Unit 9 How I Found My Voice

HowIFoundMyVoiceContentsPre-readingquestionsBackgroundinformationTextcomprehensionStructureanalysisLanguagepointsofTextIGrammaticalitemsExercisesComprehensionquestionsofTextIIOralactivitiesWritingpracticeTextIHowIFoundMyVoicePre-readingquestions1.Haveyoueverspokentoalargeaudience?Howdidyoufeel?2.Whatfactorsholdyoubackfromspeakinginthepresenceofacrowd?3.Doyouthinkvoiceisimportanttopersonaldevelopment?JamesEarlJones,isanAmericanactorofstageandscreen,wellknownforhisdeepbassovoice.Born:January17,1931)(age 78)Arkabutla,Missippi,U.S.Occupation:ActorYearsactive:1950s–presentSpouse(s):JulienneMarieCeciliaHart(1982–present）TextIHowIFoundMyVoiceAbouttheauthor:JamesEarlJoneswasbornin1931inArkabutla,Mississippi,USA.Atanearlyagehestartedtotakedramaticlessonstocalmhimselfdown.Itappearedtoworkashehassincestarredinmanyfilmsovera40-yearperiod,beginningwiththeStanleyKubrickclassicDr.Strangeloveor:HowILearnedtoStopWorryingandLovetheBomb(1964).ProbablybestknownforhisroleasDarthVader(forthevoiceonly,asthemanintheDarthVadersuitwasDavidProwse,whosevoicewasdubbedbecauseofhisBritishWestCountryaccent).Hasappearedon"TheSimpsons"(1989)acoupleoftimesandplayedMufasainTheLionKing(1994).JamesEarlJonesreturnedasthevoiceofDarthVaderinStarWars:EpisodeIII-RevengeoftheSith(2005).TextIHowIFoundMyVoiceAwards:NominatedforOscar.Another14wins&16nominationsNominatedOscarBestActorinaLeadingRolefor:TheGreatWhiteHope(1970)WonEmmyOutstandingLeadActorinaDramaSeriesfor:"Gabriel'sFire"(1990)OutstandingSupportingActorinaMiniseriesoraSpecialfor:HeatWave(1990)(TV)2001LifetimeAchievementAward TextComprehensionJudge,accordingtothetext,whetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Thenarrator’sgreatachievementsweremorethanhehimselfhadexpectedbecauseheusedtobeabadstutterer.Thenarratorthoughthistraumaticmovingtohisgrandparents’farmpossiblygaverisetohisstuttering.Stuttererashewas,thenarratorhadlearnttheanimallanguagetocommunicatewiththefarmanimals.Whenthenarratorhandedinapoemhehadwritten,theprofessordidnotbelieveitwashiswork.Althoughthenarratorrealizedtheprofessor’strick,hewillinglyjumpedintothepit.Prof.Crouchnotonlyhelpedthenarratorfindbackhisvoicebutmoldedhislifeaswell.BackgroundInformation(1)StarWarsisasciencefantasysagaandfictionaluniversecreatedbywriter/producerdirectorGeorgeLucasduringthe1970s.ThesagabeganwiththefilmStarWars(laterretitledStarWarsEpisodeIV:ANewHope),whichwasreleasedonMay25,1977bythe20thCenturyFox.SixfeaturefilmscomprisetheStarWarsfilmseries.Thesefilmsaregenerallysplitintotwotrilogies:The“originaltrilogy”ofEpisodesIV-VI(releasedbetween1977and1983)andthe“trilogy”ofEpisodesI-III(releasedbetween1999and2005).Thefilms,whicharegenerallycenteredaroundtheSkywalkerfamily,dealswithaseriesofpersonalandintragalactic(银河系内的)warsthathaveamajorimpactonthefateoftheStarWarsgalaxy(星系,银河).GeorgeLucasembracesastyleofepicstorytellingthathereferstoas“motifs”,commonthemesandconceptswhichheadjustsslightlyeachtimetheyrecur.BackgroundInformation(2)DarthVaderisthecentralantagonistinGeorgeLucas‘sfirstthreeStarWarsfilmsandRevengeoftheSith,voicedbyJamesEarlJonesandportrayedphysicallybyDavidProwseintheoriginalStarWarstrilogyandbyCanadianactorHaydenChristenseninStarWarsEpisodeIII:RevengeoftheSith.Vaderisoneofthemosticonicvillainsofalltime,andwaslistedasthethirdgreatestmovievillainofalltime。BackgroundInformation(4)WilliamShakespeare(baptised26April1564–23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spreeminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon"(orsimply"TheBard").Hissurvivingworksconsistof38plays.154sonnets(averseformconsistingof14lineswithafixedrhymescheme),twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.MasterpiecesShakespeareancomedyAsYouLikeItTheMerchantofVeniceAMidsummerNight'sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingTwelfthNightTheTwoGentlemenofVeronaTheWinter'sTaleShakespeareantragedyRomeoandJulietCoriolanusTimonofAthensJuliusCaesarMacbethHamletKingLearOthelloShakespeareanhistoryKingJohnRichardIIHenryIV,part1HenryIV,part2HenryVHenryVI,part1HenryVI,part2HenryVI,part3RichardIIIHenryVIIIBackgroundInformation(5)TimonofAthens(雅典的泰门TheLifeofTimonofAthens)isaplaybyWilliamShakespeareaboutthelegendaryAthenianmisanthrope（愤世嫉俗者）Timon(andprobablyinfluencedbythephilosopherofthesamename,aswell),generallyregardedasoneofhismostobscureanddifficultworks.Originallygroupedwiththetragedies,itwaswrittenbyWilliamShakespearearound1607or1608.Theplayisoddlyconstructed,withseveralgaps,andforthisreason,itisoftendescribedasunfinished,multi-authored,and/orexperimental.GeoffreyChaucer(c.1343–25October1400)anEnglishauthor,poet,philosopher,bureaucrat,courtieranddiplomat.Althoughhewrotemanyworks,heisbestrememberedforhisunfinishedframenarrativeTheCanterburyTales.SometimescalledthefatherofEnglishliterature,ChauceriscreditedbysomescholarsasthefirstauthortodemonstratetheartisticlegitimacyofthevernacularEnglishlanguage,ratherthanFrenchorLatin.RobertLeeFrost(1874–1963)anAmericanpoet.HeishighlyregardedforhisrealisticdepictionsofrurallifeandhiscommandofAmericancolloquialspeech.Hisworkfrequentlyemployedthemesfromtheearly1900srurallifeinNewEngland,usingthesettingtoexaminecomplexsocialandphilosophicalthemes.Apopularandoften-quotedpoet,Frostwashonoredfrequentlyduringhislifetime,receivingfourPulitzerPrizesforPoetry.1924forNewHampshire:APoemWithNotesandGraceNotes1931forCollectedPoems1937forAFurtherRange1943forAWitnessTreeStructureanalysis(1)Thisautobiographicalnarrationcanbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts.PartI,i.e.Paragraphs1-2,inwhichthewriterpresentsastrikingcontrastbetweenhissuccessfulcareerasanactorandtelevisionannouncerandhisseverestutteringprobleminhisearlychildhood.PartII,i.e.Paragraphs3-22,inwhichtheauthorrecollectshowhishighschoolteacher,Prof.Crouch,helpedhimtoovercomehisstutterandfindhisvoice.PartⅢ,i.e.Paragraphs23-29,inwhichtheauthortellsthereaderwhatachievementshemadeafterheovercamehisstutteringproblemandhowgratefulheistohisteacher,“thefatherofmyresurrectedvoice”.Structureanalysis(2)Comprehensivequestions(1)Paragraph1-2Inthispart,thewriterdescribeshowsuccessfulhiscareerisatpresentandwhatanimportantrolehisvoiceplaysinhiscareer.Itformsasharpcontrastwiththefactthathesufferedfromastutteringproblemasachild.DidyouexpectapersonasdescribedinParagraph1couldhavesufferedfromstuttering?Itisreallyoutofanyone’sexpectationthatapersonwiththeexperienceofstutteringmayhavesuchagreatachievement,especiallyinacareerdependentprimarilyuponvoiceandfluency.Comprehensivequestions(2)Paragraph3-22Thispartmainlydescribesthewriter’sstutteringproblemwhenhewasachildandtheprocessofhowProf.Crouchhelpedtheboytackletheproblembywayoftheforcedpublicspeaking.Asaresult,hiseffortwokeuptheboy’scouragetoovercomehishumiliation,andtheboy’sstutterdisappeared.Comprehensivequestions(3)1)Whataresupposedtobethecausesofhisstuttering?Thefirstcauseisthathemoved“fromthewarm,easywaysofcatfishcountrytotheharshclimateofthenorth,wherepeopleseemedsodifferent”.Thesecondisthathefeltgreatpressurefromhisgrandfatherwhohadaninheritedloveforlanguageandwasalwaysaccurateandfluentinspeaking.Comprehensivequestions(4)2)Whycouldhetalktoallkindsofanimalsonthefarm,butnotinfrontofpeople?Shameandhumiliationheldhimbackfrompublicspeaking.Themoreheworriedaboutbeinglaughedatbecauseofhisstuttering,themoreheretreatedfromotherpeople.Anditgotworseashegrewolder.Comprehensivequestions(5)3)WhatattractedProf.Crouchtothewriter’sschool?ItwashisdeeploveforpoemsthatattractedProf.Crouchtothewriter’sschool.4)HowdidProf.Crouchhelptheauthortofindhisvoice?He‘tricked’theboybyquestioningwhetherthepoemwasreallywrittenbyhimself.Theteacher’sdisbeliefmadetheboyveryangry,andtoprovehereallydidit,herecitedthewholepoemtotheclasswithoutanystuttering,whichgavehimabigsurpriseandalotofself-confidenceatthesametimeComprehensivequestions(6)Comprehensivequestions(7)Paragraph23-29Theconcludingpartshowsvarioushonorsandsuccessesthewriterhasobtained,whichfurtheremphasizesthegreateffecttheteacherhasbroughtaboutonthewriter’scareeraswellashiswholelife.HewouldneverforgetthatitwasProf.Crouchwhohadmadehimasuccessfulactorandannounceroutofastutteringboy.Comprehensivequestions(8)1)Whydidthewriterwanttoshowhissuccessestohisteacher?Becausehewantedtoshowhisgratitudetohisteacher.Comprehensivequestions(9)2)Whatkindofcommentsdidthewritermakeabouthisteacher?Hespokehighlyofhim,respectinghimasafatherwhoprovidedanewlifeforhimbyhelpinghimfindhisvoiceandleadinghimtotheworldofliterature.TextATodayIamknownformyvoiceasmuchasformyacting.IthasbeenmygoodfortunetoreceivejobssuchasthespeakingroleofDarthVaderinGeorgeLucas’sStarWarstrilogyandthevoice-overannouncerforCNNcabletelevision.IalsonarratedAaronCopland’sLincolnPortraitonacompactdiscIrecordedwiththeSeattleSymphony.PerhapsmygreatesthonorcamewhenIwasaskedtoreadtheNewTestamentontape.Para.2Butittookalongtimetobelievesuchgoodthingscouldhappentome.WhenIwasayoungsterIstutteredsobadlyIwascompletelyunabletospeakinpublic.Para.3SinceIwaseightI’dhadtroublespeaking.ItwassobadthatwheneverIstoodupinclasstoread,theotherkidssnickeredandlaughed.Ialwayssatdown,myfaceburningwithshame.Para.4I’mnotsurewhatcausedmystuttering.Perhapsitwasanemotionalproblem.IwasborninArkabutla,Mississippi,andwhenIwasaboutfive,ImovedtolivewithmygrandparentsontheirfarmnearDublininnorthernMichigan.Itwastraumaticmovingfromthewarm,easywaysofcatfishcountrytotheharshclimateofthenorth,wherepeopleseemedsodifferent.Para.5Fortunately,mygranddaddywasagentleman,afarmerwhotaughtmetolovetheland.Hewasshortandhehadaprodigiousamountofenergy.Heevenbuiltachurchtopleasegrandmother,aferventworshiperoftheLord.Allsortsofpeoplewereinvitedtoourlittlechurch;white,blackandAmericanIndiancametogetherinanondenominationalfellowship.Granddad’sIrishheritagecameoutinhisloveforlanguage;duringtheweekheused“everydaytalk”,butonSundayhespokeonlythefinestEnglish.Para.6AsmuchasIadmiredhisfluency,Icouldn’tcomeclosetoit.IfinallyquitSundayschoolandchurch,notwantingtobehumiliatedanymore.Allthroughmygradeschoolyears,theonlywaytheteachercouldassessmyprogresswasformetowritedowneverythingIhadlearned.Para.7Oh,Icouldtalk,allright.Ourfarmanimalsknewthat.Ifounditeasytocallthepigs,tellthedogstoroundupthecows,andventmyfeelingstoFanny,thehorsewhosebigbrowneyesandliftedearsseemedtoexpressinterestinallIsaid.ButwhenvisitorscameandIwasaskedtosayhello,Icouldonlystand,poundmyfeet,andgritmyteeth.ThatawfulfeelingofmyvoicebeingtrappedgotworseasIgrewolder.Para.8ThenwhenIwas14,ProfessorDonaldCrouchcametoourschool.HewasaretiredcollegeprofessorwhohadsettledinnearbyBrethren,aMennonitecommunity.WhenheheardthatouragriculturalhighwasteachingChaucer,Shakespeareandotherclassics,hecouldn’tstandnotbeingapartofourschool.SohelefthisretreattoteachusEnglish,historyandLatin.Para.9DonaldCrouchwasatall,leanmanwithgrayhair;Englishwashisfavoritesubject,poetrywashisdeepestlove.He’sbeenanassociateofRobertFrost.Heheldabookofpoemsasifitwereadiamondnecklace,turningpagesasifuncoveringtreasures.Hememorizedapoemeveryday,explainingthatifheeverlosthiseyesighthewouldstillbeabletosavorallthatbeauty.Para.10WhenhelearnedthatInotonlylovedpoetrybutwaswritingit,wefoundakinship.Therewas,however,onedifficultybetweenus.ProfessorCrouch(wealwayscalledhimthat)couldnotstandthefactIrefusedtoreadmypoemstotheclass.Para.11-12“Jim,poetryismeanttobereadaloud,justlikesermons,”hepressed.“Youshouldbeabletospeakthosebeautifulwords.”Ishookmyheadandturnedaway.Para.13-15Thenhetrickedme.Ilaboredlongandhardonapoem,andafterhandingitinIwaitedexpectantlyforhiscritique.Itdidn’tcome.Instead,onedayasthestudentsassembled,hechallengedme.“Jim,Idon’tthinkyouwrotethis.”Istaredathimindisbelief.“Why,”Istarted,angerfloodingme,“ofcourseIdid!”“Well,then,”hesaid,“you’vegottoproveitbygettingupandrecitingitfrommemory.”Para.16-18Bythentheotherstudentshadsettledattheirdesks.Helookedatmemeaningfullyandnodded.Withkneesshaking,Iwalkedupbeforemypeers.“Jimwillrecitehislatestpoem,”announcedProfessorCrouch.ForamomentIstoodbreathless.Icouldseesmirksandwrysmilesonsomefaces.ThenIbegan.Andkeptgoing.Irecitedmypoemallthewaythroughwithouthesitationorfault!Istoodamazedandfloatedbacktomydeskinadaze,amidwildapplause.Para.19-20Afterward,ProfessorCrouchcongratulatedme.“Aha,”hesaid.“Nowwehavesomethinghere.Notonlywillyouhavetowritemorepoetryandreaditaloudtoknowhowgooditfeels,butI’msurethatyouwillwanttoreadotherwriters’poetrybeforetheclass.”Iwasdubiousaboutthat,butsaidI’dtry.Para.21SoonIbegantodiscoversomethingotherstutterersknow.Mosthavenoproblemsingingbecausethelyrics’rhythmicpatternflowsbyitself.Ifoundthesamecadencesinpoetry,andbeforelongmyfellowstudentsactuallylookedforwardtohearingmerecite.IlovedtherollingbeatofTheSongofHiawatha,especiallysinceIhadIndianbloodinmyveins.Para.22IdiscoveredIdidhaveavoice,astrongone.UnderProfessorCrouch’stutelage,Ienteredoratoricalcontestsanddebates.Heneverpushedanythingatmeagain;hejustwantedallhisstudentstowakeup.Para.23Asmystutteringdisappeared,Ibegandreamingofbecominganactor,likemyfather,whowasthenperforminginNewYorkCity.Nooneinmyfamilyhadevergonetocollege.ButencouragedbyProfessorCrouch,ItookexamsandwonascholarshiptotheUniversityofMichigan.Para.24ThereIenteredthedramadepartmentandaftergraduationfulfilledmyROTCresponsibilitybyservingwiththeArmy’sColdWeatherTrainingCommandonmountainmaneuversinColorado.Para.25Later,ontheGIBill,IsignedupwiththeAmericanTheaterWinginNewYorkandsupportedmyselfbetweenrolesbysweepingfloorsofoff-Broadwaystates.In1962IearnedanObieformyroleinanoff-BroadwayproductionofOthello,andhavebeenanactoreversince.Para.26Meanwhile,Ialwayskeptintouchwithmyoldprofessor,byletterandtelephone.Everytimewetalkeditwasalways“Hi,Jim.Readanygoodpoetrylately?”HewaslosinghissightandIrememberedhisearlyexplanationofwhyhehadmemorizedpoetry.InlateryearswhenIwasdoingShakespeare’sTimonofAthensattheYaleRepertoryTheaterinNewHaven,ConnecticutIphonedhim.“CanIflyyouinfromMichigantoseeit?”Para.27-28“Jim,”hesighed,“I’mblindnow.I’dhatenottobeabletoseeyouacting.Itwouldhurttoomuch.”“Iunderstand,Professor,”Isaid,helpedinpartbytherealizationthatthoughmymentorcouldnolongersee,hewasstilllivinginaworldvibrantwithallofthebeautifultreasureshehadstored.Para.29AbouttwoyearslaterIlearnedDonaldCrouchhadpassedon.WhenIwasaskedtorecordtheNewTestament.Ireallydiditforatall,leanmanwithgrayhairwhohadnotonlyhelpedtoguidemetotheauthoroftheScriptures,butasthefatherofmyresurrectedvoice,hadalsohelpedmefindabundantlife.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(1)trilogy:aseriesofthreebooks,plays,operas,etc.thathavethesamesubjectorthesamecharacter,butareeachcompleteworksinthemselvesTri-:：“三”：triangle;trisectBi-bilingual;bilateral;Mono-monorail;monogamy;monopolye.g.BaJin,awell-knownChinesewriter,isfamousforhistrilogy:Family,SpringandAutumn.thevoice-overannouncer:anannouncerwhomakesacommentaryorgivesanexplanationwhichisheardaspartofafilmortelevisionprogram,buthehimselfisnotactuallyseenLanguagepointsofTextⅠ(2)LanguagepointsofTextⅠyoungster1.nayoungperson;childoryouth2.nayounganimal,espahorsestutterv./n.tospeakwithdifficultybecauseyoucannotstopyourselffromrepeatingthefirstconsonantofsomewords.stammer:Tospeakwithpausesandrepeatedsoundsbecauseofexcitement,embarrassment.stutter:Tospeakwithpausesandrepeatedsoundsbecauseofinherentspeechdefect.Wheneverhewasangryhewouldbegintostammerslightly.Benstammeredoutanapology.'I'mD-d-david,'hestuttered.Snickertolaughquietlyandinawaythatisnotniceatsomethingwhichisnotsupposedtobefunny[= sniggerBritishEnglish]snickeratTheotherstudentssnickeredatSteve.Ialwayssatdown,myfaceburningwithshame.Ialwayssatdown,andblushedbecauseIfeltashamed.Moreexamplesofabsolutestructure独立主格结构:LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(3)Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.(infinitiveclause)Hisvoicedrownedbythenoise,thespeakerstoppedinthemiddleofhislecture.(-edparticipleclause)Hewentoff,guninhand.(prepositionalphrase)Thefloorwetandslippery,westayedoutside.(adjectivephrase)LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(4)Itwastraumaticmovingfromthewarm,easywaysofcatfishcountrytotheharshclimateofthenorth,wherepeopleseemedsodifferent.WemovedfromthefamiliarandpleasantcountrytothenorthwhereIfeltcoldbothinbodyandinheart.Thatwasreallyanupsettingexperienceinmylife.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(5)traumatic:distressing,emotionallydisturbinge.g.ThedeathofhissonwasthemosttraumaticeventinStan’slife.ThetraumaticearthquakeinWenchuanshockedeveryChinesebothathomeandabroad.Trauma1.[countable]anunpleasantandupsettingexperiencethataffectsyouforalongtime:traumassuchasdeathordivorce2[uncountable]amentalstateofextremeshockcausedbyaveryfrighteningorunpleasantexperienceCounsellingishelpinghimworkthroughthistrauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。Thephobiamayhaveitsrootinachildhoodtrauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(6)prodigious:extremelyorsurprisinglargeorpowerfule.g.TheGreatWallisaprodigiousfeatinChinesearchitecturalhistory.Hisknowledgeofmusicwasprodigious.Heneverforgetsanything,hismemoryisprodigious.Aprodigiouscollectionofmodernartwasondisplay.achieveprodigiousfeats:workwondersinanondenominationalfellowship:inacloserelationshipwithoutcaringaboutthedifferentreligionsdenomination:areligiousgroupthathasslightlydifferentbeliefsfromothergroupswithinthesamereligion:TheservicewasattendedbyChristiansofalldenominations.这次礼拜仪式各教派的基督徒都参加了。LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(6)Granddad’sIrishheritagecameoutinhisloveforlanguage;duringtheweekheused“everydaytalk”,butonSundayhespokeonlythefinestEnglish.Granddadhadaloveforlanguage,whichmighthavebeeninheritedfromhisIrishancestors.Inweekdays,heusedplainEnglish,butwheninchurchonSunday,hespokeperfectlystandardEnglish.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(7)as引导让步状语从句1.形容词+as+主语+系动词。Tiredasheis,heofferstohelpme.2.过去分词+as+主语+系动词。Well-writtenasthebookis,theauthorisnotsatisfiedandpreparedtoreviseit.3.名词+as+主语+系动词。Studentasheis,hedoesnotstudyhard.4.副词+as+主语+谓语部分。MuchasIadmirehiscourage,Idon’tthinkheactedwisely.5.动词原形+as+主语+谓语的另一部分（情态动词或助动词may,might,will,would等）。Tryasyouwill,youwon’tbeabletopersuadehim.comecloseto:becomealmostthesameashumiliate:makesb.ashamedandupset,esp.bymakingthemseemstupidorweake.g.AfterWorldWarII,theParisPeaceTreatyhumiliatedalltheChinese.Herbosshumiliatedherinfrontofhercolleagues.humiliating,humiliated,humiliationInhistory,Chinahasbeenforcedtosigntoomanyhumiliatingtreatiesmakesomeonehumiliatedassess:considerorjudgethequalityorworthofsomethinge.g.Theysaytheycanassessintelligencefromthesetests.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(8)roundup:gathertogetheranimalsorpeople,oftenwhentheydonotwanttobegatheredtogetherLanguagepointsofTextⅠ(9)vent:dosth.toexpressyourfeelingsesp.anger,ofteninawaythatisunfairventsth.onsb.e.g.Hehadabaddayinthecompanyandventedhisangeronhisfamily.Shehadfewfriends,forsheusuallyventedherrageonherassociates.giveventto:发泄e.g.Hegaveventtohisangerinafuriouslettertothenewspaper.Hegaveventtohiswrathwithastringofcurses.findventin:从…得到发泄e.g.Hergrieffoundventintears.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(9)pound1.磅Thesecosttenpenceapound.这些东西10便士一磅。2.英镑Iadvanced100poundsmoreonthesebooks.这些书我又多预付了100英镑。3.镑（英国以外某些国家的货币单位）4.英镑与外币的比值5.违章停车车辆扣留场6.迷失狗的收留所7.敲打；捣碎；袭击8.沉重的敲击；重击9.重击声；敲打的声音gritn.1.verysmallpiecesofstoneorsand:细石子,砂粒等I’vegotsome/apieceofgritinmyshoe.我的鞋里进了些〔一粒〕沙子。2.informaldeterminationandcourage[= guts]勇气和毅力Mountaineeringinablizzardneedsalotofgrit.在暴风雪中登山需要极大的勇气和毅力。v.及物动词vt.1.以沙砾覆盖(某物);撒沙砾于2.Gritone’steeth:tobiteyourteethtogether,especiallywhenyouareinpain,angry,orunderpressure:咬紧牙关Theyoungpolicemangrittedhisteethandwalkedslowlytowardsthearmedcriminal.年轻警官强忍住怒火,朝武装歹徒慢慢走过去。WhenIwasaboy,Iwasforcedtohaveacoldshowereverymorning.IhateditbutIjusthadtogritmyteethanddoit.小时候，我被迫每天早上洗冷水澡，我很不情愿但仍然咬紧牙关坚持了下来。SheshoutedatmebutIjustgrittedmyteethandsaidnothing.她对我大叫大嚷，而我只是咬紧牙关忍着什么也没说。ThatawfulfeelingofmyvoicebeingtrappedgotworseasIgrewolder.AsIgrewolder,Ibecamemoreself-consciousofmystuttering.LanguagepointsofTextⅠ(10)Mennonite:amemberofaProtestantsectintheNetherlands,GermanyandNorthAmerica.TheMennonites,whodevelopedoutoftheAnabaptistmovement再洗礼论者,refusemilitaryservice,publicofficeandoath-taking,andpursueholinessbydiscipline(afterMennoSimons(1496-1561),Du.religiousreformer).门诺派教徒(16世纪起源于荷兰的基督教新派,反对婴儿