海明威英文简介 (2)

ErnestHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)Childhood:*thesecondchild,andfirstson;*raisedinOakPark,Illinois,asuburbofChicago；*father—asuccessfulphysician，lovefishingandhunting;*mother—amusicteacher；*musiclessonswereusefulinhiswritingandalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas；SchoolLife:*attendedOakParkandRiverForestHighSchoolandexcelledbothacademicallyandathletically;*firstwritingexperiencewasfortheschool'snewspaperandyearbook;Hemingwayatthetimeofhisgraduationfromhighschool,1917AfterHighSchool:*workedasareporterforTheKansasCityStar(堪萨斯《星报》)beforeWorldWarIforonlysixmonths;WorldWarⅠ:*joinedtheRedCross AmbulanceCorps(红十字会战场服务队);*onJuly8,1918,woundedbutcarriedanItaliansoldiertosafety,receivedtheItalianSilverMedalofBravery;*wheninthehospital,metandfellinlovewithAgnes,aRedCrossnursebutrejected;Journalist&Writing:*beganasafreelancer(自由职业)andforeigncorrespondentfortheTorontoStarWeekly;*alsoworkedasanassociateeditoroftheCo-operativeCommonwealth,amonthlyjournal;*metHadleyRichardson,thefirstwife,andmarriedin1921;HadleyRichardsonLifeinParis(1921-1928):*settledinParisandcoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheTorontoStar;*madefriendswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald;*HismarriagetoHadleybrokeupashewasworkingonTheSunAlsoRisesbecauseofhisaffairwithPaulinePfeiffer,divorcedinJanuary1927andmarriedPaulinePfeiffer,secondwife,inMay.The2ndwifeLifeinKeyWest:*In1928，theymovedtoKeyWest,Florida,tobegintheirnewlifetogether;*hisfathercommittedsuicide;*Duringtheearly1930sHemingwaywerebusywithhunting,fishing,bullfighting,travelingandwriting;HemingwayhouseSpanishCivilWar:*in1937hereportedonthewarfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance(NANA)*heusedthisexperienceinSpainasthebackgroundforForWhomtheBellTolls;Afterthewar,HemingwaydivorcedwithPaulineandmarriedMarthaGellhorn,histhirdwifein1940andwrotethefamousnovel,ForWhomtheBellTolls,whichwasnominatedforaPulitzerPrize；WorldWarII:*inEuropefromJunetoDec. 1944;*involvedinthewaractivitiesasawarcorrespondentandin1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII;*HeleftMarthain1945whenpreparingtoreturntoCubaandmeanwhile,hehadaskedMaryWelsh,Timemagazinecorrespondent,tomarryhimontheirthirdmeeting;Lateryears:*hadaseriesofaccidentsandhealthproblemsafterthewar;*WhenhetraveledtothesiteofWWIandbegantoworkonAcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees(《过河入林》);*ThenextyearwroteOldManandtheSea"thebestIcanwriteeverforallofmylife“andwonthePulitzerPrizeinMay1952andInOctober1954receivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature;“因为他精通于叙事艺术，突出地 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现在其近著《老人与海》之中；同时也因为他对当代文体风格之影响”Suicide:Discouragedbyatroubledfamilybackground,illnessandthebeliefthathewaslosinghisgiftforwriting,he"quitedeliberately"shothimselfwithhisfavoriteshotgunintheearlymorninghoursofJuly2,1961;Hemmingway’sWorks～(￣▽￣～)(～￣▽￣)～NovelsTheTorrentsofSpring(1925)《春潮》TheSunAlsoRises(1926)《太阳照常升起》AFarewelltoArms(1929)《永别了，武器》ToHaveandHaveNot(1937)《富有与贫穷》ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣》AcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees(1950)《过河入林》TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》TheSunAlsoRises(1926)--Inthisnovel,Hemingwaypresentshisnotionthatthe"LostGeneration",consideredtohavebeendecadent,dissoluteandirretrievablydamagedbyWorldWarI,wasresilientandstrong.AFarewelltoArms(1929)--basedonhiswarexperienceinItaly,alovetragedyintheWar,theloverscalled“modernRomeoandJuliet”,firmlyestablishedhisreputationForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)--BasedonhisexperienceasajournalistinSpainduringitscivilwar,anti-FascismTheOldManandtheSeaTheOldManandtheSeaisanovelwrittenbyHemingwayin1951inCuba,andpublishedin1952.ItwasthelastmajorworkoffictiontobeproducedbyHemingwayandpublishedinhislifetime.Oneofhismostfamousworks,itcentersuponSantiago,anagingfishermanwhostruggleswithagiantmarlinfaroutintheGulfStream.TheOldManandtheSeawasawardedthePulitzerPrizeforFictionin1953andwascitedbytheNobelCommitteeascontributingtotheawardingoftheNobelPrizeinLiteraturetoHemingwayin1954.DeathintheAfternoon(1932)《午后之死》GreenHillsofAfrica(1935)《非洲的青山》NonfictionDeathintheAfternoonisanon-fictionbookbyHemingwayabouttheceremonyandtraditionsofSpanishbullfighting.Itwasoriginallypublishedin1932.ThebookprovidesalookatthehistoryandwhatHemingwayconsidersthemagnificenceofbullfighting.Italsocontainsadeepercontemplationonthenatureoffearandcourage.GreenHillsofAfricaisa1935workofnonfictionwrittenbyHemingway.Itishissecondworkofnonfiction,GreenHillsofAfricaisanaccountofamonthonsafariheandhiswife,PaulineMariePfeiffer,tookinEastAfricaduringDecember1933.GreenHillsofAfricaisdividedintofourparts:PursuitandConversation,PursuitRemembered,PursuitandFailure,andPursuitasHappiness,eachofwhichplaysadifferentroleinthestory.ShortStoriescollectionThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923)《三个故事和十首诗》CatintheRain(1925)《雨中的猫》InOurTime(1925)《在我们的时代里》MenWithoutWomen(1927)《没有女人的男人》TheSnowsofKilimanjaro(1932)《乞力马扎罗的雪》WinnerTakeNothing(1933)《胜者一无所获》TheFifthColumnandtheFirstForty-NineStories(1938)《第五纵队与49个故事》PosthumousworksTheseliteraryworkswerepublishedafterHemingway'sdeath.(1964)AMoveableFeast(1969)TheFifthColumnandFourStoriesoftheSpanishCivilWar(1970)IslandsintheStream(1972)TheNickAdamsStories(1985)TheDangerousSummer(1986)TheGardenofEden(1987)TheCompleteShortStoriesOfErnestHemingway(1999)TrueatFirstLightHemingway’sStyledirect,terse,andoftenmonotonousTheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.*Deceptivelysimple*Understatementandomission(seeIcebergTheory)*Repetition*Focusonfacts“Findwhatgaveyoutheemotion;whattheactionwasthatgaveyoutheexcitement.Thenwriteitdownmakingitclearsothereaderwillseeittooandhavethesamefeelingasyouhad.”Hemingway’slanguageStyle*Fewadjectivesoradverbs,fewconventionalemotivelanguage,fewauthorialcomments*Simple,short,conventionalwordsandsentences*Concise,vividHenotedthat,“awriter’sstyleshouldbedirectandpersonal,hisimageryrichandearthy,andhiswordssimpleandvigorous.Thegreatestwritershavethegiftofbrevity,arehardworkers,diligentscholarsandcompetentstylists”Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.1.TheHemingwayCodeHeroSelf-disciplinedKnowledgeableSkillfulPoisedHonestCourageousPersistentStoic“Graceunderpressure”istheirmottoWhateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.TheyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriorTypicaltraitsfortheCodeHero:1.TheHemingwayheroisnotathinker,heisamanofaction. Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.2.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto3.TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.“Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”----FromTheOldManandtheSeaMaintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklyallowingcommitmenttoasinglewomanorsocialconventiontopreventadventure,travel,andactsofbravery.5.AdmittingthetruthofNada3.theicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoas"theoryofomission."Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么他可能省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作家写得真实，会强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方，好象作者写出来似的。”显而易见，作家在这里强调的是省略，主张水面下的的“八分之七”应该留给读者去感受。Hemingway'sIcebergTheory“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eightsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn’tshow.”“Isometimesthinkthatmystyleissuggestiveratherthandirect.Thereadermustoftenusehisimaginationorlosethemostsubtlepartofmythoughts.”“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”----Hemingway