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高中英语知识点总结20148241

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高中英语知识点总结20148241高中英语知识点总结20148241 高中英语知识点总结 必修1 Unit 1 直接引语和间接引语 (1) 一( 对应变化规则 (人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语,动词) 二( 陈述句的间接引语。 直接引语变为间接引语时,若直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时语序不变。 三( 疑问句的间接引语 若直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时首先在谓语动词后加if 或weather,再把语序变为陈述语序;若直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时仍保留原来的疑问词,再把语序变为陈述语序,主句谓语动词say要变为a...

高中英语知识点总结20148241
高中英语知识点 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 20148241 高中英语知识点总结 必修1 Unit 1 直接引语和间接引语 (1) 一( 对应变化规则 (人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语,动词) 二( 陈述句的间接引语。 直接引语变为间接引语时,若直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时语序不变。 三( 疑问句的间接引语 若直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时首先在谓语动词后加if 或weather,再把语序变为陈述语序;若直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时仍保留原来的疑问词,再把语序变为陈述语序,主句谓语动词say要变为ask. 四( 直接引语变间接引语的特殊情况 1( 主句的时态是一般现在时或一般将来时,变为间接引语时态不变。 2( 如果直接引语中有确定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时时态不变。 3( 直接引语所转述的是自然现象,科学真理,名言警句等,变为间接引语时时态不变。 4( 直接引语中含有某些情态动词时,间接引语可用原来形式,也可用其他情态动词表示, 但要注意保持原来的形式。 Unit 2 直接引语和间接引语 (2) 一( 直接引语是祈使句时的转换规则 1( 当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时,变直接引语时常用tell/order/command sb to do sth 的形式。 2( 当祈使句作直接引语表示请求时,变为间接引语常采用request/beg/ask sb to do sth 的形式。祈使句中的please在间接引语中必须省去。 二( 直接引语是疑问句时的转换规则。 1( 有些疑问句并非提出询问,而是表示请求或乞求,这种问句变间接引语时常用 request/beg/ask sb to do sth 的形式。 2( 若疑问句表达的是“建议,劝告”等含义,可采用advise sb to do sth 或suggest doing sth 的形式 三( 直接引语是感叹句时的转换规则。 直接引语是感叹句时,间接引语可以由 what 或how 或that 来引导,仍用陈述语序。 Unit 3 现在进行时 1( 表示说话时正在进行的尚未完成的动作或状态。 2( 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此刻动作不一定正在进行。 3( 表示按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 或安排在不久的将来要做或预定要做的事情,这种结构常用表示方位移动 的动词。如arrive, leave, travel, start, move, come, go, fly. 4( 现在进行时与副词always, repeatedly, constantly, forever等连用,强调不断重复等意, 表示赞成,厌烦,生气,埋怨等。 5( 也可表示将来时,常用于状语从句中或按规定(时刻表。计划表。日程表中将要发生 的动作。 Unit 4, 5 定语从句 一( 关系代词引导的定语从句 1( Who 指人,在句中作宾语或主语,作宾语时可省略。 2( Whom 指人,在从句中作宾语,不能作主语,常可省略。 3( Whose既可指人,也可指物,其后接名词,与先行词构成从属关系,在句中作定语。 4( Which 只指物,不指人,可作主语或宾语。 5( That 既指人,又指物,在从句中作主语,宾语。 二( Which , that 的用法区别 在下列情况下,只能用that 不用which 1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, much, any, little等不定代词时,或被其修饰时 2. 当先行词被最高级,序数词以及the very, the only 修饰时 三( 关系副词when, where, why 引导的定语从句 四( 介词,关系代词引导的定语从句 1) 根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯 2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯 3) 表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时,用of 五.关系副词和关系代词的判断方法 关系代词和关系副词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中作的成分.若是作状语,则用关系副词或 “介词+which”,若是作主语或宾语,则用关系代词. 六.关系代词as 引导的定语从句 As 用作关系代词,既可单独引出定语从句,又可与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应,从句中的谓语动词常省略。 七(As 与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 As 与which都能引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代整个句子,但也有不同之处 1) as引导的定语从句既可放在主句前,也可放在主句后,而which引导的从句只能放 在主句之后。 2) as很多时候意为正如,而which多意为这一点。 必修2 Unit 1 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开,它跟先行词的关系并不是十分密切,它只 是对先行词的一个补充说明,省略后主句的意思仍然完整。 非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词that 引导,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代 词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。 Unit 2 一般将来时的被动语态 构成 will/shall be done Unit 3 现在完成时的被动语态 构成 have/has been done 注意点: 1( 被动语态没有完成进行时态,现在完成进行时的主动语态改为被动语态时用现在完 成时。 2( 主动语态变被动语态时注意主谓一致问题。 3( 短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在被动结构中要保持完整性,不可省略短语动词 中的介词或副词。 Unit 4 现在进行时态的被动语态 构成: be + being done 注意点: 1( 表示现在某时刻正在进行的被动语态 2( 表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作,但此时此刻该动作不一定发生 3( 表示一种经常性的被动行为,常用always, constantly 等连用,往往带有夸奖,埋 怨,讨厌等感情色彩。 Unit 5 复习介词,关系代词引导的定语从句 必修3 Unit 1 情态动词 1 1( Can/could 1) 表能力 2) 表推测,翻译为可能 2( May/might 表推测,肯定翻译为可能,否定翻译为可能不 ( Shall 3 1) shall I /we/they/he, 用在一,三人称表准许 2) you shall…..用在第二人称表,命令,允许,威胁 4.should 表应当 Should have done, 本应当做某事实际上没有做 Shouldn?t have done 本不应当做某事实际上做了 5. must 1) 表必须 2) 表推测: 肯定句中,表一定.否定用can?t, mustn?t 表禁止 Unit 2 情态动词2 1. need, dare 否定 needn?t, daren?t 实义动词否定 don?t need to, don?t dare (to) 2. ought to 3. must have done 过去一定做了某事 may/might have done 过去可能做了某事 could have done 过去可能已经作了某事,过去本可以做某事,但实际上没有做. can?t/couldn?t have done 过去不可能作了某事 need have done 过去本有必要做某事但实际上没有做 Unit 3 名词性从句 名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句,它可以分为四类,主语从句,宾语从句,表 语从句,同位语从句.主语一般放在句首,宾语从句放在介词和动词后面,表语从句放在 be/系动词后面,同位语从句放在名词后面. 名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类,1)连接词: that/ whether/ if 2) 连接代词 what, whom, who, whose, which 3) 连接副词: when/where/ how/ why 纵观近几年来对名词性从句的考查,命题的焦点集中在 1. 名词性从句引导词的意义 2. 名词性从句使用陈述句语序 3. 名词性从句 what 与 that 的区别 1. 宾语从句 1) 连接词 2) 语序 3) 时态 当主句是一般现在时,从句可根据需要使用任何时态. 当主句是一般过去时时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态,除客观真理除外. 注意; 1) 引导宾语从句的that 常可省略,如果一个谓语动词后跟有俩个that 引导的宾 语从句,第一个that 可以省略,第二个that不可省略. 3) 动词doubt 后跟宾语从句,如果是肯定形式,后跟由whether/if 引导的宾语从句,如 果是否定形式,后跟由that 引导的宾语从句. 2. 表语从句 从属连词 if 不用来引导表语从句, 但as if 却可引导表语从句 Unit 4 主语从句 1) 位于句首,that 不可省略, 只能用whether, 不能用if 2) 用形式主语, that 不可省略, whether, if可通用 Unit 5 同位语从句 跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容.这些名词有fact, problem, opinion, news, idea, promise 1) that 不可省略 2) 只能用whether 3) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 定语从句前面的先行词在定语从句中充当成分,而同位语从句前面的名词在后面的从 句中不充当成分,同位语从句只是对前面的名词起一个补充说明作用. 必修4 Unit 1 主谓一致 英语中主谓一致一般遵循以下三个原则,即语法一致、意义一致和邻近一致。 ?语法一致是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致,即谓语动词的单复数依主语的单复数而定。主语为单数时谓语动词用单数,主语为复数时谓语动词也用复数。 ?意义一致是指不依语法形式而侧重于根据实质意义处理主谓关系,根据主语所表达的实际含义确定谓语动词的单复数。如:“half / all / some /the rest / lots / 分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词要和of 之后的名词的单复数保持一致。and连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。但若and连接的两部分指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时,谓语动词则常用单数。由and连接的两个单数名词作主语,如果前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时,谓语动词通常要用单数。 ?邻近一致是指谓语动词的单复数与它最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。如:either ... or,neither ... nor, not only ... but also,not ... but,there be ... 等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数与靠近它的主语一致。 1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意:当主语由 and 连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 例题 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 B. 注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.C.本题易误选D,因为 The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有 the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用 and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。 2. 主谓一致中的临近原则 1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近 的主语保持一致。如果句子是由 here,there 引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4. 谓语需用单数 1)代词 each 和由 every, some, no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有 each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1)在代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present. (所有人都到齐了。) 2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around? 3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。 A number of + 名词复数 + 复数动词。 The number of + 名词复数 + 单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1) 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与 of 后面的名词,代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由 more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。 Unit 2 Ving 作主语和宾语 一. 动名词做主语的用法 动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作, 在口语中也可以表示具体的动作。如: Seeing is believing. Helping her is my duty. Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。 Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。 动名词做主语和不定式做主语一样,也可以用it作形式主语。如: It's rather tiring walking around in a city. 不定式做主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作。如: It's no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 He realized that to go on like this was wrong. 二. 动名词作宾语的用法 1(有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如admit, appreciate, avoid,can't stand(不能忍受), consider,delay, devote … to, dislike enjoy,escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine. insist on, keep (on), look forward to, mention, mind, miss(错过), pay attention to, practice, put off, stick to, suggest等等。 Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操对你的健康有好处。 Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋该修理了。 注意: 当 need, want, require, worth后面接doing也可以表示被动。 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 I have finished writing this book. 我已经写完这本书了。 2. 在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语,如果有名词或代词作宾语,则构成“allow,advise,forbid,permit ,名词,代词,不定式(宾语补足语)”之形式。如: We don't allow smoking here( We don't allow anybody to smoke here( 3. 动词need, require, want意为“需要”时,后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语,意义没有区别。如: The window needs,requires,wants cleaning,to be cleaned( 4. 在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用动名词和 用不定式作宾语均可,意义没有多大区别。 5. 动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can't help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大,须注意。 forget, regret, remember后跟动名词,动名词表示已经发生的动作;后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。 Unit 3,4 Ving 定语,表语, 宾补, 状语 1. 作定语 V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。 1) -ing形式表示 “供作......之用”的意思, 这类作定语的-ing形式过去叫动名词。 A swimming pool = a pool for swimming 2) -ing形式表示 “......的” 意思, 过去叫现在分词 A sleeping child working people the rising sun -ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从句。如: They are visitors coming from several countries. The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 2. 作表语 表示一般性,经常性的动作 3. 作宾补 主要用在某些动词 see, hear, notice, watch. keep, find, get, have ,feel后,与一个代词或名词构成复合宾语,这时动词-ing形式和句子的宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,并且动词-ing表示宾语正在进行的动作. 4. 作状语 可以表示时间, 原因, 结果,条件, 行为方式或伴随动作等。 Attention Please -ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。 Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. (分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。) Unit 5 构词法 [要点精讲] 英语中,词的构成方法主要有三种:转化法、派生法和合成法。 转化法:有些名词可作动词,有些形容词可作动词、名词或副词。这种保持词形不变,但改变词性的方法叫转化法。 派生法:在一个单词之前或之后加上一个词缀,构成一个新词,这种构词法叫派生法。单词前加前缀,一般不改变词性,只引起意义上的变化。单词后加后缀,一般意义变化不大,只改变了词性。如:(dis)honest, (il)legal, (ir)regular, fool(ish), farm(er), visit(or)等。 合成法:由两个或更多的词合成一个词的构词法叫合成法。合成词一般包括:合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。 必修5 Unit 1-3 过去分词 过去分词有两大特点:一是表被动的概念;二是表动作已完成。过去分词在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者 一(过去分词作定语 过去分词作定语,作用相当于一个定语从句。 What's the language (that is) spoken in that area? 那个地区讲的是什么语言, The book,(which was) written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书写于1957年,讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事。 。 学习过去分词作定语时,注意过去分词所在的位置 单独的过去分词作定语 常常置于其所修饰的名词前 You should improve your spoken English. 过去分词短语作定语 常常置于其所修饰的名词后 He is a teacher respected by all his students. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语 当与其所修饰的名词构成逻 He is the student laughed 辑上的动宾关系时,必须在该 at by all people just now. 动词后使用必要的介词 二、动词-ed形式作表语 过去分词作表语并无“完成”或“被动”之意, 而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等。如: He looked worried after reading the letter( 看完信后, 他显得很忧虑。 When we heard of it, we were deeply moved( 当我们听到这件事时, 被深深地感动了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea( 听到这个想法, 他似乎很高兴。 三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语 能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词,表示被动意义或已完成意义,有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。 (1)动词-ed形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语,这类动词包括see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。 (2) 动词-ed形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语, 这类动词包括make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。 (3) 动词-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等动词的宾语补足语,这类动词包括like,want, wish, expect, order等”这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语。 (4) 过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中, 过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。 四(过去分词作状语 -ed分词短语做状语可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义。这种-ed分词状语相当于一个时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从句,若-ed分词作状语,句子的主语与分词所表示的动作构成动宾关系,即是该分词动作的承受者。 -ed分词(短语)作状语时,也可在其前面加上连词when, if, once, though, unless等,以便明确作何种状语。 Unit 4 倒装 全部倒装 1. 用于 there be 句型( There are many students in the classroom 2. 用于“here (there, now, then) + 不及物动词 + 主语的句型中,或以out, in, up, down, away 等副词开头的句子里面,表示强调( , Here comes the bus. , There goes the bell. , Now comes our turn. , Out went the children. 代词作主语时,主谓语序不变( Here it is. In he comes. 3. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时, 也常引起全部倒装( South of the city lies a big steel factory. From the valley came a frightening sound. Under the tree stands a little boy. 4. 表语置于句首时,倒装结构采用“表语, 连系动词,主语”的结构 1) 形容词, 连系动词,主语 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 2) 过去分词,连系动词,主语 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked . 5. 为了保持句子结构平衡,或为了强调表语 或状语,或为了使上下文结构紧凑( They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 部分倒装 1. 用于 疑问句( Do you speak English? 2. 用于省略if 的虚拟条件句 Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination. 3. 用于“形容词(或名词、动词), as (though)” 引导的让步状语从句( , Pretty as she is, she in not clever. , Try as he would, he might fail again. , Money as they had, they don?t know how to spend it. 4. 用于 no sooner than, hardly when 和 not until 的句型中 No sooner had she gone out than the class began. Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 5. 用于 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, at no time, not only 等否定词开头的句子里( , Never shall I do this again. , At no time can you say “ no” to the order. , Little do I dream I would see you here. 6. 用于 only 开头的句子(only位于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句) , Only in this way can you lean English well. , Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in. 7. 用于 so, nor, neither 开头的句子,表示重复的内容(此句谓语应与前句谓语的时态形 式一致( , He has been to Beijing. So have I. , Jack can not answer the question. Neither can I. 8. 在 so / such that 的结构中,若so 置于句首,句子部分倒装 , So difficult a problem is it that I can?t work it out. , Such a noble person is he that people all respect him. 9. 如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的,主语是名词时,用倒装结构(主语是代词 时,一般不用倒装结构( “Let? go,” said the man / he said. 10. 用于 某些祝愿的句子( May you succeed! Unit5 省略 1.省略是一种避免重复、保持简洁的语法手段 2.凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分,但在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义明确, 并且能发挥交际功能的句子就是省略句 省略的分类 1.语篇省略和情景省略 有的省略句可以从上下文找到被省略的成分,这种省略叫做语篇省略如: Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world, if not the largest (city). 上海即使不是世界上最大的城市也堪称世界最大的城市之一 2.情景省略 有的省略句虽然从上下文中找不到被省略的成分,但是可以从语言情景中推断出被省 略的成分。如: (I am) Glad to see you.见到你真高兴 简单句、并列句和复合句的省略 分类 说明 举例 简单句不定式的省略 A: Will you join us?你要同我们一道去吗, 的省略 B: I should love to (join you).我愿意。 介词的省略 We have lived here (for) ten years. 我们在这儿已经住了10年了 但是在否定句中,此类for不能省略如: I haven't seen you for three months. 我已经三个月没有见到你了。 It's no use (in) crying.哭也没用 在并列一般说来,在后一并My room is on the fifth floor, and hers (is) on the eighth 句中 列然中 (floor). 凡是与上文相同的我的房间在五楼,而她的在八楼。 成分通常 I came at right but Henry (came) at nine. 都要省略。 我在八点来,但是亨利在九点来 复 状 当状语从的主语和When (the novel is) published, the novel will become 合 语 主句 one of the best sellers of the year. 句 从 的主语一致,且状语那本小说出版的时候就会成为当年的畅销书之一。 的 句 从 Although (he was) hard-working, he couldn't earn 省 句中含有be 动词 enough to support himself. 略 时, 尽管努力工作,他的收入还是不够自己糊口。 省略状语从句中的When (the grapes are) ripe, the grapes will be 主语和be 动词。 delicious. 当葡萄成熟之后就会很好吃 定 如果关系代词在定Here is the man (whom) you've been looking for. 语 语从句中 这位就是你一直在找的人。 从 作宾语时,这个关系He's the man (who/that) you can safely depend on. 句 代词可 他是你能放心信赖的人。 以省略。 There are many plays (that) I'd like to see. 有很多话剧我想看 复 宾 引导宾语从句的I hope (that) you'll be fine soon. 合 语 that 之后接的从句我希望你尽快康复。 句 从 不长时,可以省略。 Now scientists warn that if not under control, the unseen 的 句 如果that 后面的宾energy waves, “electric smog”, may be hazardous to our 省 语从句较长时,that health. 略 不能省略。 现在科学家警告说,有一种肉眼看不到的能波,即“电子烟 尘”,如果不加以控制,可能危害人类的健康。 主 有时整个主句都可A: You all like the story,你们都喜欢这个故事, 语 省略,只剩下一个从B: Yes, except that the conclusion is too long. 从 句。这种省略现 是的,只是结尾太仓促 句 象通常出现在简短 答语中。 选修6 Unit 1-2 虚拟语气 1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 (1)表示与现在事实相反的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be动词的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如: If I were a boy, I would join the army. If the had time, she should go with you. (2)表示与过去的事实相反,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句中的谓 语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如: If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. (3)表示与将来事实相反,条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形,而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/ could might + 动词原形。如; If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. (4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形 式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如: If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在) 以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时,主句和从句谓语动词的形式: 条件状语从句 主 句 should /would/could/might + have + 与过去事实相had + 过去分词 过去分词 反 与现在事实相一般过去时(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形 反 一般过去时或与将来事实相should(were to) + 动词原Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形 反 形 有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式,即“were / had / should +主语”。如: Were I a boy, I would join the army. Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded. Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain. 2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句 (1)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。 ?“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能 实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时;表示将来不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语 动词用“would/could + 动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如: I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ?在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原 形。如: She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she should be operated. (2)虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、 suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should) + 动词 原形”。如: His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. (3)虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构,表示惊奇、不相 信、理应如此等。如: It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless. It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟 语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述句语气。如: It is pity that you can?t swim. 3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用 (1)虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指现在状况,则用一般过去时;指将来状况则用过去将来时。如: He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. (2)虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中,定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形,意思是“(现在)该……”。如: It?s time that I picked up my daughter. It?s high time we were going. (3)虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如: If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice. (4)虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。 ?情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉,常出现在日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door? ?用于一些习惯表达法中。如: Would you like a cup of tea? I would rather not tell you. Unit 3-4 it 的用法 一、it 作人称代词 二、it作非人称代词 it有时并不指具体的东西,而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等,称为非人称的it: 三、it用作形式主语 替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 1. 代作主语的动词不定式 (1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词:easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous… (2)It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词:kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy. It's kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing… It's(well)worth doing… It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's(well)worth while doing/ to do It's no use crying over spilt milk. 2. it作形式主语替代主语从句 ?It is adj. +clause It is clear ( obvious,true,possible, certain …) that ... 该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句,常译为“清楚(显然, 真的……)” 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。例如: It is very clear that he?s round and tall like a tree. ?It is v-ed that…=sb./sth. is to do It is said (reported/ learned/believed /thought/known/told/hoped.....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是that 引导的主语从句;该结构常译为“据说(据报道,据悉((()”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. ? It is + noun +从句 It is a pity (a shame /an honor /a good thing/a fact /a surprise/... ) that ... 该句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should可省去(表示出乎意料,常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。例如: It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾~ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了,真遗憾~ 四、it作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it 作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前。 该句型中的it 作形式宾语,常用的动词有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。 五、用于强调句型中 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ... It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 六、It 常用的固定搭配 1( make it (1)在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达 例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. (2)在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”例 —Shall we meet next week, —OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. take it/things easy 相当于Don„t worry or don?t hurry. 用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,沉住气” Take it easy~ He will do it well. 3. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中,相当于it hasn„t been decided yet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来” —Are you going to the countryside for holiday, —It/That all depends. 4. It's up to sb. 在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定,由……负责,取决于……” —Shall we go out for dinner, —It's up to you. Unit 5 Ving 作状语复习 选修7 Unit 1-2 不定式 1(基本概念 不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,没有人称和数的变化,而且不能单独用作谓语,但仍旧有动词的特点,即可有自己的宾语和状语,构成不定式短语,使用频率较高。是一个考试经常考查的语法点。 2(基本形式 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing / 否定形式 not to do not to be done 疑问词,不定式 wh, to do wh, to be done 复合结构 sb.to do/for sb.to do / 3.句法功能 不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的特征,在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语,还可以有自己的逻辑主语,即for sb.to do sth.。 4(不定式的时态与语态 根据需要,不定式可以有一般式(to do),完成式(to have done),完成进行式(to have been doing),进行式(to be doing)等时态形式以及被动形式to be done和to have been done。 5(The following verbs are usually followed by the infinitive. afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,choose,claim,come,consent,dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine,elect,endeavor,expect,fail,get,guarantee, hesitate,hope,hurry,intend,learn,long,manage,mean,need,offer,hate,help, plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,say,seem,tend,threaten,want,wish 6(Explanation of the gerund and the infinitive Some words can be followed by either the infinitive or the ,ing form.Please pay attention when there is no difference in meaning and when there is difference. (1)The gerund and the infinitive (no difference in meaning) We use the gerund or the infinitive after the following verbs: He began talking. begin He began to talk. They continue smoking. continue They continue to smoke. Do you hate working on Saturdays, hate Do you hate to work on Saturdays, I like swimming. like I like to swim. She loves painting. love She loves to paint. Pat prefers walking home. prefer Pat prefers to walk home. They start singing. start They start to sing. We use the gerund or the infinitive after the following verbs.There are two possible structures after these verbs.Gerund:verb,,ing Infinitive:verb,person,to,infinitive They advise walking_to town. advise They advise us_to_walk to town. They do not allow smoking here. allow They do not allow_us_to_smoke_here. They encourage_doing_the test. encourage They encourage us_to_do_the test. They do not permit smoking here. permit They do not permit us_to_smoke here. We use the following structures after the word recommend: They recommend walking_to town. recommend They recommend that_we_(should)_walk_to_town. (2)Some verbs or verb phrases have different meanings when used with the gerund or the infinitive. GERUND INFINITIVE He'll never forget spending_so Don't forget to_spend money on the much money on his first computer. forget tickets. 他永远不会忘记在第一台电脑上花不要忘记用钱去买票。 费了这么多钱。 Go on reading the text. Go on to_read_the text. go on 继续读这篇文章。(继续做同一件事) 继续读这篇文章。(继续做另一件事) You have forgotten your homework I meant to_phone your mother,but again.That means phoning_your my mobile didn't work. mean mother. 我本打算打电话给你妈妈,但是我的你又忘记做家庭作业了,这意味着手机坏了。 我要打电话给你妈妈。 I remember switching_off the lights Remember to_switch_off the lights remembewhen I went on holiday. when you go on holiday. r 我记得我去度假时把灯都关掉了。 当你去度假时,记得把灯关掉。 Stop reading_the text. Stop to_read_the text. stop 停止读这篇文章。 停下来读这篇文章。 Why don't you try running_after I tried to_run after the dog,but I(.. try the dog, 我竭尽全力跟着狗跑,但是„„ 你为什么不尝试跟着狗跑呢, 7、不定式的主动形式表示被动 1(在there be结构中。 例如:There is a lot of homework to do( (也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost). 2(在“n,pron + be + adj + to do”结构中。常用的形容词有easy,difficult,hard,impossible, nice,pleasant,light,heavy,interesting,important,expensive,cheap, fit, dangerous。 3.在“too—to do; enough…to…”结构中。如: The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)( The house is big enough to live in. 4(在“with+n+to do”结构中。 例如:With nothing to do,he lay in bed( With so many exercises to do,I can„t go to the cinema( 5(当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。 例如: I have a letter to type today( (I是to type的逻辑主语) Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语) 6(当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。 例如:This is the best book to read (=for us,you to read)( The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house( 7(一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。 常见的这类动词有let(出租),rent,hire,blame等。 例如: The house is to let. I felt l was to blame. Unit 3 动词ing形式的被动语态 一、v.ing被动形式的构成 名称 形式 语法意义 被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动一般被动式 being done 作同时发生 完成被动式 having been done 被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 二、v.ing被动形式的语法功能 1(作主语 Being exposed to the sunlight is harmful to your skin. 暴露在太阳下对你的皮肤有害。 2(作宾语 I don?t like being laughed at in public. 我不喜欢当众被人嘲笑。 3(作宾补 I heard this song being sung in English then. 那时,我听过有人在用英语唱这首歌。 4(作定语 The meeting being held now is very important. 现在正在召开的会议非常重要。 5(作状语 Being asked to give a performance,she couldn?t very well refuse.有人请她表演一个节目,她不好拒绝。 Having been scolded many times,he still made the same mistakes.尽管被斥责多次了,但他仍然犯同样的错误。 6(作表语 The South China is being flooded because of the continuous heavy rain. 由于持续的强降雨,华南正被洪水围困。 三、在v.ing的被动形式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式 Unit 4-5 Review 定语从句 选修8 Unit 1-2 名词性从句复习 Unit 3 -4 复习过去分词 Unit 5 现在完成进行时 1.构成形式: has\have been doing 2.用法 1, 叙述某一动作从过去开始一直继续到现在仍在继续之中或刚刚停止。经常与for, since, all morning/day/week用在一起。 2, 叙述从过去某时开始一直继续到现在,但不再继续下去的事情。,,带有浓厚的感情色彩,强调持续了“那么久”或做得“那么辛苦” 3, 叙述“最近”一直从事的工作或活动。,,lately, recently 4, 叙述从过去某时到现在,或最近,一再重复的动作。
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