非谓语(revised)

非谓语(revised)非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即：doing ,done, todo , doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：现在分词 doing:有beingdone（被动式）;havingdone（完成式）;havingbeendone（完成被动式）不定式  todo:有tobedone（被动式）;tohavedone（完成式）;tobedoing（进行式）动名词  doing:有havingdone（完成式）;beingdone（被动式）;非谓语动词的特点：三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解：一．动词不定式先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。1．Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.2．Hiswishistobeadriver.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作3．Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.4．Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.5．Ihavenothingtosay.动词不定式作定语，1.后置2.表示要做的事（尚未发生）6．Theywenttoseetheiraunt.7．It’seasytoseetheiraunt.8．Idon’tknowwhattodonext.9．Iheardthemmakeanoise.说明：1．动词不定式作主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4．动词不定式作宾语补足语，5．动词不定式作定语,6．动词不定式作目的状语,7．动词不定式作真正主语，it代替动词不定式，作形式主语。8．带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9．不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1．“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to都是介词。agreeto objectto ,cometo ,leadto ,familiarto,thanksto,devoteto ,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2．带to还是不带toIhavenochoicebuttogiveinIcannotdoanythingbutgiveinI sawhimentertheclassroom.（但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.）3．动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.与of连用的形容词有：good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible4．后接不定式作宾语的动词有：want,hope,wish,like ,begin,try ,need,forget,agree ,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange ,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask ,mean,choose,expect etc.需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.6．不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：1）动宾关系：Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealetterto post.(逻辑主语是I)Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow    (逻辑主语不是I)Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.HeislookingforaroomtoliveHeislookingforaroomtolivein.不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.2）主谓关系：Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.7．不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1）原因Heisluckytogethereontime.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angry surprised ,frightened ,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy2) 目的Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.3) 结果Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.结果是出人意料，不是本人所想要的结果Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.8.不定式作补足语Isawhim playinthestreetjustnow.能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有：在视觉性动词see,watch,notice,observe,note等，听觉性动词hear,使役性动词make,let,have,感性动词feel等动词后接不定式作复合宾语时，不定式不带to注:当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：He wasseentoplay inthestreetjustnow.二．动名词LearningEnglishisvery difficult.学英语非常困难。Hisjobisdrivingabus.他的工作是开车。Ienjoydancing.我喜欢跳舞。Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.我已经习惯了住农村。Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep.吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。注意以下几种结构：1．There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.=It’s impossibletotellwhatwillhappen.=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.2．It’snousetalkingwithhim.It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.3．There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:trouble,problem ,fun ,pleasure ,agoodtime ,ahardtime注意以下几个问题：1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，forgettodo…忘记要做某事forgetdoing…忘记做了某事remembertodo…记住要做某事rememberdoing…记着做了某事meantodo…有意要做某事meandoing…意味着做了某事regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔regret doing…对做过去的事后悔can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事trytodo…尽力去做某事trydoing    试着做某事learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事stoptodo…停下来去做（另一件事）stopdoing…停止做某事goontodo…接着做（另外一件事）goondoing…继续做某事usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达  nfordoing 的含义现在分词作定语表达 nwhich(who)bedoing的含义如：asleepingcar =acarforsleepingarunninghorse =ahorsewhichisrunning前者是动名词，后者是现在分词又如：drinkingwater ,walkingstick runningwater,sleepingboy3．动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.4．动名词的语态和时态5．动名词主动形式表被动的情况：needdoing ,wantdoing ,requiredoing例如： Thisroomneedspainting.Thisroomneedstobepainted.这个房间需要粉刷。6．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy ,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require, suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,三．分词1The storyisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。2.Thisisamovingfilm.这是一部动人的电影。3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.秘 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。应注意的几个问题：1．现在分词与过去分词的区别DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.Chinaisadevelopingcountry andAmericaisadevelopedcountry.2．分词作表语Thenewssoundsencouraging.Theygotveryexcited.1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：Thenewsis interesting.Heisinterestedinthenews.doing作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。2）表语与被动式的区别：TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.（强调动作）Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.（强调状态）3）常作表语的过去分词：amused,injured,covered,known,dressed ,lost ,broken,gone,delighted,excited ,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank ,done3．现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语)Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时)Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词)能回答how-question的是现在分词，能回答what-question的动名词，即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。例如：Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging.Whatisyourjob?   Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.4．注意的四种结构：havesomethingtodo 有某事要做havesomethingdone 使某事被做havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事havesomethingdoing 让某事一直做着5．需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：seat,prepare,hide,dress如：Iseatedmyselfonthechair.Iwasseatedonthechair.6．分词做状语与不定式的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。Having finishedthehomework,Iwenthome.（时间）BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.  （原因）givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.   （条件）Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingatthe boy.（伴随）Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的)Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy. （结果）7．分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别arunninghorse 现在分词=ahorsethatisrunningafallenleaf  过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallenawalkingstick 动名词 =astickforwalkingsomethingtodo 不定式 =somethingthatIshoulddo8．不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：Ihaveaproblemtobediscussed atthemeeting. (将来)ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.（正在进行）Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.（过去）9．分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：分词与句子主语的逻辑关系Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误)Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful. （正确）Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系；seen与city是动宾关系练习I.单项选择1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invited B.toinvite C.beinginvited D.inviting2.______manytimes,buthestill couldn’tunderstandit.A.Having beingtold B.Thoughhadbeentold C.HewastoldD.Havingtold3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverested B.testing C.torest D.rest 4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult.A.tomake B.nottomake C.notmaking D.tonotmake6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912.A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayed C.firstplayed D.tobefirstplaying7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.----Well,nowIregret____________that .A. todo B.tobedoing C.tohavedone D.havingdone8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingadded B.toadd C.adding D.added 9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.Notreceiving B.Receivingnot C.Nothavingreceived D.Havingnotreceived10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________.A.hear B.tohear C.hearing D.heardRobertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudyingII.用动词的正确形式填空1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening.2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard.3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear ,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden.