „,be used to v-ing,be used to do sth.,would would +动词原形,表示过去某一段时间内的活动,主要是同过去另一段时间相比,因此,如无具体的上下文,应该有时间状语修饰。 39( would rather,rather than,prefer would rather (not) do sth. 55 would rather之后可跟从句,从句中的动词要用虚拟语气,即动词的过去式。 would rather do sth. than do sth.(或than后面可接状语) 而不„„ prefer to do sth. / doing sth. prefer to do sth. rather (than) do sth. prefer +宾语从句(虚拟语气----(should) + 动词原形) 40( wound,hurt,injure 这三个词都可以用来表示“受伤”,但wound往往是指超出类似跌破、皮伤范围的重伤,如战斗负伤或枪伤等;hurt着重指精神或肉体上的伤害;injure多用于事故、车祸中的“伤害、损伤”,而且多强调容貌或机能的损坏。 【注意】用wound、injure或hurt表示“受伤”时,一定要用“ be +过去分词”形式。 hurt的过去分词只能用作表语,不能作定语,而wound和injured既可作表语又可作定语。如:a wounded soldier,an injured man 56
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