现场急救知识讲座讲稿

现场急救知识讲座讲稿 一、现场急救时首先要对病人作哪些检查? 现场急救～人命关天～现场急救时的检查不容许象在医院中那样全面细致地进行～但是在给病人作急救处理之前～又必须首先了解病人的主要伤情～对病人进行必要的检查～特别是对重要的体征更不能忽略遗漏。所以现场急救的检查要抓住重点～首先要检查心脏跳动情况。心跳是生命的基本体征～正常人每分钟心跳60--100次。严重创伤～大出血等病人～心跳多增快～但力量较弱摸脉搏时觉脉细而快～每分钟跳120次以上时多为早期休克。当病人死亡时～心跳停止。其次是检查呼吸～呼吸也是生命的基本体征。正常每分钟呼吸16—20次～垂危病人的呼吸多变快、变浅、不规则。当病人临死前～呼吸变缓慢、不规则直至停止呼吸。在观察危重病人的呼吸时～由于呼吸微弱～难以看到胸部明显的起伏～可以用l小片棉花或小薄纸条～小草等放在人鼻孔旁～ 看这些物体是否随呼吸来回飘动～来判定还有无呼吸。最后看瞳孔～正常人两个眼睛的瞳孔是等大、等圆遇到光线照来时可以迅速收缩。当病人受到严重伤害～两侧的瞳孔可以不一般大～可能缩小或散大。当用电筒突然刺激瞳孔时～瞳孔不收缩或收缩迟钝。 心跳停止～呼吸停止～瞳孔散大、固定是死亡的三大特征。 二、怎样做人工呼吸? 人工呼吸方法很多～有口对口吹气法、俯卧压背法、仰卧压胸法～但以口对口吹气式人工呼吸最为方便和有效。 1(口对口或(鼻)吹气法:此法操作简便容易掌握～而且气体的交换量大～接近或等于正常人呼吸的气体量。对大人、小孩效果都很好。 操作方法: (1)病人取仰卧位～即胸腹朝天。 (2)救护人站在其头部的一侧～自己深吸一口气～对着伤病人的口(两嘴要对紧不要漏气)将气吹人～造成吸气。为使空气不从鼻孔漏出～此时可用一手将其鼻孔捏住～然后救护人嘴离开～将捏住的鼻孔放开～并用一手压其胸部～以帮助呼气。这样反复进行～每分钟进行14--16次。 如果病人口腔有严重外伤或牙关紧闭时～可对其鼻孔吹气(必须堵住口)即为口对鼻吹气。 救护人吹气力量的大小～依病人的具体情况而定。一般以吹进气后～ 病人的胸廓稍微隆起为最合适。口对口之间～如果有纱布。则放一块叠二层厚的纱布～或一块一层的薄手帕～但注意～不要因此影响空气出入。 2(俯卧压背法:此法应用较普遍～但在人工呼吸中是一种较古老的方法。由于病人取俯卧位～舌头能略向外坠出～不会堵塞呼吸道～救护人不必专门来处理舌头～节省了时间(在极短时间内将舌头拉出并固定好并非易事)～能及早进行人工呼吸。气体交痪量小于口对口吹气法～但抢救成功率高于下面将要提到的几种人工呼吸法。目前～在抢救触电。溺水时～现场还多用此法。但对于孕妇、胸背部有骨折者不宜采用此法。 操作方法: (1)伤病人取俯卧、位～即胸腹贴地～腹部可微微垫高～头偏向一侧～两臂伸过头～一臂枕于头下～另一臂向外伸开～以使胸廓扩张。 (2)救护人面向其头～两腿屈膝跪地于伤病人大腿两旁～把两手平放在其背部肩胛骨下角(大约相当于第七对肋骨处)、脊柱骨左右～大拇指靠近脊柱骨～其余四指稍开微弯。 (3)救护人俯身向前～慢慢用力向下压缩～用力的方向是向下、稍向前推压。当救护人的肩膀与病人肩膀将成一直线时～不再用力。在这个向下、向前推压的过程中～即将肺内的空气压出～形成呼气。然后慢慢放松回身～使外界空气进入肺内～形成吸气。 (4)按上述动作～反复有节律地进行～每分钟14--16次。 3(仰卧压胸法:此法便于观察病人的 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 情～而且气体交换量也接近于正常的呼吸量。但最大的缺点是～伤员的舌头由于仰卧而后坠～阻碍空气的出入。所以作本法时要将舌头按出。这种姿势～对于淹溺及胸部创 1 伤、肋骨骨折伤员不宜使用。 操作方法: (1)病人取仰卧位～背部可稍加垫～使胸部凸起。 (2)救护人屈膝跪地于病人大腿两旁～把双手分别放于乳房下面(相当于第六七对肋骨处)～大拇指向内～ 靠近胸骨下端～其余四指向外。放于胸廓肋骨之上 。 (3) 向下稍向前压～其方向、力量、操作要领与俯卧压背法相同。 三、怎样做胸外心脏按压术? 胸外心脏按压就好象“人工心跳”～暂时帮助心脏进行工作～将血液压出去～流回来～使血液仍能继续循环。 由于心脏按压的部位在胸部～此时又必须同时做人工呼吸～而俯卧压背、仰卧压胸、仰卧牵臂式人工呼吸法就不易实施～只能作口对口吹气式人工呼吸～可以十分协调地进行～一人作心脏按压～ 另一人作口对口吹气。为了使操作顺利～病人要躺卧在木板或平整的地面上～以便救护人按压时背面有硬物支撑。 具体方法是让病人仰卧～抢救者站或跪在一侧～用一手的掌根贴在病人胸骨上2,3与下1,3交界处～另一手叠在这只手背上～两臂肘关节伸直～靠上身重量作快速按压～使胸骨下陷约3—4厘米～心脏间接受到压迫～然后放松～有节奏地一压一松～每分钟约60—70次。口对口吹气与胸外心脏按压常同时进行～一般每吹一口气～作4—5次心脏按压。如果现场抢救时～只有一人操作～则可以先吹两口气～然后作10次心脏按压～按比例反复进行。 如病人出现面色转红～瞳孔缩小～可触及脉搏或测到血压～说明心跳已经恢复。反之～身体冰冷、关节强硬、肌肉变硬、瞳孔散大～对光反射消失～则病人已真正死亡。 四、气管异物怎样抢救? 气管异物多发生于幼儿。当小孩边吃边玩时～突然停止活动～出现哭闹、阵发性高声呛咳、阵发性喘鸣、面色紫绀、呼吸困难、继而窒息、神志不清和昏迷等时～应怀疑气管异物。 气管异物是导致小孩意外死亡的常见原因～ 多发生在l一5岁的儿童～由于其发病骤然～病变迅速～危险性大～家长了解这些知识很有必要。常见的气管异物有西瓜子、花生米、糖块、硬币、黄豆以及一些光滑的小玩具等。 由于异物完全堵塞气管后可引起窒息～超过四分钟便会危及生命～即使抢救成功～也常会留下严重的后遗症。所以现场急救非常重要。 下面介绍几种易于掌握的救治方法: 1(立即塞一个牙垫或类似牙垫的代用品～把口张开～以便从口腔中排出异物。 2(向病者口腔内伸进食指或一个大棉扦～或牙刷柄～直达咽部～刺激其作防御性深呼吸。 3(设法使病者增加上腹部的腹压以排除气管异物。 (l)抢救者站在病人背后～搂住病人腰部～用右手拇指的根背部顶在病人上腹部～左手叠于右手之上～ 间断向被救人的胸腹部上、后方用力挤压～借助膈肌压缩肺脏～产生气冲将气管内异物排出。 (2) 当病人昏倒时～可将其仰卧～抢救者可双膝跪于地～面对病人～张开双腿于其两测～上身前倾～握紧右拳～臵右拳于剑突直下方～左掌紧压右拳～突然迅速地向下朝前内方向垂按其中上腹。此时患者可能于受重压之后呕出胃内容物～同时～也可见喷咳出梗于气管的异物。为了避免再度吸人胃内容物～当咳出异物时应令其侧卧。 4(如果病人为小儿时～还可施行下列三种现场急救法: (1)急救时救护者:取坐位～让小儿面向前坐于救护者的腿上～然后救护者用两手的中指和食指～用力向后上方挤压小儿的上腹部～压后随即放松～重复进行。 (2)对年龄稍大一点的小儿～可让其趴在救护者的膝盖上～头朝下～捶其背部。 (3)两名救者时～可1人将小儿倒提离地～1人用手拍背～掏咽部～可使异物迅速排出。 2 以上诸法～都是现场急救中行之有效的～只要掌握要领～不需特别训练～大都可以获得成功。当然～如不成功应速送医院抢救。 此外～如果到医院非常方便～一旦怀疑气管异物时可立即送医院救护。如为少年儿童时～可马上将病人面向抱他的人侧身抱起～使头部枕在抱他的人的左臂上。这样抱时可以让异物较为顺利地进入较为粗短的右侧支气管内～避免异物在气管内上下或长住～而让右侧支气管堵塞～使左侧可移动而进行呼吸～为去医院抢救赢得时间。 总之～气管异物是危急症之一～要抓紧时机～尽快急救方可成功。否则～便会危及生命或留下严重后遗症。 五、外伤出血如何急救? 由于外伤引起的大出血～如不及时予以止血与包扎～会严重地威胁人的健康～乃至生命。 外伤出血～按血管的种类分动脉出血、静脉出血和毛细血管出血三种。 按出血部位分为: 外出血:身体表面受伤引起的出血～血液从伤口流出。 内出血:体内的脏器和组织受损伤而引起的内出血～血液流入体腔内～外表看不见。如肝破裂～胸腔受伤引起的血胸等。 皮下出血:皮肤未破～只在皮下软组织内出血～如挫伤～淤斑等。 外伤出血的临床表现: 1( 动脉出血:由于动脉血管内压力较高～所以出血时呈泉涌、搏动性～尤其是大的动脉血管破裂～血液呈喷射状～颜色鲜红～常在短时内造成大量失血～易引起生命危险。 2(静脉出血:出血时缓缓不断地外流～呈紫红色。如大静脉出血～往往受呼吸运动的影响～吸气时流出较缓～ 呼气时流出较快。 3(毛细血管出血:出血时～血液成水珠样流出～多能自动凝固止血。 外伤出血的急救方法 指压止血法～在伤口的上方～即近心端～找到跳动的血管～用手指紧紧压住。这是紧急的临时止血法～与此同时～应准备 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 换用其他止血方法。 采用此法～救护人必须熟悉各部位血管出血的压迫点。 面部出血: 用拇指压迫下颌角与颏结节之间的面动脉。 前头部出血:压迫耳前下颌关节上方的颞动脉。 后头部出血:压住耳后突起下面稍外侧的耳后动脉。 腋窝和肩部出血:在锁骨上凹～胸锁乳突肌外缘向下内后方～对准第一肋骨～压住锁骨下动脉。 前臂出血:在上臂肱二头肌内侧沟处～施以压力～将肱动脉压于肱骨上。 手掌和手背出血:在腕关节内～即我们通常按脉搏的地方～按到跳动的桡动脉血压住。 手指出血:用健侧的手指～使劲捏住伤手的手指根部～即可止血。 大腿出血:屈起其大腿～使肌肉放松～用大拇指压住股动脉之压点～ (在大腿根部的腹股沟中点)～用力向后压～为增强压力～另一手的拇指可重叠压力。 足部出血:在踝关节下侧～足背跳动的地方～用手指紧紧压住。 加压包扎止血法:用消毒的纱布～棉花作成软垫放在伤口上～再用力加以包扎～以增大压力达到止血的目的。此法应用普遍～效果也佳。 六、如何进行急救包扎? 伤口是细菌侵入人体的门户～如果伤口被细菌污染～就可能引起化脓或并发败血症～气性坏疽、破伤风等～严重影响和损害健康～甚至危及生命。所以在急救现场上如果没有条件做清创处理～一定要先进行包扎～因为及时妥善的包扎～ 可以达到压迫止血, 减少感染、保护伤口、减少疼痛、固定敷料和夹板的目的。 包扎时～动作要轻巧、迅速、准确～做到包住伤口、严密牢固、松紧适宜。包扎时一般使用绷带～绷带通常分硬绷带和软绷带两大类。硬绷带是在布制的绷带上洒以石膏粉～干涸而成石膏绷带。在急救中通常使 3 用软绷带。 软绷带又分为多种如 : 粘膏:即橡皮膏。 卷轴绷带:既纱布卷带是用途最广～使用最方便的一种包扎材料。卷轴绷带根据卷轴形式又分为:单头带、两头带,即一条绷带从两头卷起～也可以用两个单头带联结起来等。 应用绷带包扎～应注意如下几项使用原则: 急救人员必须面向伤员～取适宜位臵。 必须先在创面覆盖消毒纱布～然后使用绷带。 包扎时左手拿绷带头～右手拿绷带卷～以绷带外面贴近局部。 包扎时应由伤口低处向上～通常是由左向右～从下到上进行缠绕。 包扎绷带不宜过紧～以免引起局部肿胀也不宜太松～以免滑脱。 为了保持肢体的功能位臵～一般包扎手臂时要弯着绑～包扎腿部时～腿要直着绑。 七、如何安全转送病人? 遇到了急症病人～采取什么样的体位好?用哪些搬运方法转送安全?途中应注意什么问题?这些都是应该了解的。 一般说来～对急症病人～应该以平卧为好～使其全身舒展～上下肢放直。再根据不同的病情～作一些适当的调整。如高血压脑出血病人～头部可适当垫高～减少头部的血流～昏迷者～可将其头部偏向一侧～以便呕吐物或痰液污物顺着流出来～不致吸入, 再如对外伤出血处于休克状态的病人～可将其头部适当放低些,至于心脏病患者出现心力衰竭、呼吸困难者可采取坐位～使呼吸更通畅。 当把病人从床上拾到担架上时～动作应该轻柔协调～尽量减少病人的劳累和痛苦。 对于各种外伤病人～在搬动时要注意对伤处的保护～如骨折的肢体应有人专门扶持～脊椎骨折时要使其背部保持平稳,头部颅脑外伤者～要有人专门包头避免晃动。 抬担架上下楼梯时～应当尽量保持水平位臵。 在转送途中～对于危重病人应当严密注意其呼吸、脉搏清理、通畅呼吸道。 天气寒冷时～应注意病人的保温～可就地取材～以毛巾、大衣或被子包盖好病人身体～令其安静休息,如衣服受湿时～有条件时应尽快换上干衣服( 到了医院后～应介绍病人的病情以及救治情况～供医生参考。 在这里应当指出的是尽量不要用拖拉机转运伤病员。因为拖拉机的噪声大易引起大脑皮层功能紊乱～对于破伤风、脑炎、妊娠子痫等病人～可以引起抽搐。 八、如何使用止血带、绷带止血? 止血带是1886年埃斯马赫发明的～它是一种橡皮管～主要用于较大的动脉血管破裂～用其他止血方法无济于事时采用。 使用止血带时～应绑在四肢出血伤口的上方(以能止住血为度)～事先将患肢抬高数分钟～局部垫上毛巾或其软组织物～以防组织擦伤。由于用止血带后～结扎部位下方组织血液供应中断～时间一久易致组织缺血。坏死～所以绑血带的时间不宜过长～每隔30分钟应放松一次～每次约半分至一分钟～以使血液流通。为此～凡上止血带的地方应有明确标记～注明绑止血带时间～以便转运～接收单位据此能放松～并作必要处理。 如果没有止血带～也可以用宽的布条、毛巾、绷带等代替～但要严防勒伤组织。 在外伤急救中～常常用到包扎。包扎伤口除了具有保护伤口、预防感染外～还有止血功能,某些包扎又可以作为固定患肢的方法。 目前常用绷带包扎小伤口～而把三角巾作包扎大伤口之用。 绷带包扎法:绷带通常分硬绷带及软绷带两种～硬绷带是在市制的绷带上洒上石膏粉～干涸而成石膏绷带。这里～我们主要谈软绷带。 (l)常见的软绷带有以下几种: a(粘膏(即橡皮膏)。 b(卷轴绷带:用纱布卷成～是绷带中用途最广也最方便的一种～一般长度是5米～宽度根据需要而定。 4 使用时～救护人面向伤员～取适宜位臵～先在创面上盖好消毒纱布～然后左手拿绷带头～右手拿绷带卷～用绷带的外面贴近局部～包扎时通常由左向右～从下到上缠绕。绷带不易过紧～以免引起局部肿胀～也不宜太松～以免滑脱。一般手臂弯着绑(屈肘)～腿要直着绑～以便保持肢体的功能位臵。 九、如何进行伤口的初步处理? 各种外伤～常常引起皮肤和软组织的损伤～严重时甚至断肢。伤口处理正确～ 能使其迅速愈合,反之～可能化脓感染～经久不愈～甚至因并发全身感染、气性坏疽、 破伤风等危及生命。因此～对于创伤的伤口～一定要进行严格认真的处理。 人体一旦遭受创伤～如果处理伤口不及时～便容易使伤口感染。 处理伤口的原则为: 1(止血:可根据具体情况及时止血。 2(包扎:伤口包扎得当～可使其少出血～少化脓～少痛苦。扎时要做到快、准、 轻、牢～快～动作迅速敏捷,准～部位准确、严密,轻～动作要轻～不碰伤口,牢～包扎牢靠～松紧适当。 具体步骤是: (1)先用碘酒后用酒精消毒～ 沿着伤口的边缘由里向外擦～不要把碘酒、酒精涂入伤口内。伤口内如有异物～要慎重处理～大而易取的～可取出,深而小不易取出的不要勉强取～以免把细菌带入伤口或增加出血。 (2)小伤口可以在其浅表涂一点红汞(红药水)或紫药水～较大伤口则不宜涂上述药水～以免给下步处理增加困难(伤口上用消毒纱布或敷料覆盖～ 并用绷带(或三角巾)包扎。遇有肠或组织膨出时～应用干净饭碗～纱布圈套扣住膨出物再包扎～以防挤压损伤组织。 (3)在处理较大的创伤伤口时～必须进行详细检查～不能只顾伤口表面而忽略内在损伤～头部伤口合并颅脑外伤者～伤员一般都有神志异常～两侧瞳孔不一般大,胸部伤口合并有脑膜、肺腔损伤时～伤员一般都有呼吸困难,腹部伤口合并脏器损伤时～伤员一般都有腹肌紧张、腹痛等表现,肢体伤口合并骨折时～会有肢体活动障碍～骨异常活动等现象。 下面谈一下大创伤断肢的处理～遇到断肢或断手指时～既要保护好创面～更要将断肢冷藏好～及时地送到医院～尽量为断肢再植成功创造条件。 正确的作法是:用消毒过的纱布(或干净纱布)将断肢、断指包好～放进无漏洞的塑料或橡皮口袋中～紧扎袋口～周围再敷以冰块冷冻。 千万不要在断肢上面涂擦消毒液或把断肢浸夜酒精或其他消毒液中～这样做使组织细胞凝固、变质～失去再植的机会～结果事与愿违。 将断肢、指泡在各种高渗或低渗的溶液中同样也是错误的～前者使细胞瘪缩～后者使细胞破裂。因此～我们一定要冷静地按着上述正确的方法～将断肢冷藏好～并以最决的速度送往医院。 十、急腹症如何处理? 当腹痛来得突然、剧烈、变化快时称为急性腹痛。急性腹痛的疾病可以分为三大类: 1(腹内脏器的急性疾患。 2(胸部的疾病引起放射性腹痛。 3(全身性疾病～由于毒物作用～代谢紊乱或过敏等因素～刺激腹部神经而引起腹痛。其中以腹内脏器的急性疾患为最常见的原因。 急性腹内脏器疾患所致的急腹痛有两个特点: 1(由于腹内脏器都有比较固定的位臵～腹痛部位与脏器病变部位较为一致。如上腹中部疼痛多为胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔～在下腹疼痛多为急性阑尾炎等。 2(疼痛的性质与病因有着密切的关系～如急性炎症引起的疼痛通常是持续性～起病较缓慢～往往要经过几小时甚至一二天腹痛才比较剧烈。开始为压痛～甚至出现反跳痛和腹肌紧张(用手压上去时疼痛为压痛,用手指压上去后～当手指松开时疼痛较被按压时更甚～且出现突然的弹跳痛～这称为反跳痛,腹壁肌肉发生持续性收缩～按上去有发硬的感觉称为腹肌紧张)。又如～胃肠穿孔引起的急腹痛病～疼痛剧烈而持久～刀 5 割性质～可迅速蔓延到其他部位～全腹可有压痛、反跳痛和腹肌紧张。 由于引起急腹痛的原因很多～疾病的发展过程各有不同。所以当出现下列情况时～应尽快就医～ 进一步检查和处理。 l(疼痛剧烈～出冷汗或大汗淋漓以及痛到倒地乱滚～或者疼痛到抱住膝盖蹲着难以站立～或者服用止痛药后未能缓解疼痛 。 2(疼痛剧烈而引起意识模糊、脸色苍白。出冷汗～脉搏缓慢或者畏寒。 3(腹部肌肉紧张变成一块硬板一样坚硬的板状腹。 4(反复呕吐以及不能大便。 在送医院之前～可以作一些早期处理: 1(解松衣服～让病者安静地躺在安静的室内休息。 2(让病者自己选择舒适的体位休息。 3(出现呕吐时～可将冰袋放臵在胃部～但不要强制止呕。 4(不要马上给予食物～饮服药剂～特别是不要乱服乱用止痛药。 5(应注意有无高热～并了解呼吸、脉搏和血压的情况～以便进一步处理。 十一、怎样进行烧伤急救? 烧伤的现场及时处理～对于病人的生命、预后有着重要关系。现场急救的根本原则是去除热源、灭火～群众要学会自救、互救。 自救互救的要点是迅速而恰当地使伤员脱离热源和消除致伤原因( 衣服起火时应立即脱去或用水浇灭～或令伤员就地卧倒～慢慢翻身滚动借以压灭火焰或利用手边的棉被、大衣等厚的布类覆盖起火处～以隔绝空气而灭火。身上起火～不可惊慌奔跑～以免风助火旺～不要站立呼喊～以免造成呼吸道烧伤。 热液烧伤～应尽快脱去(或剪去)被热液浸渍的衣服。烧伤部位要立即用冷水喷洒或浸泡于冷水中～如热塑料液粘附体表～用冷水或冷的湿毛巾使局部快速降温。热金属附着伤面时～切不可向伤员身上泼水。凝固汽油烧伤～去除沾污的衣服后～伤面要用湿布密封覆盖、也可跳入水中～用手扑打～不但不能灭火～反而扩大烧伤范围造成手部深度烧伤。 急救的要点可概括为:一灭、二查、 三防、四包、五送。 一灭:就是灭火第一～采取各种有效措施灭火～使伤员尽快脱离热源和致伤原因。 二查:检查全身。 烧伤一眼可见～如不作初步的全身检查～就会只顾烧伤～而忽略了其他合并损伤～给伤员带来不应有的损失～甚至危及生命。如煤气中毒引起的烧伤～对中毒要予以相应的处理。 化学烧伤时～不能忽略全身中毒的解救。 三防:就是防休克～防窒息～防创面污染。 烧伤的疼痛和伤员的情绪恐惧～有时会发生休克～可用针灸止痛～或皮下注射杜冷丁50毫克～或吗啡10毫克(有颅脑外伤者除外)～或其他止痛药物。 伤员如出观烦渴要水的早期休克症状～可给淡盐水少许多次饮用～不要让伤员单纯喝白开水或糖水。 更不可饮水过多～以防发生胃扩张和脑水肿。有呼吸道烧伤者～应注意口腔和鼻腔的卫生～清除泥土和异物～随时清除分泌物～保持呼吸道通畅～若发生急性喉头梗阻～室息。在紧急时～可用粗针头从环甲膜处刺入气管内～以保证通气～暂时缓解室息的威胁。 然后在有条件时即行气管切开。现场一般因环绕杂乱～ 在检查。搬运伤员时～要重视保护创面～防止污染。 四包:就是用干净的衣物～包裹伤面～防止再次污染。在现场～除化学烧伤外～创面一般不作特殊处理～尽量不弄破水泡～保护表皮～用干净的被单包裹伤面。 五送:就是迅速把伤员运送就近医疗单位。搬运时～伤员要仰卧位～动作要轻柔～行进要平稳～随时观察伤员情况～对于呼吸、心跳不规则甚至停止者～应就地紧急抢救。 十二、低血糖的预防与急救 什么是低血糖 6 低血糖是指由多种原因引起的血糖低于3(0毫摩尔,升 (55毫克,分升血浆真糖法)～临床上产生以交感神经过度兴 奋及脑功能障碍为特征的综合征。 低血糖最早出现的症状有:心慌、手抖、出冷汗、面色苍白、四肢冰冷、麻木和无力～同时有头晕、烦躁、焦虑、注意力不集中和精神错乱等神经症状。继续发展～则出现剧烈头痛、言语模糊不清、答非所问、反应迟钝、眼前发黑、视物不清、心里明白嘴里说不出话来～有时全身肌肉抽动、甚至抽风～最后完全失去知觉发生昏迷和各种反射消失。如仍得不到及时抢救～最终将导致死亡。 低血糖对人体有啥害处 严重的低血糖和低血糖昏迷～对神经系统的影响是很大的～如不及时进行抢救治疗。昏迷超过6小时可造成不能恢复的脑组织损坏～甚至死亡～即使抢救过来～也会变成傻子。低血糖发生后～如果及早给于葡萄糖等治疗～可以迅速缓解,如果无人发觉或治疗不当～可引起死亡。 预防措施: 1、避免过度累及剧烈运动～按时一日三餐进食。 2、正在应用胰岛素的患者～应严格计算好普通胰岛素与长效胰岛素的用量比例。严密观察口服糖药的使用～发现低血糖反应时～及时调整。 3、经常有低血糖的人应随身携带一些水果糖～饼干等食品。 多吃防止夜间低血糖吗, 急救措施: 1、绝对卧床休息～声速补充葡萄糖是决定预后的关键。及时补糖将使症状完全缓解,而延误治疗则出现不可逆的脑损害。因此～应强调在低血糖发作的当时～立即给予任何含糖较高的物质～如饼干、果汁等。重症者应注意误使食物吸入肺中呛入气管引起吸入性肺炎或肺不张。 2、能自己进食的低血糖患者～饮食应低糖～高蛋白～高脂肪～少食多餐～必要时午夜加饮糖料一次。 3、静脉推注50%葡萄糖40-60ml是低血糖抢救最常用和有效的方法。若病情不严重～尚水造成严重脑 功能损害～则症状可迅速缓解～神志可立即清醒。 十三、什么叫家庭急救“八戒” 一旦家中发生危重病人～家庭里如果有人能在医生到来之前进行急救～则直接关系到病人的安全和预后。因此～家庭急救是很重要的～但必须注意: 一戒惊慌失措:遇事慌张～于事无补～如慌慌张张用手去拉触电者～只能连自己也触电。此时应首先切断电源～用木棍、竹竿等绝缘物将病人离开电线～方可进行急救。 二戒因小失大:当遇到急重病人时～ 首先应着眼于有无生命活动体征～知道现场急救时必须对病人作哪些初步检查～看病人是否还有心跳和呼吸～瞳孔是否散大～如心跳停止、呼吸停止～则应马上作口对口人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压。 而不能一见出血～便忙于止血～ 连病人死了也不知道～还止血干什么:::: 三戒随意搬动:万一发生意外时～病属往往心情紧张～乱叫病人姓名或称呼～猛推猛摇病人～其实～宁可原地救治～切忌随意搬动～特别是骨折、脑出血、颅脑外伤病人更忌搬动。 四戒舍近求远:抢救伤病员时～时间就是生命(应该就近送医院～特别是当伤病员心跳呼吸频临停止时～ 更不该远送。 五戒乱用药:不少家庭都有些备用药～但是使用药物的知识却有限～切勿乱用。如急性腹痛者～由于过量服用止痛药时会掩盖病情～妨碍正确的判断～此时不应也不准乱给服止痛药( 六戒滥进饮料:不少人误以为给病人喝点热茶热水会缓解病情～实际上毫无必要。 七戒一律平卧: 并非凡急重病人都要平卧～至于以什么体位最好应该根据病情来决定～可以让病人选择最舒适的体位。如失去意识的病人让其平卧～头偏向一侧,心脏性喘息者～可让其坐着～略伏在椅子上,急性腹痛者可让其屈膝以减轻痛者,脑出血病人则让其平卧～但可取头高脚低体位。 八戒自作主张乱处理:如敌敌畏、敌百虫中毒时～忌用热水及酒精擦洗～而应立即脱去污染的衣服～用冷洁水洗干净,小而深的伤口切忌草率包扎～以免引起破伤风,腹部内脏受伤脱出～切戒还纳腹部～而应用干净纱布覆盖～以免继发感染等。 7 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 8 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 9 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 10 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 11 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 12 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 13 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 14 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 15 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 16 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 17 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 18 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 19 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 20 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 21 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 22 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 23 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 24 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 25 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 26 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 27 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 28 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 29 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 30 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 31 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 32 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 33 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 34 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 35 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 36 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 37 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 38 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 39 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 40 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 41 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 42 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 43 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 44