简单句与复合句

简单句与复合句 一简单句 句子结构句子功能 1主语+不及物动词陈述句 2主语+系动词+ 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语疑问句 3主语+及物动词+宾语祈使句 4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语感叹句 5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 6 there be句型 (一)陈述句 1.肯定句:主语+谓语 2.否定句 (1)谓语动词是be、have或有助动词和情态动词时,在它们之后直接加not He is not a student. He has not any books. He will not go there. (2)谓语动词为行为动词,无助动词或情态动词,在谓语动词前加do 再加not(did 、does) I don’t want to do that. He doesn’t like this. (3)其他否定词no , hardly , never , few , little 等 He has no brothers or sisters. I will never ride a horse. He can hardly speak an English word. (4)两者全部否定Neither 或nor Neither of them knows French. Neither John nor Mary is here. (5)两者部分否定 Both of them didn’t attend the meeting. (6)三者以上全部否定none , nothing , nobody , no one 等 None of these answers is right. Nobody agrees with what you said. (7)三者以上部分否定,all ,many , every等加not 构成。 Not many people like music. Not every girls like singing and dancing. All these books are not mine. (8)本应在从句中的not被移至主句的谓语动词中,believe ,expect , imagine , suppose , think等。 I don’t think it will be very cold today. We don’t believe that he can do it. (二)疑问句 1.一般疑问句:用Y es , No回答 (1)谓语是be或have ,将其提前到主语前 Have you any English books?(Do you have any English books?) Is she a teacher? (2)谓语动词是行为动词,将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前 Do you have a meeting every week? (3)否定式:把be , have 或情态动词和not的简略式n’ t一起放在句首 Isn’t she a doctor? 肯定回答“Y es ,she is.”否定回答“No ,she isn’t” (4)提问的回答可肯定可否定Is there anything wrong with your pen? 提问人预期得到肯定回答Is there something wrong with your pen? Did someone phone last night? 2.特殊疑问句:用疑问代词或疑问副词提问,不用Y es或No回答 (1)疑问词作主语或主语的定语 Who is in the room? Whose father works in Beijing? (2)疑问词作句子的宾、状、表语或修饰这三种成分时,“疑问词+一般疑问句” Where do you come from? When will you go? 区别:who(主格)和whom(宾格)Who(Whom) are you looking for? With whom did you work yesterday? (3)“Why+一般疑问句否定式”,一般表劝告、建议、责备等。 Why don’t you come earlier? (Why not come earlier?) 1 3.选择疑问句:用or连接,不用yes 、no回答。Do you go to work by bus or by bike? By bus. 4.反义疑问句 (三)祈使句:表命令、请求、建议,主语常省 (1)说话对象是第二人称you,一般省略主语;否定式“Don’t (Never)+动词原形” Get up ! Don’t be afraid. (2)说话对象是第一人称和第三人称,“Let +宾语+动词原形”,否定式:“let+宾语+not+动词原形”或“Don’t let +宾语+动词原形”Let us go . let’s not go fishing. Let us (不包括对方),let’s (包括对方) Let us go now , will you?(=Please allow us to go now.) Let’s go now , shall we? 比较:Use your head and you will find a way . Using your head , he found a way. (四)感叹句:表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情,用how和what开头 1.How开头 (1)“How + adj(adv)+主语+谓语”How beautiful the flower is! How fluently he speaks English! (2)how修饰动词,“How +主语+谓语”How the wind blows! (3)“How + adj(adv)”(省略主谓)How interesting(it is)! 2.What 开头(1)“what(a)+n”What fun!(2)“What(a)+(adj)n +主谓”What a beautiful picture it is! 二、复合句:名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 (一)名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。 关联词:连接词that,if,whether;疑问代词who,what,which;疑问副词when,where,how,why等1.主语从句:放在主句谓语动词之前,或用it做形式主语,将主语从句放在主句之后 Who did that is known to all. It is interesting that you like him. (1)从属连词引导 That the earth turns around the sun is known to all. Whether there is life on other planets is yet known. It’s not sure if he will succeed. (if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾,whether引导的可放在句首也可句尾) (2)连接代词引导 What you need is more practice. Who will go is not important. Which team will win the game is uncertain. Whatever I have done is only for you. (3)连接副词引导 Where the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided. When he will return is the most important thing. Why they are reducing price does not matter. However you do it is all right with me. (4)it作形式主语 A.that引导从句It makes everyone happy that the girl is still alive. It is impossible that I go and the meeting. B. It is a pity , it is a shame , it is strange(surprising), it is no wonder , it is necessary等结构后的主语从句用虚拟:should + V(should有时可省),表遗憾、惊奇、重要等 It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. It is a great pity that he should be so greedy. C. 由Wh-系列引导的从句也用it作形式主语It doesn’t matter whether he’s coming or not. It’s more time what we need. It is still open to question who is to head the group. 2.表语从句 (1)从属连词引导(if除外)The fact is that we are behind other groups. The question is whether we should ask them for help. (2)连接代词引导China is not what it used to be. The problem is who will stay. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. (3)连接副词引导This is where you are wrong. That was how they were defeated. That is why he is late. (4)as, as if, as though, because 也可引导表语从句Things are not always as they seem to be. It looks as if it were going to rain. It is because you eat too much. 3.同位语从句:跟在某些表抽象概念的名词后面,说明名词的具体内容。该类名词有:idea, news, fact, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, hope, problem, proof, question. Reply, suggestion, thought, truth等 (1)that引导We heard the news that our team had won. We must face the fact that we had spent all the money. (2)whether引导The question whether we need it is not answered. He asked the question whether this material can stand high temperature. (3)when引导I have no idea when he will be back. I’ve got the news when the new film will be on show. (4)where引导I have no idea where he has gone. The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered. (5)how引导He can’t answer the question how he got the money. She didn’t tell the truth how she managed to go abroad. 4.宾语从句 (二)定语从句:修饰n或代词(先行词),引导关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分 关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等;关系副词有where, when, why等。 1.由who(主语),whom(宾语),whose(定语)引导(若先行词为人,也可用that) This is the man who helped me. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Y u? The girl who (that) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor. 2.which 引导(which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语) This is the book which you want. The building which stands near the river is our school. The room in which there is a machine is workshop. 注:A. whom,which作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在which之前,也可放在从句中原来的位置;但在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来位置。This is the person whom you are looking for. B. 非限定性定语从句中,关系代词用which,不用that。I have lost my pen, which I like very much. 3.由that引导(that可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语的宾语,但不能做介词的宾语) The letter that I received was from my father. 一下情况必须用that: A.先行词为all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。All that we have to do is to practice every day. B.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. C.先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some等修饰。I have read all the books (that) you gave me. D.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, just 等修饰。He is the only person that I want to talk to. E.先行词既有人又有物。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. F.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句必须用that,避免重复。 Who is the boy that was here just now? which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this? G.先行词在从句中作表语。The village is no longer the one that used to be. 4.由when, where, why引导。I know the reason why he came late. This is the place where we lived for 5 years. I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. 先行词表地点时,有时用that(从句谓语动词为及物,which)有时用where(不及物): This is the house where he lived last year. This is the house that (which) he visited last year. 5.限定性和非限定性定语从句 A.限定性:句中不可缺少的部分,主句从句之间不用逗号分开。 B.非限定性:对主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句不影响主句完整性。主句和从句一般用逗号分开,通常不用that引导。引导的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等,且关系代词不能省略。 I have two sisters, who are both students. I have lost the pen, which I like very much. 6.as引导 (1)引导限定性定语从句,在从句中作定语、表语、状语,the same…as,such…as I like the same book as you do. I shall do it in the same way as you did. I want to have such a dictionary as he has. (2)引导非限定性定语从句,as在句中作主语、表语或宾语,可放在主句之前,说明整个句子。 As we all know, he studies very hard. As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 注意:a.关系代词在从句作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。 b. 关系代词whom,which,that在限定性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语,而该介词位于从句末尾时,经常省略,但as一般不省略。 c. 关系代词which和as引导定语从句的区别:which不能放句首,而as可以;在句中as有“正如,就像”之意,而which没有。 (三)状语从句:修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。若从句放在主句之前,用逗号隔开;放在主句之后,一般不用逗号。可分为:时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较地点等。 1.时间状语从句 (1)常用连词:when, as, while, before, after, since, till(until), as soon as, hardly…when…, no sooner…than, the moment等 (2)不用一般将来时。主句若为将来时,从句要用一般现在时。I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. (3)连词when,while,as都表示“当…的时候”。When引导:从句和主句的动作可同时发生也可先后发生;而as、while则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 While I was reading, he came in. As he walked along the street, he sang happily. (4)till(until)”:一直到…时”,主句、从句都用肯定式;“直到…才”,主句否定,从句肯定。 He did not get up till his mother came in. he worked until it was dark. (5)as soon as,the moment:一…就 no sooner…than,hardly…when:刚…就…。主句动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,将had提前。As soon as I finish the work, I’ll go to see you. Hardly had I entered the room, when I heard a loud noise. 2.原因状语从句:because(语气最强), as(最弱), since(既然,表已知或显然的理由), nowthat(既然,鉴于某个事实) Because 引导:表示直接或明确的原因或理由,可放在主句前或主句后 Why is he absent? Because he is ill. He did not speak to you, it was because he didn’t recognize you. Y ou shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. Since、as引导:强调结果,不强调原因,常放在主句前,since比as语气强 Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, you’d better give him a chance. Since the two children were brought up in the south, they have never seen snow. As it was getting very late, we had to go home. As he didn’t know much English, he often took a dictionary with him. For引导:不用来说明原因,表示一种附带或补充解释,或说明,或表推理,引导的句子一般不放在句首We must start early, for we have a long way to go. He must have done it by himself for there was no one else in the room. Now that引导:that可省 Now that you are well again, you can go on with your work. Now (that) you are free today, you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk. 此外表示原因的从属连词还有: (1)the reason…is that…The reason she refused to go was that she had no money. (2)because, because of I did not go because of rain. = I did not go because it rained. (3)in as much as He knows the truth in as much as he was there. (4)now that既然Now that we have gone so far, we might go a little further. (5)seeing (that) /considering (that)…Seeing (that) she is a mere child, it is not safe to let her go alone. (6)in that / for that In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. (7)when既然I can’t tell you anything when you won’t listen. (8)it is that 是因为If I find fault, it is that I want you to do better in the future. (9)not because…but because… We rented the house not because we like it, but because there was no other housetolet. (10)not that…but that…It is not that I am unwilling but that I have no time. (12)for the reason that / by reason that / on the ground(s) that因为 I don’t like her for the reason that she is a lazy girl. 3.地点状语从句:where, wherever, We shall go where working conditions are difficult.(状语从句) We shall go to the place where work conditions are difficult.(定语从句) 4.条件状语从句:从属连词有if(如果), unless(除非), as(so) long as(只要), on condition that, in case等 If you wake up before me, give me a call. Y ou can’t learn a language well unless you work hard. I’ll lend you the money as(so) long as you take my advice. I’ll come on condition that Mary is invited, too. 分类:真实条件句和非真实条件句 (1)真实条件句:假设的情况有可能发生,句中用陈述语气。 I’ll write to your parents if you’re late again. He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow. (2)非真实条件句:假设的情况完全是一种假设或发生的可能性不大,句中用虚拟语气。 If it were not raining now, I would not be staying at home. If we had more time yesterday, we could have done the work. 5.让步状语从句 (1)if 即使,既然,但口气较弱I’ll do it, if it takes me all afternoon.即使这件工作会占据整个下午我也要做。 (2)whether…or,无论I will go whether it may rains or shines. (3)not with standing虽然Not with standing he works very hard, he can’t support his family. (4)when虽然she bought two coats, when she needed but one. (5)(al)though虽然Though 可与yet,nevertheless连用,但不可与but连用 Though he punished me, yet I will trust in him. Though he was very tired, he did not give up. Though he is learned, nevertheless he is not vain.虽然他博学,但却不骄傲。 区别:though可放于句尾,而although不可。He said he would come, he didn’t though. Even if/ even though 即便My grades were always excellent, even though I was often abscent. (6)even if/ even though可用虚拟语态Even if I were busy, I would go to see you off. (7)no matter+疑问词+ever…无论No matter whoever comes, he will be welcome. No matter however little ability a man has, it is possible for him to do something if he be but diligent.勤勉 (8)while/where as 即使While I admire that the problems are different, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. (9)as,要用倒装 A.n(不加冠词)/adj/adv/分词+as+主语+动词 Child as he is, he can answer this question. Surrounded as he was by enemy, he was not afraid. 简单句与复合句 Poor as he was, he was above selling his honor at any price. B. verb +as+主语+助动词Try as(though,但although不可) he may, he never seems able to do the work well. Rich as(though) he is, he is not happy. C. for all(that)尽管如此For all he seems to dislike me, I still like him. For all he is healthy, he is not happy.= For all/with all/in spite of his wealth he is not happy. D. grant/granted/granting/assuming即便,如Grant it is true it does not concern me. E. not but/not but that/not but what虽然,然而I can’t come, not but that I’d like to. 6.结果状语从句:由so, so that, so…that, such…that等引导 He bought a big house, so(that)he had more apace to paint in. She was such a nice girl that everyone liked her. So , such 区别:so位于adj、adv前; such位于n前,加单数名词时such a(an)+n, n前有(a)few,(a)little,many,much等修饰时,用so It is so beautiful a school. Don’t drive so fast, it is not safe. He is such an honest servant. Such a little animal eat so much food. I have three such books. He has done many such things. It was so hot a day that we couldn’t sleep. It was such a hot day that we couldn’t sleep. The box is so heavy that nobody can move it. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. 7.目的状语从句:常由so, that, so that, in order that, in case(以免), lest(以免)引导, Bring it closer so I may see it better. They have died that liberty might live. I am saving money so that I can buy a house. He spoke loudly in order that everybody could hear him. Take your raincoat in case it rains/(shoule)rain. I’ll explain it to him lest he (should)doubt me. lest, in case从句用虚拟:I emphasized it again and again lest you (should) forget. Y ou’d better take more clothes in case the weather gets cold. I’ll take a raincoat with me in case it rains. 8.方式状语从句:放在主句之后,用as, just as, as if, as though等引导,As if, as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟,若有可能实验,可用陈述 The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man. Y ou may do as you please. 9.比较状语从句:常由as…as, than, not so…as…, the more…等词引导,比较的从句部分常是省略句 I know you better than he does. The more we can do for you, the happier we will be. He is not as/so tall as you (are). I don’t get up as/so early as you (do). He is as tall as I (me). He is taller than I (me). 6