物理化学习题答案

物理化学习题答案 pVT 1.1 1.5 V 100 ?C 0 ?C 12 1.9 1 2 HN 22 3 HN 22 1 2 3 1.11 4 p n 1.13 0 ?C40.530 kPaN van der Waals2 van der WaalsN 2 MatLab fzero 1.16 25 ?C 138.7 kPa10 ?C 25 ?C10 ?C 3.17 kPa1.23 kPa 1.17 300 K 101.325 kPa 373.15 K 300 K 3.567 kPa 300 K 373.15 K 373.15 K101.325 kPa 101.325 kPa 2.5 25 ?C200 kPa5 molab a -28.47 ?C100 kPa 200 kPabb b 2.6 4 mol20 ?C 2.10 2 mol100 kPa50 dm 3 33150 dm25 dm 2.13 20 ?C(CHOHl)25 20 ?C 2.14 27 m3100 kPa 0 ?C20 ?C T dT 2.15 0.1 m30 ?C4 molAr(g)150 ?C2 molCu(s) t Ar(g)Cu(s) 2.16 1100 ?CCO(g)H (g)0.52 300 kg1100 ?C100 ?C 25 ?C75 ?C CO(g)H(g)2 300 kgCO(g)H(g) 2 300 kg1100 ?C100 ?C m 2.18 AB5 mol UH 2.19 2 mol0 ?C A5 mol100 ?CB100 kPa 100 kPa T 2.20 2 mol0 ?C A 6 mol100 ?C BT AB 2.23 5 mol300 K200 kPa50 kPa 200 kPaT UH 2.24 p-V 2.25 50 dm33A50 dmB0 ?C100 kPaA A B200 kPa 1B 2B 3A 4A B A ABW = 0 2.25 4.25 molA5 molBA B AB1B 2B B 2.26 H O, l100 ?C2 100 ?C101.325 kPa1 kg -12.28 100 kPa 0 ?C J?g. 1 kg 50 ?C 0.1 kg 0 ?C T 0 ?C, 2.29 100 kPa 0 ?C J?g-1. 1 kg 50 ?C 0.8 kg -20 ?C 1 2 1 kg 50 ?C 0 ?C 0.8 kg -20 ?C 0 ?C 0 ?Cg 2.30 20 ?C 180 ?C 1.003 MPa 1 kg 100 ?C 2.31 100 kPaH O, s0 ?C 2 -10 ?C ~ 0 ?CHO, l2 -10 ?C 2.33 25 ?C10 gC H(s)O(g)CO(g)10822 HO(l)401.727 kJ 2 1 2 3 1CHM = 128.174 108 2 3 2.34 25 ?C25 ?C 1 2 3 NH (g) NO(g) HO(g) HO(l) 322 -46.11 90.25 -241.818 -285.830 NO(g) HNO(l) FeO(s) CO(g) 2323 33.18 -174.10 -824.2 -110.525 1 2 3 3.35 25 ?C 1 25 ?C 2 25 ?C Compound 0 0 0 2.37 25 ?CHCOOCH, l3 HCOOH, lCHOH, lHO, lCO, g322 25 ?C HCOOCH, l 3 2.39 425 ?C 1 2 1000 ?C Kirchhoff 1000 K 2.40 50%2000 ?C Kirchhoff 1 mol 3.1 1 2 3.5 120 kJ 3.6 1 2 3 3.7 1 kg10 ?C 100 ?C 1 100 ?C 2 55 ?C100 ?C 3 40 ?C70 ?C100 ?C 3.8 N , g 2 300 K100 kPa1 molN(g)1000 K 12 2 N , g 2 3.9 1 mol 1 2 100 kPa 3 100 kPa 1 DU = 0 2 100 kPaT: 3 100 kPaT: 2.12 2 mol 300 K50 dm 3400 K 3100 dm 3.17 AB10 mol 3.18 AB8 mol 3.19 100 g27 ?C200 g72 ?Ct 321 2 mol200 K50 dm3 3A3 mol400 K100 dmB AB T AB 3322 N(g)50 dm23200 KN(g) 2 mol75 dm, 500 KN(g) 4 molN(g)222 T 2 2122 3.23 0 ?C 1 kg25 ?C0.5 kg0 ?C 1 kg25 ?C0 ?C 3.27 0 ?C 5.5 1?C 0 ?C8 mol H O(s)2 mol HO(l)5.51 ?C5 mol CH(l)5 mol CH(s)226666 5 mol CH(l) 8 mol HO(s) 662 3.28 0.1 mol(C 3H)O(l)10 dm252 35.51 ?C35.51 ?C101.325 kPa 1 2 3.30. 20 dm32 mol HO80 ?C100 ?C2 25 ?C 25 ~ 100 ?C 80 ?C100?C 100 ?C n, 80 ?C100 ?C 3.31. O (g) 2 25 ?CO(g)O(g) 22 100 ?C50 kPa 3.32. T 3.33. 25 ?C 25 ?C25 ?C 3.34. 100 ?C2 mol N(g)23 mol HO(l)120 kPa2 100 ?C HO(g)3/5 = 0.6 2 HO(g) 2 3.35. 100 ?C101.325 kPa 100 ?C100 dm 3 120 kPa 3.36 101.325 kPa100 ?C 100 ~ 120 ?C 101.325 kPa120 ?C1 kg 3.36. 100 kPa0 ?C-5 ?C 100 kPa-5 ?C 1 kg 3.37. -5 ?C -5 ?C59.8 MPa-5 ?C1 kg100 kPa 3.38. -pln p TI - 3.40 1 25 ?C 2 25 ?C 3 25 ?CCH (g)H(g)150 kPaCO(g)H(g)50 422kPa 1 2 3 3.41 T 4.42 Hg100 kPa-38.87 ?C 110MPa 2-35 ?C Clapeyron 3.43 77 ?C41.891 kPa101.325 kPa 100 ?C 1 AB 2 3105 ?C 1 2Clausius-Clapeyron 3 3.44 HO CHCl101.325 kPa100 ?C61.5 ?C23 Clausius-Clapeyron T 3.45 3.46 (2) 3.47 (2) Jacobi 3.48 1 2 3.49 1 2van der Waals dS = 0 van der Waals 3.50 1 - 2 4.1 AB Bc BbMMBBAB xxcxb BBBBB 4.2 D-A 20 ?CD-123 4.3 25 ?C1 kgABb B 1 ABb B 2 4.4 60 ?C84.4 kPa47.0 kPa 50 %60 ?C Raoult 4.5 80 ?C100 kPa38.7 kPa --80 ?C Raoult 4.6 18 ?C101.352 kPa1 dm3O 0.045 gN 0.02 223g 1 dm202.65 kPaON 22 101.325 kPa18 ?C ONHenry 22 18 ?C101.352 kPaON 22 Henry 1 dm3202.65 kPaON 22 4.7 20 ?CHClHCl101.325 kPaHCl 0.042520 ?C10.0 kPa20?CHCl101.325 kPa100 gHCl HClHenry 4.8 H , N100 g40 ?C105.4 kPa22 40 ?C7.33 kPa40 ?CH, NHenry7.61 GPa10.5 GPa40 ?C22 H, N 22 1H, NHenry222 4.9 Gibbbs-Duhem HenryRaoult BAGibbbs-Duhem const. T and const. p B Henry ARaoult 4.10 ABtA B 1 tA, B 2 A, B100 kPat 1. Raoult; 2. t 100 kPat 4.11 25 ?C0.5 molAB 4.12 25 ?C, 100 kPa1 mol Gibbs 25 ?C CH(l) 48.66 123.0 172.8 66 CHCH(l) 12 114.15 219.58 653 4.13 BC 25 ?Cn = 10 molx = 0.4B, C14 molC G, S C B 4.14 BC25 ?Cx = 0.4C 5 molC 1 G, S 2 BCG, G BC 1B 3 BC5 molC C 4.15 25 ?C1 kgA(HO)0.4 molB1 kg2 G DG 4.16 125 ?C0.568 g50 cm33 CCl500 cm4 0.233 mmolK 225 ?C -31.33 mmol×dm 1 2 4.17 25 ?C0.1 mol NH31 dmNH4.433 kPa3330.1 mol NH1 dmNH0.887 kPaNH 333 NH 3 NHNH 33 34.18 20 ?C0.45 g100 cm 31 40 cm 332 40 cm20 cm ? Mm Nernst n 1 40 cm3 32 20 cm 4.19 25 gCCl0.5455 gCCl11.1888 kPa44 CCl 11.4008 kPa 4 1 2 C94.34 %5.66 % 1Raoult 3 CH nm CH 1410 4.20 10 gCHO400 g0.1428 ?C6126 2 g100 g0.1250 ?C 10 gCHO400 g 612 2 g100 g 4.21 100 g13.76 gCHCH82.4 ?C6565 80.1 ?C 12 4.22 0?C101.325 kPaO N22 101.325 kPa 101.325 kPa ON 22 4.23 CHO11016 2105 %2 9000 5 % 4.24 C HO-0.200 ?C122211 25 ?C25 ?C 4.6 Raoult25 ?C 34.25 25 ?C10 g1 dm 4.26 20 ?C68.4 gCHO1 kg 122211 1 2 20 ?C 4.27 101.325 kPa-0.56 ?C 1 37 ?C 2 1 dm3CHO122211 4.28 CCl0.01~0.044 1.638 16.72 0.03 0.5 0.01~0.04 5.1 A(g) GibbsG A, B Gibbs Gn A 5.2 298.15 K 1 NO(100 kPa), NO(1000 kPa); 242 2 NO(1000 kPa), NO(100 kPa); 242 3 NO(300 kPa), NO(200 kPa); 242 J p 5.3 1000 K 1T = 1000 Kp = 100 kPa 21000 K 5.4 = (2) – (1) 5.5 = 2 x (2) – (1) 5.6 375.3 K 47.836 kPa44.786 kPa375.3 K 86.096 kPa 5.7 1:31174 K3 MPa 20 cm3 3273.15 K101.325 kPa 2.02 dm 3-3320 cm52.3 mmol×dm18.72 cm 315.17 cm1174 K 1:3 5.8 200 ?C 1200 ?C200 kPaPCl 5 21:5PClCl200 ?C101.325 kPa 52 PCl 5 1200 ?C200 kPa a 2n, a 5.9 994 KCoO(s)Co(s) COCoO(s) 994 K (3) = (2) – (1) na 5.10 NH HS25 ?CNH(g)HS(g)432 66.66 kPa 1 NHHS39.99 kPaHS(g) 42 2 6.666 kPaNH(g)HSNHHS 324 25 ?C 5.11 AB1 mol25 ?CAB(1/3) mol 1 2 A1molB2mol 3 A1molB1molC0.5 mol 4 C1molD1mol C 1 2 3 4 5.12 1molSO 1 mol O101.325 kPa903 K 22 KOHSOSO233101.325 kPa273.15 K13.78 dm903 K O 2 5.13 383.3 K60.483 kPa 1.520 5.14 11120 ?CH FeO(s)H0.5422 FeO(s) 2 1120 ?C1 mol FeOCO 1 3=1+2 2 CO(g)1 + 2.38 = 3.38 mol 5.15 298.15 K 298.15 K Giibs -1879.6 -1399.8 -917.0 -661.8 -228.6 6.1 CPF 1 I(s) 2 2 CaCO(s)CaO(s)CO(g) 32 3 NHHS(s)NH(g)HS(g) 4324 NH(g)HS(g)NHHS(s) 324 5 IHOCCl 224 1C = 1, P = 2, F = C – P + 2 = 1 – 2 + 2 = 1. 2C = 3 – 1 = 2, P = 3, F = C –P + 2 = 2 – 3 + 2 = 1. 3C = 3 – 1 – 1 = 1, P = 2, F = C – P + 2 = 1 – 2 + 2 = 1. 4C = 3 – 1 = 2, P = 2, F = C – P + 2 = 2 – 2 + 2 = 2. 5C = 3, P = 2, F = C – P + 1 = 3 – 2 + 1 = 2. 6.2 AB90 ?C= - 5 mol90 ?C- 1 p 2 1 Raoult 2 6.3 F = 1 F = 0 6.4 90 ?C54.22 kPa136.12 kPa 200.0 g200.0 g 90 ?C90 ?C 1 2 3 92.00 kPa - 1 2 32 6.5 25 ?C(A) –(B)– 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.95 0.98 1 2.90 2.59 2.37 2.07 1.89 1.81 1.44 0.67 0 0 1.08 1.79 2.65 2.89 2.91 3.09 3.13 3.17 1 - 2 - 3 5 mol 4 10 kg 6.6 101.325 kPa(A)-(B)- 100 102.1 104.4 107.5 113.8 118.1 0 0.300 0.500 0.700 0.900 1.000 0 0.185 0.374 0.575 0.833 1.000 1 -- 2 3 4 105.0 ?C- 5 9 kg30 kg105.0 ?C- 1 - - 2110.3 ?C 3112.7 ?C 4105.0 ?C- 5 6.7 -30 ?C-L18.75 %L69.9 % 2 1 30 ?C100 g200 g- 2 100 g 1 3 6.8 -101.325 kPa89.7 ?C(G)(L )(L)70.0 %8.7 %85.0 %350 g12 150 g101.325 kPa 1 2 6.7.21 2L L 21 6.9 -- l, B in A. 1 l, A in B. 2 6.10 86.0 kPa 80 ?C80 ?C47.3 kPa 1 2 100 kg 86.0 kPa 6.11 H O(A)CCl(B) 24 40 50 60 70 80 90 7.38 12.33 19.92 31.16 47.34 70.10 28.8 42.3 60.1 82.9 112.4 149.6 1 HO-CClHOCCl2424 2 101.325 kPa 3 CClHO-CCl101.325 kPa424 80 ?C 4 70 ?C 5 CCl 4 2101.325 kPa66.53 ?C 3HO43.37 ?C 2 4 70 ?C 31.16 kPaCCl101.325 – 31.36 = 70.165 kPa,CClCCl444 5 66.53 ?CCClHO42CCl26.818 kPa74.507 kPa 4 6.12 A–B - , 1AB l 2, l + l; 3, l + B(s); 4, l + A(s) 1221 5, l + B(s); 6, A(s) + B(s) 1 MNO, IJK, LJ, AJM, BNV, B MUN, 6.13 A-B ab 1 (A + B, , l) 4 (A + B, , s) 2 (l + s), 3 (l + s) 1122 6.18 Mg-Cu MgCu648 ?C1085 ?C MgCuMgCu22 580 ?C800 ?C w(Cu)35%, 380 ?C; 66 %, 560 ?C; 90.6 %, 680 ?C w(Cu) 7.1 20 A15 min1 ?(2) 27 ØC100 kPa 7.2 1 h 19 ØC99.19 kPa 7.3 7.4 12 7.5 7.4 7.6 25 ØC 7.7 25 ØC 25 ØC 12 3 1 2 3 7.8 25 ØC 25 ØC Kohlrausch 7.9 25 ØC 7.10 25 ØC 7.3.2 7.11 25 ØC 7.3.2 7.12 25 ØC 25 ØC 7.13 25 ØC7.3.225 ØC7.12 7.14 25 ØC 25 ØC 7.15 1 2 3 7.16 -25 ØC 7.17 -25 ØC1 2 Debye-Hückel 25 ØC 7.18 25 ØC - 25 ØC 7.19 25 ØC 1225 ØC 7.20 1225 ØC 1 225 ØC 7.21 25 ØC 25 ØC 7.22 7.7.1 7.23 Gibbs25 ØC Gibbs 0 Gibbs 7.24 1 2 7.25 7.7.125 ØC Gibbs 1 2 7.26 7.7.125 ØC Gibbs 1 Nernst 2 3 7.27 7.28 25 ºC X Nernst 7.29 7.4.1 25 ØC 7.30 25 ØC HClHCl Nernst 7.31 Cd 2+ 1 225 ºC E()E 7.7.6 +7.32 Hg 18 ºC E = 29 mV 7.33 16 ØC 7.34 25 ØCpH 7.8.1 7.35 25 ºCpH = 3.98 pH pH Nernst H O 2 7.36 7.7.125 ºC 1 2 3 7.37 17.7.125 ºC 2Ag + 1 1 2+2Fex, 7.38 1Gibbs 25 ºC- 27.7.1 325 ºC 1 2 3 7.39 25 ºC 25 ºC 7.40 25 ºCAgBr 25 ºC 1- 2 1 Nernst 2 7.41 25 ºC 1 2 1 mA 1 1.229 V 2 10-3 x 100 = 0.1 V 8.1 C Schrödinger Schrödinger C: 8.2 m 1 2 3 1 2 3 8.3 1 g1 cm300 KkTn kT 8.4 m Hamiltonian Hamiltonian 1 1 mol CO0 ºC101.325 kPa 1 CO 2 CO 1CO 2 2 245 g = 3! = 6 3COJ43 4s 1sx,y,z x0y, zs + 1 x1y, zs ………………………………………. xsy, z1 s 53 A, B, C I 3 II 6 III 3 IV 3 6 I II III IV Total 3 6 3 3 15 10V n Boltzmann 12 3 11HClI 2 12 142 mol NN2 2 16 300 KHF HF 18I 2 300 KI2 19Nn v Boltzmann 2125ºC 22CO25ºC CO CO 23NCO 25ºC2 N CO2 NCO 2 25 1. 320 ºC 320 ºC90 min 11.2% 2. 10 min1hA A 1.56% 3 10 min 30%50% 50%19.4 min 4 25 ºC c -31.0023 mol?dm,tc 0 0 30 60 90 130 180 0 0.1001 0.1946 0.2770 0.3726 0.4676 95% 0 30 60 90 130 180 1.0023 0.9022 0.8077 0.7253 0.6297 0.5347 0 -0.1052 -0.2159 -0.3235 -0.4648 -0.6283 Powell-plot method 95% 5. N - KI KIA 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 49.3 35.6 25.75 18.5 14.0 7.3 4.6 N - 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 4.930 3.560 2.575 1.850 1.400 0.730 0.460 0 -0.3256 -0.6495 -0.9802 -1.2589 -1.9100 -2.3719 687.5%50%3 7 287 ºC21.332 kPa1000 s 22.732 kPa tp 1000 s 8 25 ºC101.3 kPaCO (g) 2 2.28 3.92 5.92 8.42 11.92 17.47 ? 4.09 8.05 12.02 16.01 20.02 24.02 28.94 CO(g) CO(g) 22 t, 2.28 3.92 5.92 8.42 11.92 17.47 ? 1.0158 0.8539 0.6916 0.5285 0.3646 0.2011 1.1830 -0.1524 -0.3260 -0.5368 -0.8057 -1.1770 -1.7719 1 9 1 h 10 20() (a) 11 12 781 K this problem will mislead students. 1310 min25 % AB 14 15 ºC 120 180 240 330 530 600 % 32.95 51.75 48.8 58.05 69.0 70.35 120 180 240 330 530 600 32.95 51.75 48.8 58.05 69.0 70.35 15 p 0 100 200 400 ? 41.330 34.397 31.197 27.331 20.665 tA(g), , , 0 100 200 400 0.0242 0.0364 0.0475 00750 16 G t t = 0t 1 2 1 t 2 17 25 ºC80% k 0 1.5 4.5 9.0 16.0 22.0 ? 0.39 1.78 4.09 6.32 8.36 9.34 10.50 0 1.5 4.5 9.0 16.0 22.0 ? 0.39 1.78 4.09 6.32 8.36 9.34 10.50 18 20 ºC 20 hk t 19 40 ºC 600 1200 1800 2400 300 ? 6.30 11.40 15.53 18.90 21.70 34.75 2021 22 NO NO 50.0 45.4 38.4 32.4 26.9 95 102 140 176 224 3.2189 3.1224 2.9549 2.7850 2.5990 4.5539 4.6250 4.9416 5.1705 5.4116 2.5 23 500 ºC101.325 kPa2 s 10.133 kPa,20 s 2 24,25 26 1 2 n 27 ABC1 hA75%2 hA 1AB 2AB1 a A1 2AB 28 25 ºC 1 2 AB25 ºCAB 10 kPa2 kPa25 ºC0.5 mol A 1 2ABAB 29 910 K 113.332 kPa239.996 kPa 1 2 30 65 ºC 80 ºCk Arrhenius k 31 k 15.83 32.02 59.75 90.61 0.0503 0.368 6.71 119 Arrhenius 3.4604 3.2769 3.0039 2.7491 -2.9898 -0.9997 1.9036 4.7791 32 280 ºC751 s2.710 kPa 4.008 kPa305 ºC 320 s2.838 kPa 3.554 kPa 33 (A) 518 ºC 100 s 53.329 66.661 26.664 30.531 (1) (2)518 ºC2 1nm = n -1 kt (MatLab fzero) m = 0.9722 3 Arrhenius 34 25 ºC 35 ºC2 125 ºC 2 3 1 2 3 35 80 % 1-chloro-1-methylcycloheptane t A 0 25 35 45 Arrhenius 3.6610 3.3540 3.2452 3.1432 -11.4547 -8.0503 -6.9118 -5.8362 36. (A)(B)k T 150 ºC101.325 kPaAB40.023 kPa 150 ºC 37 20 %40 ºC15 min60 ºC 3 min Arrhenius 38 1300 K20 s 20 s 2400 K20 s AB 2400 K 39 1 10 % 2 24 h 2 40 AtAB 1 3 100 sA 41 1 2A 0.2 %80 %AB 2 42 E n T 43 B 44 1 2 3 1 2 4 AB 2 45 46 47 m AA AB 48 AA 49 P = 1 50 1101.325 kPa800 K 2800 Kk 148 249 51 AA 52 von’t Hoff 1 2 Arrhenius 53 (11.9.10) (11.9.10) 54 500 K 55 298 K 56 85 nm 57 214 nm 39.38 min 58 480 nm 1 J 1 mol HCl0.5 mol H 2 59 ?11.14 60 900 ºCAu2.5 hNONO2246.66 kPa95 % 61 25 ºCSbH(g) Sb 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 101.33 74.07 51.57 33.13 14.15 9.42 k 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0885 0.9731 1.8577 2.7423 3.6269 4.5115 4.6184 4.3050 3.9429 3.5004 2.6497 2.2428 1.7840 1.6231 1.4314 1.1939 0.8818 0.4256 62 1100 KW 35.33 17.33 7.73 7.6 3.7 1.7 k 6364