宝玉石专业外语

课程名称：宝玉石专业外语Englishingemmology[dʒe'mɔlədʒi]主讲课教师：赵 娟　第一章 绪 论 一、课程性质、目的与任务   宝石专业英语课是宝石方向的专业基础课程之一。课程将系统介绍宝石的形成分布；物理光学性质；宝石词汇；各种主要宝石及宝石鉴定的仪器等基本知识。本课程采取全英文教学，并配合以计算机多媒体教学。目的是进一步提高学生的英语应用水平。 二、课程基本要求   要求学生了解、掌握宝石的基本概念和基本物理、光学性质；掌握宝石词汇；掌握各类主要宝石；要求能够用英语掌握基本专业知识，能够熟练阅读、翻译英文资料，达到熟练听、说、读、写、译的水平。 三、课程教学主要内容第一章 绪论             (Introduction) 第二章 宝石的形成及分布（FormationandDistribution） 第三章 宝石的性质       (Properties)['prɔpəti]1. 宝石的物理性质（PhysicalProperties）(1) Hardness(2) SpecificGravity比重(3) Cleavage['kli:vidʒ]andFracture['fræktʃə]解理与断裂2.    宝石的光学性质 (OpticalProperties)(1) Color(2) Refractive[ri'fræktiv]Index(RI)折射率(3) Luster['lʌstə]光泽(4) Interference[,intə'fiərəns]干扰(5) Cat’seyesandStars3. 宝石的结晶学基础(Crystallography)[,kristə'lɔɡrəfi]结晶学 第四章 宝石词汇（Vocabulary） 第五章 宝石各论 (MajorGemstones)1.   钻石(1) 钻石的形成                 (Formation)(2) 钻石的产地                 (Occurrence)[ə'kə:rəns,-'kʌ-](3) 钻石的切割                 (Cutting)(4) 钻石的重量及质量           (WeightandQuality)(5) 钻石的历史                 (History)(6) 世界名钻                   (FamousDiamonds)(7) 决定钻石质量的四个因素     (4C)(8) 戴比尔斯钻石推广中心介绍   (DeBeers) 2.   翡翠               (Jadeite)['dʒeidait]3.   红宝及蓝宝         (Ruby['ru:bi]andSapphire['sæfaiə])4.   祖母绿及海蓝宝石   (Emerald['emərəld]andAquamarine[,ækwəmə'ri:n])5.   珍珠               (Pearl)[pə:l]6.   琥珀               (Amber)['æmbə] 第六章 宝石鉴定及仪器  (IdentificationandApparatus[,æpə'reitəs])1.   宝石鉴定要点 (Observation[,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]Points)2.   宝石鉴定仪器 (Apparatus) 第七章 宝石加工及优化  (FashioningandEnhancement[in'hɑ:ns,-hæns])1.   宝石切割     (Faceting)['fæsit]2.   宝石加工     (Fashioning)3.   宝石仿制及优化(Imitation[,imi'teiʃən]andEnhancement)4.   合成宝石      (SyntheticGemstones) 第八章 钻戒的选择及保养 (ChoosingandProtecting) 四、学时分配 章次内  容学 时一绪论               (Introduction)2二宝石的形成及分布   (FormationandDistribution)4三宝石的性质         (Properties)4四宝石词汇           (Vocabulary)6五宝石各论           (MajorGemstones)20六宝石鉴定及仪器     (IdentificationandApparatus)6七宝石加工及优化    (FashioningandEnhancement)6八钻戒的选择及保养   (ChoosingandProtecting)4英语听力练习8英语口语练习8考试4总计72 五、教材及主要参考书教材：《EnglishinGemmology》，赵娟、周祖翼、廖宗廷编著。参考书：《Gemstones》, CallyHall,1994。 　Part1  Introduction 1.  gemology[dʒe'mɔlədʒi]istherepresentation[,reprizen'teiʃən]ofwealthandpower.mysterious[mi'stiəriəs]appeal[ə'pi:l]吸引力,color,lightrarity['rεərəti]珍贵hardness,durability[,djuərə'biləti]耐久性,beauty,strength,resilience[ri'ziliəns,-jəns]弹力.2.  Thestudyandidentificationofgemstonesisafascinatingexcitingtopic.3.  Neededequipment.4.  Syntheticandman-madegemstones.5.  Gemstones’valuegenerallydependsonfourelements:beauty,rarity,durabilityandcutting. Formationanddistributionofgemstones1. howgemstonesandformed(1) themineral['minərəl]矿物的origin;(2) threetypesrocks:igneous['iɡniəs]火成的,sedimentary[,sedi'mentəri]沉淀的,andmetamorphic.[,metə'mɔ:fik]变质的2. wheregemstonesarefound(1)    thegeologicalconditions. 3. beauty,durabilityandrarity(1)    beauty:1) adefinite['definit]确切的chemicalcomposition[,kɔmpə'ziʃən]ofgemstone.;2) color,lightfireandcutting;(2)    durability1) hardnessscaleoffreidrichmohs;mohsfriedrich2) theuseofgemstones;3) thetoughness韧性ofgemstones:atomic[ə'tɔmik]structure,cleavageplane平面andfracture.(3)    rarity1)       carat['kærət]weight. 4. physicalproperties(1)    hardness,1) definition;[,difi'niʃən]清晰度2) thehardnessscaleofmohs;(2)    specific[spi'sifik]特殊的gravitydensity['densəti]密度,1)       definition;2)       themeasurement;3)       someexamples(3)     cleavageandfracture1)       internal[in'tə:nəl]内部的atomicstructureofstone;2)       thedivisionofcleavage.3)       definitionoffracture.['fræktʃə]断裂 5. opticalpropertiesallopticalpropertiesaredependentuponlight. (1)whatmakescolor1) thecolorofagemdependslargelyonthewayitabsorbslight.2) Accordingtothecolor,gems‘sdivision.(2)refractiveindex1)       definition;2)       themeasurementofRI,andDR.(3)luster1)       thedeterminationofluster;2)       thedefinitionofsplendent;['splendənt]光亮的3)       thedivisionofluster.(4)interference[,intə'fiərəns]干扰1)       definition;定义2)       theuseofinterference.(5)cat’seyesandstars1)       definition2)       theoccurrence[ə'kə:rəns,-'kʌ-]出现ofcat’seyesandstars. 6. crystallographycrystal['kristəl]结晶,homogeneous[,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs,,həu-]同种的portion['pɔ:ʃən,'pəu-]部分ofmatterthathasadefinite,orderlyatomicstructureandanoutwardformboundedby周围是、以。。为边界smooth,planesurfaces,symme-tricallyarranged. (1)    conditionsforformation1)       theformationconditionsofcryptocrystalline[,kriptəu'kristəlain]隐晶体的,rhyoliteandseedcrystal.(2)    crystallography1)       definition;2)       someexamples.3)       Thesymmetry['simitri]对称ofthecrystal;4)       Theisometric;[,aisəu'metrik]等轴的5)       Tetragonal;[te'træɡənəl]四角形的6)       Orthorhombic;[,ɔ:θə'rɔmbik]正交晶的；斜方晶系的7)       Monoclinic;[,mɔnəu'klinik]单斜的；[晶体]单斜晶体的8)       Triclinic;[trai'klinik]adj.三斜晶系的，三斜的9)       Hexagonal.[hek'sæɡənəl]adj.六边的，六角形的10)   Afewelementsandcompounds['kɔmpaund,kəm'paund]化合物cancrystallizeintwodifferentsystems. 7. Vocabularyofgemstones. 8. diamond(1)    thechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofdiamond;(2)    formation:tremendous[tri'mendəs]极大的great andtremendouspressure.(3)    occurrence:1)       thehistory;2)       diamonddeposits;[di'pɔzit]沉淀物(4)    diamondcutting1)       theprimaryobjectofdiamondcutting;2)       sevenpopulardiamondcut;(5)    weightandquality1)       theunit:carat,point;2)       fourcriteria;[krai'tiəriə]条件，标准(6)    history1) theoriginofthename.2) Thesourceofthestones.(7)    famousdiamonds(8)    4c—fourcharacteristics[,kærəktə'ristiks]特色thatdeterminethequalityofadiamond;1)       cut2)       color;3)       clarity;4)       carat—weight.(9)    theidentificationofdiamondanditsimitation1)       see-througheffect;2)       pricetest;3)       pocket袖珍的diamondtester.(10)deeers—theinternationaldiamondcompanythatkeepsyournextsaleinmind. 9. jadeite['dʒeidait]翡翠1)       themostfrequent['fri:kwənt,fri'kwent]频繁的treatments;2)       aseriesofteststothetreatments;(1)    commercialclassificationofjadeite1)thevarietiesaccordingtoitscolor,basecolor,transparency[træns'pærənsi,-'pεə-,trænz-,trɑ:n-]透明度andtexture.10.   rubyandsapphire['sæfaiə]蓝宝石(1)    ruby1)       thedefinition;2)       thechemicalandphysicalproperties;3)       occurrrence;(2)    sapphire1)       definition;2)       occurrence;3)       thechemicalandphysicalproperties. 11.   emeraldandaquamarine(beryl)(1)    emerald['emərəld]祖母绿1)       thechemicalcompositon;2)       occurrence;(2)    aquamarine[,ækwəmə'ri:n]海蓝宝石1)       thechemicalcompositons;2)       occurrence.3)       Remark.评论 12.   pearl(1)    uniqueposition;(2)    thestructureofpearls;(3)    seasonal['si:zənəl]adj.季节的；周期性的；依照季节的cessations[se'seiʃən]中断fromgrowth;(4)    theculturedpearls;(5)    theformationofpearls. 13.   amber(1)    thecompositon,theformation;(2)    thechemicalandphysicalproperties;(3)    sectility;[sek'tiliti]可切性(4)    electricalproperties;(5)    inclusions;[in'klu:ʒən]内含物(6)    fluorescence;[fluə'resns]荧光性(7)    occurrence;(8)    vareties;(9)    clarification;(10)pressedamber;(11)dyeing;['daiiŋ]染色(12)imitations1)       copal['kəupəl]柯巴脂resin;['rezin]树脂2)       glass;3)       plastics. 14.   observation[,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]观察points(1)    outsidesurfacefeatures;(2)    damagefeatures;(3)    surfacetreatmentandothersfeatures;(4)    symmetryofcut;(5)    internalfeatures. 15.   apparatususedingemidentification(1)    themainapparatus;(2)    thespectroscope;['spektrəskəup]分光镜(3)    pointstoremember; 16.   faceting['fæsit]面(1)    definition;(2)    howastoneisfaceted;1) theprocure[prəu'kjuə]获得ofgemstonesbeingfaceted;2) thecuttingstyles; 17.   thefashioningofgemstones(1)    rough;(2)    theweightlossaccompaningthecutting.(3)    thestylesofgemcutting;(4)    cabochon['kæbəʃɔn]依天然形状磨圆的宝石cut; 18.   imitationgemstonesandenhancement(1)    definition;(2)    thedesignation[,deziɡ'neiʃən]名称ofsynthetic;(3)    therecordsofimitationgemstones;(4)    thesynthesisofgemstones;1)       glass;2)       plastics;3)       composite['kɔmpəzit]复合材料gemstones; 19.   syntheticgemstones(1)    definition;(2)    therequirementstoaman-madegemstone;(3)    makingasynthetic;(4)    twomaingroupstoproducesyntheticgemsones; 20.   choosingandappropriate[ə'prəuprieit,ə'prəupriət]适当的settingstyle(1)    prong[prɔɡ,prɔ:ŋ]刺；贯穿；orclawsetting;爪式镶嵌(2)    bezel['bezəl]宝石的斜面setting;(3)    channelsetting;(4)    bead[bi:d]珠子orpave[peiv]铺设setting;(5)    flush[flʌʃ]orgypsy['dʒipsi]吉卜赛人的setting; 21.   howtocareforandprotectyourdiamondring(1)    cleaningyourdiamondring1)       diamondisnatrualgrease[ɡri:s]油脂attrators[ə'træktə]吸引2)       soakandwashinwarmsudsy['sʌdzi]adj.肥皂般的；起泡沫的water;3)       useatoothpickthedirt;4)       theprofessionalcleaning;(2)    storingyourdiamondring;(3)    preventingyourdiamondfrombeingswieched;1)       stoneswitching;[switʃt]转换的2)       knowyourdiamond;3)       keepthediamondclean;4)       havedescriptive[di'skriptiv]描述的characteristicsofyourdiamond;5)       haveadiagram['daiəɡræm]图表orphotograph; 22.   exercises(1) 环宇珠宝首饰有限公司环宇珠宝首饰有限公司以珠宝首饰的生产、加工、销售为龙头，拥有代表目前国内外高技术水平的宝石、翡翠、黄金检测设备和一批造诣资深的宝石专家及高级管理人才。环宇首饰品追逐国际首饰最新潮流，款式精美华丽，高贵典雅。即淋漓尽致地闪烁了天然之灵光，又极富艺术地超越了人工之创意。天然与雕饰，皆极尽清水出芙蓉之风采。金昌珠宝饰品在新加坡、台湾、韩国、泰国及港、澳台地区、大陆市场形成了一个坚实的销售网络。环宇珠宝首饰品在与国际珠宝市场接轨的同时，还致力于向产业集团化经营格局纵深。目前，公司的房地产业、装潢设计业、出口贸易等产业发展势头迅速，前景广阔，如日中天。 （2）日本珠宝市场暂时难以好转受日本跑摸经济后遗症的拖累，日本珠宝商最近异一段时间以来，破产案接连发生。据与日商有密切贸易关系的香港珠宝商预测，这类破产案可能仅仅只是开始，估计今年日本珠宝市场不会怎样好转，因此，香港圆心在日本市场经营的厂商一部分业务将会转向已经饱和的欧美市场，或者印度尼西亚、新加坡和菲律宾等潜力较好的东南亚市场，但也有一些人在日本市场已经做开，不能贸然抽身，这些人应该针对日本消费者消费力的变化，降低首饰的档次和价格，以维持销售。日本的珠宝消费目前分为两个层次，高档消费群需要的是每件7000-8000美元的珠宝，低档消费群只需要每件200-300美元的首饰。 （3）俄钻石界人士反对与戴比尔斯签协定据俄罗斯新每媒介报道，俄罗斯钻石生产企业联合总裁贝奇科夫表示，俄罗斯最好不要同DEBEERS签署协定，只同它就协调未加工的钻石在世界市场上的价格和销售量方面达成一致。他认为，俄罗斯应该停止出口钻石原料，应该将其加工成钻石和将全部销售利润留在本国。现在俄罗斯钻石工业有足够的能力加工本国开采的钻石原料。根据去年2月同俄罗斯签署的合作原则备忘录，DEBEERS必须每年从俄罗斯购买5.5亿美元的未加工钻石。但是，去年9月份起草的将备忘录具体化的贸易协定草案，俄联邦政府将在研究中，签署日期一再顺延。 EXERCISETranslateenglishintochinesePart1newmasterpearlgradingsetGIAGEMInstrumentsisofferinganewCulturedPearlMasterComparisonSet,designedfordescribingstrandsofbead-nucleated,saltwaterculturedpearls.Thegradingfactorsalsocanbeusedtoevaluatethepearlsinotherformsofjewelryaswellasdifferenttypesofculturedpearlsornaturalpearls.DevelopedbyRichardDrucher,Publisherof TheGuide,TheCulteredPearlMasterComparisonSetservesthesameroleintheselectionofpearlsasdomasterdiamondcolorcomparisonsetsinthemasterstonegradingprocess,butitisusedforgradingotherqualityfactorsdinadditiontocolor.“TheCulturedPearlMasterComaprisonSetisaninvaluabletoolforbuying,selling,andevaluatingpearls”,saidGIAGEMInstrumentsCEODICKAgnew.“Ittakesyouthroughthecomarisonofcolor,luster,narcethickness,shapespottingandmake-allthegradingfactrosneedingtoconsideredinaculturedpearlstrand.” Part2 Opticalpropertiesofgemstones Thebeautyofgemsdependstoalargeextentontheiropticalproperties.themostimportantopticalproperties.includefire,thedisplayofprismaticcolors;dichroism,theabilityofsomegemstonestopresenttwodifferentcolorswhenviewedindifferentdirections;antransparency.Diamondishighlyprized,becauseofitsfireandbrilliancy,rubyandemeraldbecauseoftheintensityandbeautyoftheircolors,andstarsappireandstarrubybecauseofthestareffect,knownasasterism,aswellasfortheircolor.Incertaingemstones,notablyopals,brilliantareasofcolorcanbeseenwithinthestone;theseareaschangeinhueandsizeasthestoneismoved.thisphenomenon,knowsasplayofcolor,differsfromfireandiscausedbyinterferenceandreflectionofthelightbytinyirregularitiesandcracksinsidethestone.Opalsalsoexhibitmilkyorsmokyreflectionsfromwithinthegem.Gemsthatarefibrousinstructureshowirregularinteriorreflectionssimilartothoseseenonwateredormoorsilk.Thisopticalproperty,whichiscalledchatoyancy,siexhibitedbyseveralgems,notablythetigereyeandcat’-eye.Theappearanceofagemasseenbyreflectedlightisanotheropticalpropertyofgemstonesandiscalledluster.Thelusterofgemsischaracterizedbythetermsmetallicadamantine(likethelusterofthediamond),vitreous(likethelusterofglass),resinous,greasy,silkypearlyordull.Lusterisidentificationofgems.Agemcannotalwaysbeidentifiedbysightalone.itisthereforenecessarytorelyonmeasurementoftheopticalpropertiesthatcanbedeterminedwithoutharmingthestoneinanyway.Thegemologistusesaninstrumentcalledarefractmetertomeasurethecharacteristicpropertyofthestone,knowasrefractiveindex,whichisitsrelativeabilitytorefractlight.inaddition,aninstrumentcalledthepolariscopeisemployedtodeterminewhetheragemindoublyorsinglyrefracting(seeCRYSTAL).Emeralds,rubies,sapphires,amethystsandsyntheticrubiesandsapphiresarealldoublyrefractingwhereasdiamondsspinelssyntheticspinelsgarnetsandglassaresinglyrefracting.Aspecialdark-fieldilluminatorwithabinocularmicroscopeisemployedforexaminingtheinteriorofagemstonetodeterminewhetheritisofnaturalorartificialoriginandtosearchforinclusionscharacteristicofagivengemstone.Thesetestsusuallyaresufficienttoidentifytheratherlimitednumberofmaterialsusedasgemstones;occasionally however,otherinstrumentsarerequired,includingadichrescope,whichmeasuresthepropertycalleddichroismoraspectra(seeSPECTROSCOPY;SPECTRUM),Hardnessthetestordinarilyassociatedwithgemtestingisneverusedoncuystonesbythegemologist.Anotherphysicaltestthatcanbegivetoanunknownstoneisthedeterminationofitsspecificgravity(seeDENSITY).forexactdeterminationsvariousweighingdevicesareused,butroughapproximationsofthespecificgravityoflighterstonescanbemadebymeansofaseriesofliquidsofknownspecificgravity.Ifthestonewillfloatinaliquidhavingaspecificgravityof4andsinkinaliquidwithaspecificgravityof3,thespecificgravityofthestonemustliebetweentheselimitsandbeapproximately3.5. Part3GIA    ThegemologicalinstituteofAmericafirstdevelopedasystemofdiamondgradinginthemiddle“thirties”.initthecolorsweredescribedaftertheirsource;thesearestilltodayknownasthe“oldterm”.inthecourseofdecadesThissystemhasbeensupersededbyalettersystem,inwhichtheletterDrepresentsthebestcolorqualityriver.ThelettersfollowinalphabeticalorderasfarasZ.othernomenclatureshavebeenguidedlargelybythebasesoftheGIAnomenclatureinpropoundingdefinitionsofterms,sothatwithinthevariousnomenclaturesagoodagreementcanbefound.ForclaritygradingtheGIAdevelopedasystemthat,withminorchangesintheformerdescriptions,isstillvalidtoday.TheGIAclaritysystemreferstobothinternalandexternalfeaturesofacutdiamond.Thehighestclarity-gradeis“flawless”andreferstocutdiamondswhichrevealnoinclusionsunder10*magnificationandwhicharealsofreefromexternalfeatures.RecentlyinadaptingtothetraditionalEuropeanclaritygradingaccordingtowhichonlytheinternalfeatures=inclusionsaffecttheclarity–gradetheclarityscalehasbeencompletedwiththeterm“internallyflawless”whichiscomparableincontentwiththeGermantermlupenrein=loupe-clean.BythismeanstheGIAhasmadesveryvaluablecontributiontotheuniformityofdiamondgrading.thegradingofcutisofgreatimportanceandiscarriedoutveryprecisely.JudgmentoftheproportionsisbasedonthemeasurementsoftheTolkowskybrilliant(American“ideal”cut),thesymmetryandexecutionofthecutarejustascriticallyexaminedandjudgedby10*magnificationasaretheinclusions. Part4theworldtop-branddiamonds Diamondwhichwasconsideredunaffordableforthegeneralityofpeopleinformerdaysisgettingpopularamongpeopleinallwalksoflight.Thosediamondsundergoingmystiqueandromance,suchasOrlov,Cullinan,hopeetcareesteemedastopbranddiamonds.Then,howmanyonearththetop–branddiamondsexistintheworld.andwhicharetureorfabricatedstoriesintermsofthemythsevenalmostlikefairytaleaboutthetop-branddiamond,thatspreadedfarandwideamongthemassestilltoday. Part5preciousmetals Goldandsilverwereamongtheearliestmetalsdiscoveredandwerevaluedfortheirbeautyandrarity.Bothwereusedincoinsandbarswhichwerevisibleitemsofwealthandwereusedtobuythings.Goldandsilverwereusedonjewelryandotherobjects.PlatinumwasfirstreportedfromColombia,southAmerica,inthemid-18thcenturybutwasnotwidelyusedinjewelryandcoinsuntilthiscentury.