英语语法——基本句子成分和结构

雅思语法Victor 第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构 一、英语句子成分 句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分,主要成分有主语和谓语,次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。 1. 主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: Tom is a good boy. (名词) We often speak English in class. (代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it为形式主语,不定式为真实主语) 2. 谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下: (1) 简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如: He practices running every morning. (2) 复合谓语: 由(情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形)构成。例如: You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are having a quick breakfast. 3. 表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等)之后。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语(系表结构)。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。例如: My mother is a doctor. (名词) Is it yours? (代词) The weather has turned cold. (形容词) The speech is exciting. (现在分词) The door is closed. (过去分词) Three times seven is twenty one. (数词) His job is to teach English. (不定式) His hobby is playing football. (动名词) The machine must be out of order. (介词短语) Time is up. The class is over. (副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句) 4. 宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如: They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词) - 1 - The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. (代词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. (数词) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词) He pretended not to see me. (不定式) I enjoy listening to popular music. (动名词) I think (that) he is fit for this job. (宾语从句) 宾语种类: (1) 双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如: Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please. 间宾直宾直宾间宾 ※可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。 (2) 复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语),例如: They elected him their monitor. 宾语宾语补足语 5. 宾语补足语:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make, let, see, find, name等)或介词(如with)+宾语+宾补。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如: His father named him Dongming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. (副词) I ask him to go home now. (不定式) We saw her entering the room. (现在分词) He found the door locked. (过去分词) We found everything in the lab in good order. (介词短语) We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句) 6. 定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当: Guilin is a beautiful city. (形容词) China is a developing country. (现在分词) America is a developed country. (过去分词) There are thirty women teachers in our school. (名词) His maths is very good. (形容词性物主代词) I am the last person to leave the classroom. (不定式) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词) He is reading an article about how to learn German. (介词短语) 7. 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式充当: Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组) He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式) He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语) Wait a minute. (名词) Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句) 状语种类如下: How about meeting again at six? (时间状语) Last night he didn’t go to t he dance party because of the rain. (原因状语) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. (条件状语从句) Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. (地点状语) She put the eggs into the basket with great care. (方式状语) She came in with a book in her hand. (伴随状语) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. (目的状语) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. (结果状语从句) She works very hard though she is old. (让步状语从句) I am taller than he is. (比较状语从句) 8. 同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词,对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。例如: Yangtze River, the longest river in China, flows through the center of the city. (名词) We all are students. (代词) The fact that the transport of goods costs too much was not discussed. (同位语从句) Passive smoking, the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, can also cause a health risk. (动名词) 9. 插入语:插入语是对句子的额外补充说明,是句子主体内容之外的成分,用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。虽然处于句子内部,但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。如果将插入语去掉,则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。从语义上看,插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语,也可以是各类从句。例如: The box is a little bit heavy. I can manage it, though. (副词) The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future. (动词短语) China and India, for example, are friendly neighbours. (介词短语) It is said that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula. (动词不定式短语) Jack, as far as I know, is not as honest as we expected. (从句) 二、英语句子结构 1. 基本句型 (1) 主-系-表 People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones. Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future. (2) 主-谓 Often, governments act in an even more harmful way. This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy. (3) 主-谓-宾 Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots. (4) 主-谓-宾-宾 By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team. In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items. (5) 主-谓-宾-补 The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks. Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future. 2. 存在句型(there be句型) There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation. There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view. 注:There之后除了使用系动词之外,也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story. In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible. 3. 比较句型(形容词或副词的比较级+ than) More food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history. It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. 注: (1) 可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词 much, even, still, yet, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, five times, 20%, a little, a bit, rather…… (2) “最……”的其他表达法 a. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念 Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class. b. 其他结构 I have never heard a better voice than yours. (3) 倍数的表达 A 是B的三倍大。(A比B大两倍。) A is 3 times bigger than B. A is 3 times as big as B. A is 3 times the size of B. A is bigger than B by 3 times. 4. 强调句型 (1) It is … who/that … It is this management mechanism that has allowed the company to prosper. It was the lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention. (剑4,G,TA,R) (2) 对not…until句型中的时间状语加以强调时,not也同时提前,跟在until前 It wasn’t until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty was proposed. (3) do/does/did + 动词原形 这种强调句型只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种,只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调,没有疑问和否定形式。do在句中要重读。 Do be careful next time. She did tell me about her address, but I forget all about it. Exercise I. 确定句子成分并翻译句子 1. Fish features very largely in the diet of these islanders. 2. In fact, a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity. 3. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. 4. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future. 5. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. 6. The team’s victory consolidated its chance for winning the championship. 7. His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai. 8. In order to deal with all calls effectively, we offer you a number of options. 9. We will hold you responsible for all the consequences. 10. They placed their children in the custody of their neighbour. II. 汉译英 1. 互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。 2. 近年来,政府对报纸的控制已经放松了。(loosen) 3. 所有这些因素或许可以证明巨大的收入是合理。(justify) 4. 大学授予我奖学金。 5. 我们发现他很适合做这项工作。 6. 区域外的必需品进入当地市场变得更加容易。 7. 他的薪水每年增加100美金。 8. 有争议的主要问题涉及到将来条约的期限。 9. 潮湿的空气给他的实验造成了一定的困难。 10. 他所受到的 培训 焊锡培训资料ppt免费下载焊接培训教程 ppt 下载特设培训下载班长管理培训下载培训时间表下载 使他有资格做一名中文教师。 III.使用强调句型(it is…that/who…)对划线的部分加以强调 1. The divorced women will most often have to look after the children. 2. He discovered Uranus during the latter part of this. 3. The first mobile phone was not made until the following year. 4. Because of this fast-flowing water, this site was a natural place for manufacturing works. IV. 确定句子主干 1. A great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. 2. Between midnight and dawn, where sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, not a rich personality, on the whole packed glob. 3. In order to analyze the levels of participation in education and science, three factors could be considered, including the average years of schooling, the number of scientists and technicians per 1000 people, and the total amount of spending on research and development. 4. However much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, our understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete. 5. Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. 6. The question of whether to divert themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation’s 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than those of most predominant White colleges. 7. When more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employee’s feeling of responsibility to see that the work got done increased. 8. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wave lengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission radiated from the earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 9. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1980’s, this view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulation and compulsory education laws, and predicted on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.