马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译

马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译本科 毕业论文 毕业论文答辩ppt模板下载毕业论文ppt模板下载毕业论文ppt下载关于药学专业毕业论文临床本科毕业论文下载 (设计)外文翻译原文:Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedsisavaluableassessmenttoolthatisusedinmanydifferentprofessions,particularlythoseinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcare.Theideasofneedsareaddressedinorder,asthebodyresolvesthemostbasicneedsforsurvivalbeforemovingontomorecomplexneeds.ManyeducationalprogramsinthehealthcarefieldteachMaslow’shierarchyinordertoaddresstheneedsofpatientsandwheretheyareintheirlifefromapsychologicalperspective,simplybecauseithelpsidentifyandaddresstheneedsofthoseparticularpatients.Theideaofusingahierarchypyramidhelpsustolayoutthestagesofneed,startingwiththebaseofthepyramid,whichlooksatphysiologicalneeds.Asweworkourwayupthepyramid,theneedsstarttobecomemorecomplex,andincludesafetyneeds,socialneeds,esteemneeds,andfinally,attheverytop,wehaveself-actualization.ThisarticleexploresthetheoriesofAbrahamMaslowindetail,aswellasaddressesthecontroversiesthathavebeenquestionedinhistheory.ThisarticlewillalsoevaluatetheimpactofthesetheoriesonhumanbehaviorandassesseachofthecomponentscomprisedwithinMaslow’sHierarchyPyramid.PhysiologicalNeedsPhysiologicalneedsareinfluencedgenerallythroughthecravingsthatwehave.Ifapersonisthirsty,heorshefindsadrinkingfountain.Similarly,iftheindividualishungry,heorshewillfindfood.Ifthebodyisbeingdeprivedofoxygen,itwillsurelyreact.Ifthereisavitamindeficiency,thebodyhassubtlewaysoffulfillingthatneed.Oneexampleofhowthebodyregulatesitselfonaphysiologicallevelisbyhomeostasis.Homeostasissimplymeanstoregulate.Apartofthehumanbrain,calledthehypothalamus,playsanimportantroleinkeepingthebodyregulatedbycontrollingthebody’sthermostat,whichiscontrolledbythereleaseofseveralhormonescalledgonadotropins.Anotherprimeexampleisthereleaseofthe“fightorflight”hormonesthataresecretedbytheadrenalmedullaoftheadrenalglands.Ifthereisaneedforthebodytodefenditself,thesehormoneswillsurgeintoactiontopreparethebodyforfightorflight.Thesehormones,althoughtheyplayanimportantrole,arekeptincompliancebyregulatorymechanismswithinthebrain.Throughoutlife,theideaofphysiologicalneedsremainsconsistent.Theneedtomaintainadequatephysiologicalbalancewillalwaysbeessential,andmaykickintoactioninverydifferentwaysatvariousdifferenttimes,whethertheindividualsexperiencingitareawareofitornot.Forexample,howwouldanyoneevergetagoodnight’ssleepiftheyhadtoliterallythinkabouttheirbreathingpattern,heartrateorbloodpressureonaconsciouslevel?Suresomepeoplemayhavetogetupduringthenighttousetherestroomorgrabaglassofwater,butrememberthatthisisallpartofhowthebodyregulatesitself.Thenotionthatphysiologicalneedstieintoother,morecomplexneedsofthehierarchyisveryrelevant.Maslowbelievedthatoncethephysiologicalneedsaremetinsufficientdetail,peoplemoveontoaddressthesemorecomplexneeds.Safetyandsecuritymakeupthenextplatformofthepyramid.SafetyNeedsMuchlikephysiologicalneedsrequiremaintenancethroughoutlife,sodoestheneedtofeelsecure.Thisneedismorepsychological.Withthatbeingsaid,safetyneedsmaybedifferentforeachindividual,dependingonwhereheorsheisinlife.Forachild,thisneedmaymanifestastheneedforasafefamilyenvironment.Therehastobesecurityinthehome,withwarmthandlove.Whenafamilyisdysfunctional,itmakesitdifficultforthatchildtomoveuptothenextlevelofsocialneedsbecausefearisoftenpresent.Foradults,thisneedmaybeeconomicinnature.Ifapersonloseshisorherjob,forexample,fearandanxietywillhaveanimpactonthatperson’ssociallife,andmaycausehimorhertoregress.Additionally,adultsarenotimmunetotheneedofsafety.Insomepartsoftheworld,wherethereischaos,peoplearestuckatthislevelofneedingtofeelsafe.Thegoalofconsistentlymeetingtheneedforsafetyistohavestabilityinone’slife.ItistheideaofbeingabletowalkaroundtheblockatnightwithouttheworryofbeingmuggedBelongingNeedsAdvancingupthehierarchypyramid,thenextlevelrepresentstheneedtobelongonasociallevel.Thesociallevelgenerallybecomesthepriorityonlyafterthephysiologicalandsafetyneedshavebeensufficientlymetandmaintained.Asenseofbelongingcanbefeltwhenanindividualbecomesmorefocusedonthedesiretobuildrelationshipswithothers.Thisincludesthedesireforaromanticpartner,tohaveclosefriends,andmaybetogetmarriedandhavechildren.Asenseoraneedtobelong,atanystage,isinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Someoftheseinfluences,forexample,aresocio-economicinfluences:theeducationlevelofparentsandfamily,theneighborhoodinwhichthechildgrowsupandthetypeofschoolswheretheyareeducated,aswellasthechildrenwhoattendthoseschools.Whatevertypeofbehaviorislearnedandaccepted,basedonthesevariables,islikelythebehaviorthatwillformaparticularindividual’scharacterandself-esteem.Thelevelofbelongingmustbeestablishedbecauseofitseffectonone’sself-esteem.Ifthelevelofbelonginginthehierarchymodelislow,oranindividualisviewednegativelybypeersinthatgroup,heorshemaydevelopsocialanxietyandmaywithdrawtowardalevelofpeopleinwhichheorshefitsinsocially.Ifachildgrowsupinaneighborhoodwheretherearestreetgangs,andattendsschoolsinthatneighborhoodwiththefamiliesofthosestreetgangs,thenthelikelihoodofthechildtoadaptandtakeonthatformofcharacterbecomesmorelikely.AccordingtoMaslow,thereasonforthisbehavioralpatternislikelyduetothepeergroupsthatthechildgrewupwith.Thisisnotmeanttoimplythatallchildrenwhogrowupinthistypeofneighborhoodwilljoinagang,simplythatthereisahigherlikelihoodofthatoutcome.Ontheotherhand,ifachildisbroughtupinamoreaffluentneighborhood,itislikelythattheparentswillalsobemoreeducated.Inthisscenario,itismorelikelythatthechildwilldevelopandadapttothepeergroupsinwhicheducationismoreofapriority.Theinfluenceinachild’supbringingstartswithaomehandfamilythatsecuresthepreviouslevelsofMaslow’shierarchybymeetingandmaintainingthefoundationlevelsofneeds.Relievinganyanxietyorfearwillhelpputmoreemphasisonsocialdevelopment,andwiththiswillcomeahealthierself-esteem.EsteemNeedsOncetheneedsofphysiology,safetyandbelonginghavebeenmet,theindividualwillnowmoveontotheneedsoftheirself-esteem.Self-esteem,likeallthepriorneeds,mustalsobemaintained.Thisisthehighestplatforminthecategoryofdeficitneeds.Self-esteembeginstoestablishitselfinlifeasearlyasagetwo.Maslow’shierarchyaddressestwolevelsofself-esteem.Oneofthoseisalowerlevelandtheotherisahigherlevel.Thelowerformofself-esteemisdirectlyrelatedtoanindividual’sego,meaningthatthereisastrongneedtoberespectedbyothers.Withinthislowerform,theindividualstillremainsfocusedonacceptancebyothers.Thislowerformofself-esteemismetwhenanindividualhasestablishedalevelofstatus,recognition,fame,reputationandappreciation,justtonameafew.Theymayalsorequiresomereinforcementorvalidationofsomekindinorderforthislowerformofself-esteemtobemaintained.Thehigherformofself-esteemthatMaslowaddressesisthatofself-respect.Thishigherformofself-esteemrequireslessmaintenancebecausethroughaccomplishment,itbecomesapermanentpartofwhotheindividualis.Wecansaythatonceapersonhasgainedrespectforhimselforherself,itismuchhardertolosethatrespectortohaveittakenaway.Theideaofconfidenceinability,themasteryofsomething,orthecompetencethatisestablishedinwhatthesepeopledo,supportsthishigherformofself-esteem.Theseformsofself-esteemshouldnotbeconfusedwithanindividualhavinghighorlowself-esteem.Individualswithlowself-esteemoftenhavealowopinionofthemselvesandtheirself-image.Asaresult,inferioritycomplexesarepresentintheindividual.Withthisideainmind,Maslowcontendsthatthemajorityofpeople’spsychologicalproblemsareduetolowself-esteem.Therealismhereisthatifapersondon’tlikehimselforherself,orwhoheorsheisorwhatheorshehasaccomplished,thenthatpersonwillbemorecriticalofhimselforherself.Throughthatprocess,negativeselftalkisborn,andcancreateabarriertoachievingpersonalsuccess.Self-ActualizationSelf-actualizationisdefinedbyMaslowasthesinglecomponentofbeingwithinthehierarchymodel.Being,inthissense,meansnotbeingapartofthedeficitneedsastheyappearwithinthelowerchainofthehierarchyThisneedisindependent?theremustbesomeaccomplishmentofalltheotherdeficitneeds,whicharebestdefinedaswhatweappeartobe,accordingtothestandardsofsociety.Selfactualizationistheinternaldialoguethateveryoneestablishesatsomepointintheirlives.Inordertodothat,theremustbesomeestablishmentorsatisfactionofthepriorneeds.Onceallofthepreviousneedshavebeenmet,anindividualcandirecthisorherfocustowardatruecalling.Usuallywhenapersonishungry,ortheydon’tfeelsafe,ortheyfeelunloved,thefocalpointleanstowardsresolvingthoseissues,thereforedisruptingthefocusonself-actualizing.Withself-actualization,beingabletopinpointhowonetrulyfeelsaboutsomethingisoftenalittlemorechallengingtofigureout,oritcanbethedeterminingfactorofhowwellheorsheisconnectedwithhisorherselfandabilities.Peoplewhoareself-actualizersarefocusedonwhatmattersmostindefiningwhotheyare.Onceself-respectisgained,theindividualcantakeamoreproactiveapproachtobetteringthemselves,aswellasbeingabletoremainfocusedonresolvinganydilemmasthatmayariseregardingthedeficitstages.Inotheraspects,itcanalsoappeartobespiritual.Lookingatone’slifeastowhoheorsheisintheuniverseisagoodexample.Onceapersonisabletocometotermswithwhotheyare,andtheyareultimatelysatisfiedwiththat,thentheyhavetrulyreachedthepointofbeingabletoself-actualize.Withthislevelofintuitioncomesasenseofpeace,whichinturnservesasamotivatortofocusonmoreadvancedtasksinlife,suchassupportingthemoralandethicalstandardsinlife.Thereisamorein-depthfocusonbetteringoneselfandexpandingone’sknowledgeandtalents.Therealdefinitiontoself-actualizingisgettingtoknowoneself,whilebeingokayandunconditionallyacceptingofwhateveritisthatheorshediscovers.Thequestioneveryindividualmustfaceis,doyoulikeandacceptwhoyouare?Oncethatquestionisanswered,thenself-respectisgained.Onceanindividualestablishesthatrespectforhisorherself,noonecantakethataway.Inthiscontext,AbrahamMaslowisjustifiedinestablishingself-actualizationinacategorybyitselfthatquantifiestheneedofbeingseparatelyfromtheneedofdeficit.Source:BobPoston,cst.Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds[J].TheSurgicalTechnologist.20098.pp:347-353.译文:马斯洛需求层次理论马斯洛的需求层次理论是一个有价值的评估工具,用在许多不同的行业,尤其是那些在教育和医疗等领域。马斯洛需求层次理论按层次划分需求,当人们最根本的生存需求层次得到满足时才会转向更复杂的需求层次。很多在医疗领域的教育 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 要求学习马斯洛层次理论是为了解决患者的需要和从心理上的角度来看他们生活中所处的位置,简单地说因为它能帮助识别和解决那些特别需要的病人。马斯洛层次理论运用金字塔型帮助我们了解需求的层次,从金字塔的基层开始,是生理需求。越往金字塔上层,需求就越复杂,包括安全需求,社会需求,尊重需求,最后,在金字塔的最顶端,是自我实现需求。本文详细探讨了亚伯拉罕?马斯洛的理论,以及解决了一直在他的理论中提出质疑的争议。本文也将评估这些理论对人类行为的影响,并评估马斯洛层次理论的每个层次。生理需求生理需要一般受我们的渴望影响。如果一个人渴了,他会找到一个喝水的地方。同样地,如果一个人饿了,他会找到食物。如果一个人被剥夺氧气,肯定会作出反应。如果缺少一种维生素,身体会有非常微妙的方式履行这一需求。例如身体如何通过内稳态调节自身生理水平。简单地说内稳态就是调控的手段。人类大脑的一部分,称为下丘脑,在通过身体恒温器保持身体平衡中有非常重要的作用,它被几种激素控制并释放促性腺激素。另一个典型的例子是释放“打架或逃跑”激素,是由肾上腺的肾上腺髓质分泌的。如果有需要身体进行自卫,这些激素将上升为行动,以准备战斗或逃跑的身体。这些激素,尽管他们发挥了重要作用,也要保持遵守大脑内的监管机制。在整个生活中,生理需求的想法是一致的。保持足够的生理平衡需要永远是必要的,不管它是不是个人经历所意识到的,在不同的时间总以非常不同的方式行动。举个例子,如果人们总是有意识的去想他们的呼吸模式,心率或血压,那一个人将如何获得良好的睡眠呢?当然有些人可能不得不在半夜起来上洗手间或喝水,但请记住,这些都是身体调节自身平衡的一部分。有种观点认为生理需求对其他更复杂的层次需求是非常相关的。马斯洛认为,一旦生理需要得到足够的满足,人们就会转移到解决那些更复杂的需求,即金字塔的下一个层次是安全需求。安全需求安全需求就像生理需求一样在整个生活中需要维护。这个需求更多的是心理上的需求。就是说,每一个人的安全需要可能不同,这取决于他们在生活中的地位。对于孩子来说,这种需求表现为一个安全的家庭环境。这种安全的家庭环境是指一个家中必须有安全,温暖和爱。当家庭失去这个功能,对于孩子来说就很难移动到下一个社会需要水平,因为恐惧常常存在。对于成年人来说,这种需求可能是经济性质的。如果一个人失去他的工作,那么,恐惧和焦虑就有可能影响他的社会生活,并可能使他退步。此外,成年人也不能幸免于安全需要。在世界上,那些混乱地区的人们都停留在这种安全需要的水平。持续满足安全需要的目标是一个人的生活稳定。它是指能够在夜间走动而不担心被抢劫的想法。社会需要推进金字塔层次,下一个阶段代表需要属于一个社会层面。社会层面的需求,只有在生理和安全需要得到充分满足和保持之后才会被优先考虑。当一个人变得更加侧重于渴望与他人建立关系的时候可以感到一种归属感。这种归属感包括对一个充满爱意的伙伴的渴望,密切朋友的渴望,甚至可能是结婚生子的渴望。某种意义上或归属的需要,在任何阶段,受几个因素影响。其中的一些影响,例如,社会经济的影响,父母和家庭的教育水平,邻居孩子的成长和他们所受教育的学校的类型,以及谁的孩子参加这些学校。无论行为是学习和接受,在这些变量的基础上,这些行为有可能形成一种特定的个人特征和自尊。社会需求层次必须建立,因为影响了一个人的自尊。如果社会需求层次在层次结构模型中处较低的位置,或者个人在群体中被视作消极的同伴,他们可能产生社会焦虑,并可能离开回到他们所适应的社会水平。如果一个孩子成长的社区有街头帮派,或者跟社区的这些街头帮派的家属一起上学,那么孩子为了适应这个环境,会形成一种做形式的性格。根据马斯洛,此行为模式形成的原因可能是跟孩子一起长大的团体。这并不意味着暗示所有在这个类型的社区长大的孩子都将会加入一个帮派,只是说有这种结果的可能性更大。另一方面,如果一个孩子生活在一个较为富裕的地区,那么他们的父母也将受到许多教育。在这种情况下,小孩更有可能发展并适应以教育为优先的同辈群体。一个孩子教养的影响始于能通过满足和维持基础层次需要来维持固定的马斯洛层次较低层次的家庭和家人。减轻任何焦虑或恐惧将有助于重视社会经济发展,这样可以形成更健康的自尊。尊重需求一旦生理需求,安全需求和社会需求得到满足,那么个人就会进入到尊重需要。尊重需求,像所有先前的需求一样,也必须维持。这是需要分类中最缺乏的层次。早在两岁的时候自尊便开始形成。马斯洛层次理论解决两个层次的尊重。其中一个是较低的水平,另一个是较高的水平。尊重的较低形式,直接关系到一个人的自尊心,这意味着有一种强烈的得到他人尊重的需要。在这个较低的形式中,人还会将注意力集中在接受他人。当一个人已经建立了地位,赞誉,名誉,声誉和欣赏,只是仅举几例,说明这种较低形式的尊重被满足。他们也许还需要一些加固或某种形式的验证以维持这个尊重的低级形式。自尊的较高形式是马斯洛处理自我的尊重。通过成就,这种自尊的较高形式需要较少的维修,它将变成个人的永久部分。我们可以说,一个人一旦得到自我尊重,就很难失去或被带走了。信心的能力,掌握的东西,或者是这些人在做什么公认能力的想法,支持这种自尊的较高形式。这些形式的自尊不要混淆个人拥有高或低自尊。低自尊的人经常感觉他们自己和他们的自我形象不好。因此,人就会有自卑感。带着这个想法,马斯洛认为大部分人的心理问题都来自于低自尊。这里的现实主义是,如果一个人不喜欢他们自己,或者他们是谁或他们已经完成的东西,那么这个人就会对自己更多批评。通过这种过程,消极的自我对话产生,并能创造一个实现个人成功的障碍。自我实现需要自我实现需求在层次结构模型中被马斯洛定义为单一的组成部分。目前,从这个意义上说,它们出现在层次链的底层并不意味着它们是需求比较缺乏的一部分。这个需要是独立的,尽管存在其他需求缺乏的结果,但最好的定义是根据社会的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 我们做出怎样的成就。自我实现是每个人在自己的生命的某个点建立内部对话。为了做到这一点,必须建立或满足之前的需求。一旦上所有以前的需求得到满足,个人可以直接把他们的焦点聚集在真正的欲望上。通常,当一个人饿了,或者他们觉得不安全,或者他们觉得不被爱,重点倾向解决这些问题,那么就不会把焦点集中到自我实现。根据自我实现,能够确定一个人如何真正感觉到一些东西往往是更具挑战性的,这个决定因素可能与他们的自我和能力有关。自我实现的人都把焦点放在界定他们是谁这个重要的问题上。一旦自我尊重得到满足,个人可以采取更主动的方式来改善自己,也可以继续把焦点放在解决任何可能出现的有关赤字需求的困境。在其他方面,它也似乎是灵性的。观察一个人的生活,例如在社会中他们是谁,这是一个很好的例子。如果一个人能够证实自己的地位,他们基本上也满意的话,那么他们已经真正达到了自我实现。自我实现需求层次的满足能带来平和感,这反过来又将作为一种动力使人们专注于生活中更高级的任务诸如生活中的道德和伦理标准,更深入地专注于改善自己,扩大自己的知识和才能。自我实现真正的定义是了解自己,品格良好而且可以无条件接受他们发现的无论是什么东西。这个问题每个人都必须面对,你能喜欢和接受你是谁吗?一旦该问题得到解答,自我尊重也将得到满足。一旦自我尊重形成,没有人能拿走它。在这种情况下,亚伯拉?罕马斯洛证明了应该在一个范围内通过需求的缺乏对自我实现需求进行量化。出处:鲍勃?波士顿.马斯洛需求层次理论[J].外部技术人员.20098.pp:347-353.