英语语法—从属结构

英语语法—从属结构 31.2 because, for, since, as, now that unless if…not 2 –ing –ing –ing –ed –ed –ed 从属结构 Subordinate Construction 从属结构――从属于其他语法结构的结构 从属是语义上分清主次的手段。 限定动词分句在句子中作，，，， (以前叫定语从句) 限定动词分句在句子中作(定语) 一个限定动词 分句 可以是分句&词组 分句又分有动词和无动词， 其中有动词分为限定非限定 限定动词分句在句子中作 什么叫限定，什么叫非限定 （主宾定状补，少谓语，多一个同位语） 从 Infinitive Clause 属 一个非限定动词分句 可以 inging Participle Clause 结 是 构 eded Participle Clause 一个无动词 分句 一个 词组 （主要是介词词组） 从属结构（二） 不定式分句 Infinitive Clause －ing分词分句 ing Participle Clause －ed分词分句 ed Participle Clause *** 不定式分句 a. 不带主语的不定式分句(不定式逻辑主语是隐含的，通常可以在上下文或情景中判定) He has a large family to support (He) b. 带主语的不定式分句(这个主语通常由for引导, 间或也可由with，rather than等引导) He opened the door for the children to come in. （间或也可不用任何词语引导，而把主语直接置于不定式前，构成所谓的） We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely 11:00. 不定式分句的句法功能： 主语，主语补语，宾语，宾语补语 To act like that is childish. 主语 Bruno’s intention was to win the game. 主语补语 He promised to stop taking drugs宾语 I advised him to take a taxi, or he might be late. 宾语补语 状语(目的，结果，原因) She stood up to be seen better. 目的 In 1935 he left home never to return. 结果 We regret to tell you that we won’t be able to attend the ceremony. 原因 －ing分词分句 a. 不带主语和从属连词的－ing分词分句 （－ing分词的逻辑主语通常可以在上下文或情景中判定） One of my bad habits is biting nails. b. 带从属连词的－ing分词分句 (带从属连词的－ing分词分句的逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语) When sleeping, I never hear a thing. a. 带主语的－ing分词分句 1）–ing分词分句作宾语 Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion? 2）–ing分词分句作介词宾语 John doesn’t like the idea of me/ my being mixed up in this affair. 3）–ing分词分句作主语 You/ Your falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip. 4）–ing分词分句作 “独立结构” So many members being absent, the meeting had to be put off. With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. -ing分词分句的句法功能： 1. 和不定式分句一样可作主语，主语补语，宾语，宾语补语。 有时意义没有区别，有时意义略有不同。 This is a box for holding chessmen. （一般目的） I am looking for a box to hold chessmen.（一次特定的目的） 2. 作状语：时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随 While flying over the Channel, he saw a ship sinking. 时间 Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed by eight o’clock. 原因 A large meteor hitting the moon would melt the surface rock by the force of collision. 条件 Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the damage. 让步 It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that area. 结果 He ran up to her, breathing heavily. 伴随 －ed分词分句 a.不带主语和从属连词的－ed分词分句 （－ed分词的逻辑主语通常可以在上下文或情景中判定） The castle, burnt down in 1485, was never rebuilt. b.带从属连词的－ed分词分句 (when, though/ although, as if/ as though, if , even if, once, unless, until等) The dictionary will look nice when printed. If left alone on a desert island, what would you do first? Even if invited, I won’t go. c.带主语的－ed分词分句 The job finished, we went home straight away. My work done, I went to bed. -ed分词分句的句法功能： 1. –ed 分词分句作后置修饰语通常相当于一个缩略的关系分句 2. 作状语：时间、原因、条件、让步、（结果）、伴随 Heated, the metal expands. 时间 Absorbed in his work, Jim neglected food and sleep. 原因 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 条件 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance. 让步 He went to Beijing that winter, disguised as a merchant. 伴随 无动词分句 a.不带从属连词的无动词分句（通常形容词词组，还可以由名词词组 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示） Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. Glad that school was finished, the students ran out of the room. An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house. b.带从属连词的无动词分句 从属连词+名词词组 Whatever the reason, his cordiality to her has won him a friend. When still a boy of six, Bob was sent away from home. 无动词分句的句法功能： 1.无动词分句可在句中作名词修饰语（相当于一个非限制性关系分句） 2. 作状语： (时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式，伴随) You must eat it when fresh. 时间 The cardboard is light-proof where thick. 地点 One of the most popular tourist sites in Italy, Pompeii was viewed by two million visitors last year. 原因 It has little taste, unless hot. 条件 Well or sick, calm or worried, she is always restrained in her expression. 让步 There he stood, a tray in each hand. 方式，伴随 “独立结构” （Absolute Construction） 所谓“独立结构”实质上就是带有自己主语的非限定 分句和无动词分句 （在结构上不依附于主句），仍然还是一个从属分句 不定式“独立结构” A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. －ing分词“独立结构” Jim Climbed slowly up the creaking steps, his courage slipping away at every step. There being nothing else to do, we left. －ed分词“独立结构” His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture. “独立结构”He went off, gun in hand. The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller. “独立结构”在句中可表示多种意义。 表示时间 His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 表示原因 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 表示条件 Weather permitting, the cricket match will be played on Wednesday. 表示方式和伴随状况 He put on his socks wrong side out. 上述诸例中，“独立结构”均可变成由with引导的介词词组，表示否定的可以由without引导。 The war was over without a shot being fired. I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. 从属结构――从属于其他语法结构的结构 从属是语义上分清主次的手段。 一个限定分句 从一个非限定分句 属可以是 结一个无动词分句 构 一个词组 （主要是介词词组） 关于状语分句的几点补充说明 a. because 与for 都可引导原因状语分句， 既可表示“直接理由”，即对某一情况说明原因， 区别： 只是because比for语势强 当代英语中，凡是for和because可以互换的场合，通常用because居多， 因为for分句常见于正式语体，在非正式语体中for分句往往带有书卷气 也可以表示“间接理由”，即对说话人为何持此看法说明理由 b. because, since, as 中，because语势最强，since次之，as又次之。 because通常表示“新信息”，即表示一种未知的原因， 而since/as 则表示已知的原因 c. 原因状语分句还可由in that, inasmuch as, now that, seeing that等复杂连 词引导。 口语中seeing that和now that中的that可以省略 Seeing that 的含义相当于in view of the fact that,可用以替代since/ as Now that可与seeing that, since, as互换使用，但若分句动词为过去时，主句 动词为现在时，便不能用now that （因为它带有时间概念） d. 原因状语分句还可以由on the ground(s) that, for the reason that, by reason that, for fear(that)等引导 a. so that和so„that两种结构中的that在非正式语体中可以省略 b. so„(that)结构只能表示“结果”， 而so(that)结构既能表示“目的”也能表示“结果”， 在so(that)结构之前，凡在口语中有停顿，在文字中有逗号，则多半是表示“结果”，否则多半表示“目的” c. 在正式语体中间或也能单用that结构表示“结果” 一般可以互用，但although比though语气较重 though能接受even的强调，而although不可以 当让步分句指一种臆想的情况时，通常用though，而不用although Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. Though everybody desert you, I will not. 引导某些倒装让步分句通常也只能用though，而不用although Difficult though the task was, they managed to complete it in time. Clever though he was, he failed the exam. 从属结构（二） 不定式分句 －ing分词分句 －ed分词分句 a. 不带主语的不定式分句(不定式逻辑主语是隐含的，通常可以在上下文或情景 中判定) b. 带主语的不定式分句(这个主语通常由for引导, 间或也可由with，rather than等引导)（间或也可不用任何词语引导，而把主语直接置于不定式前，构成所 谓的“独立结构”） c. 带疑问词的不定式分句 间或也可以带有从属连词 主语，主语补语，宾语，宾语补语 状语(目的，结果，原因) 名词词组中修饰语，形容词词组中补足成分 2. 和不定式分句一样可作主语，主语补语，宾语，宾语补语。 有时意义没有区别，有时意义略有不同。 2.作状语：时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随 b. 不带主语和从属连词的－ing分词分句（－ing分词的逻辑主语通常可以在 上下文或情景中判定） c. 带从属连词的－ing分词分句 (带从属连词的－ing分词分句的逻辑主语通 常也是主句的主语) d. 带主语的－ing分词分句 1）–ing分词分句作宾语 －ed分词分句 2）–ing分词分句作介词宾语 3）–ing分词分句作主语 4）–ing分词分句作 “独立结构” a.不带主语和从属连词的－ed分词分句（－ed分词的逻辑主语通常可以在上下 文或情景中判定） b.带从属连词的－ed分词分句(when, though/ although, as if/ as though, if , even if, once, unless, until等) c.带主语的－ed分词分句 1. –ed 分词分句作后置修饰语通常相当于一个缩略的关系分句 2.作状语：时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随 （一种省略结构，既没有限定动词词组，也没有非限定动词词组，基本上属于 SVC结构，只是动词不表示出来，主语通常也不表示出来） 1.无动词分句可在句中作名词修饰语（相当于一个非限制性关系分句） 2.作状语： (时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式，伴随) a.不带从属连词的无动词分句（通常，还可以由表示） b.带从属连词的无动词分句 从属连词+名词词组 从属连词+形容词词组 从属连词+介词词组 从属连词+副词词组 c.带有自己主语的无动词分句也是一种“独立结构”， 名词词组＋名词词组 名词词组＋介词词组 名词词组＋形容词词组 名词词组＋副词词组 所谓“独立结构”（Absolute Construction）实质上就是带有自己主语的非限定 分句和无动词分句（在结构上不依附于主句），仍然还是一个从属分句 不定式“独立结构” －ing分词“独立结构” －ed分词“独立结构” “独立结构”