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Ancient Greek philosophy

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Ancient Greek philosophy------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxxAncientGreekphilosophy【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】AncientGreekphilosophy:originofWesternphilosophy——Aristotle:amanwithencyclopedicalknowledgeName:LiuQiucen(...

Ancient Greek philosophy
------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxxAncientGreekphilosophy【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】AncientGreekphilosophy:originofWesternphilosophy——Aristotle:amanwithencyclopedicalknowledgeName:LiuQiucen(刘秋岑)Major:EnglishStudentnumber:1141051014CollegeofForeignLanguagesandCulturesSichuanUniversity【Abstract】Consideringitsroleinwesternphilosophyhistory,ancientGreekphilosophycanbesaid,withoutexaggeration,tobetheoriginoftheallwesternphilosophy.AvarietyofwisephilosophershavesprungupinancientGreece,especiallyinAthensandAristotleisoneofthethreegreatones,whowasrenownedforhisthoughtsaboutlogic,metaphysics,zoology,rhetoric,etc.InAristotle,thegreathumanistandthegreatmanofsciencemeet.【Keywords】Philosophyandscience;AncientGreekphilosophy;westernphilosophy;AristotleIntroductionTolearnaboutwesternculture,it’simportanttolearnaboutwesternphilosophy;tolearnaboutwesternphilosophy,it’samusttolearnaboutancientGreekphilosophyandmoreimportantlytogettoknowphilosophy.Philosophy,aGreekwordfor“loveofwisdom”,however,isneveraneasyworktoperceiveanddefine.Ifsomeoneasksthequestionwhatismathematics,wecaneasilygivehimadictionarydefinition:thescienceofnumber.Adefinitioncanbegiveninthiswayofanyfieldwhereabodyofknowledgeexists.Butphilosophyaswellasphilosophercannotbesodefined.Perhaps,theonlywaytofindoutwhatphilosophyis,istodophilosophy;tofindoutwhatphilosopherdoesistothinkasaphilosopher.Tobesimple,wemayregardphilosophyasawaynottosolveourtroublesnortosaveoursouls,butasakindofsightseeingadventureundertakenforitsownsake,astheGreeksputit.It’sneveroverratedtoconsiderthatinsomeserioussense,allwesternphilosophyisGreekphilosophybecauseofthesignificanceoftheancientGreekphilosophyasorigins.ThethinkersofGreece,orwemaysay,theGreekphilosopherswerenotivory-towerintellectualsofthekindthatourmodernworldhasinheritedfromthescholastictraditionoftheMiddleAges.Actually,it’shardtotellapartphilosophyandscienceinearlyGreekphilosophyastheyarealwaystogetherwithwhichGreekcivilizationlaidabasicandsolidfoundationforWesterncivilization.Sciencedealswithknownfactsbutallstartsfromphilosophicexploration,whilephilosophyrelatestospeculation,suchaspeculativeactivitymeansakindofexplorationsomewhatscientifically.AncientGreekphilosophersaskgeneralquestionscenteredonWhatquestionslikewhatisuniverse?Whatisman?Whatisknowledge?Alsothereareethicalquestionsaboutgoodandevil.Istheresomethingwecallwisdom?Surelyallthesequestionscannotbesettledbycarryingoutexperimentsinalaboratory,buttheyareallthoughtoverbytheancientGreekphilosophers.AncientGreekphilosophyhasbeenroughlydividedintothreeperiods:PeriodⅠ—BeforeSocrates,PeriodⅡ—Socrates,PeriodⅢ—AfterSocrates.It’snoeasyworktounderstandtheancientGreekphilosophyhistory,buttoroughlyknowsomeaboutthatishelpfulwhenwefinallycometothegreatthinkerAristotle.AmongthecivilizationsoftheworldtheGreekisalateronewhereasthoseofEgyptandMesopotamiaareolderbyseveralmillennia,bothofwhichareagriculturalsocietiesbutneitherdevelopedscienceorphilosophy.Fromthisfact,wecanseehowinfluentialtheGreekphilosophyistothewholewesternphilosophy.AncientGreekphilosophyoriginatedfrompuremythologyandgraduallyresultedinmanycomplicatedandsmarttheories.AncientGreekthinkersarequiterationalongeneralquestionssothatGreekRationalismiswell-known.ThefirstmajorGreekphilosopherwasThalesofMiletus,whoclaimedthatNatureisrational,andsohumanbeingscouldusetheirownreasoningtounderstandNature,andwasfamousforhisstatementthattheworldismadeofwater.AndthencameAnaximanderwhoviewedtheworldintermsofopposites:hotandcold,dryandmoist;Pythagoraswhoexplainedthewholeworldwithnumbers,wasfamousforhisPythagoreanTheoryandlaterthePythagoreansanditsPythagoreanSchools;HeraclituswhohadthefamoussayingthatAllthingsareinflux;Parmenideswhosedenialofchangeliesattheoriginofallsubsequenttheoriesofmaterialism;Democrituswhoarguedthateverythingintheuniverseobeysthelawsofnecessitywithhisatomictheory.Asthetimewentby,therecamethethreegreatancientGreekphilosophersinAthens.FirstforSocrates,whodisagreedwiththeSophistsoftheSkeptics,whobelievedthatreasoningcouldn’tsolvetheriddleofNatureandtookmoneyforaliteraryeducation.UnliketheSophists,Socratestaughtnotformoneyanddevelopedthequestion-and-answermethodofargument:thedialectics,tryingtoclarifyethicalproblemsbydiscussion.AndSocrates’studentandalsofriend,PlatohadphilosophyideascomingfromSocratesandfinallydevelopedhisown.Helaidthefoundationsofaschool,Academywherehestudied,lecturedonphilosophyandgainedhisowndisciples.PlatobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophycalledidealismandwasfamousforhisworkRepublic.AristotleHere,afterhavingaroughknowledgeabouthowancientGreekphilosophydevelopedfromitsverybeginning,comesthegreatthinkerAristotle,onephilosopherwhocanbedescribedinlargepartsinanyphilosophicbooksforhisuniquepositionandgreatimpactonthehistoryofthewesternphilosophy.AristotlewasoneoftheearlieststudentsattheAcademyandthemostfamousone.HewenttoattendtheschoolasayoungmanandstayedthereformanyyearsuntilPlato’sdeath.LaterhebecametutorofAlexandertheMacedonianKingwhoconqueredalargepartoftheworldandfoundedhisownschoolLyceumandspentyearsinteachingandresearch.Throughyearsofstudy,travelandexperience,Aristotleachievedalotonphilosophyandasaresultheneedn’tbemodesttobecalledthefirstprofessionalphilosopher.ZoologyHisworkontheclassificationofanimalsbelongstohisAcademicperiod.DuringhisstayinAegeanhemusthaveconductedhisresearchesinmarinebiology,afieldinwhichhemadecontributionsthatwerenotimprovedonuntilthe19thcentury.what’smore,Aristotlemanagedtocategorizeallknownlivingandnon-livingthings.TheMetaphysics‘Metaphysics’literallymeanssimply‘afterphysics’.ItreceivedsuchanamesimplybecauseanearlyeditorplaceditafterthePhysicsinhisarrangementsoftheworks.ItwouldhavebeenmoretothepointtohaveplaceditbeforePhysicsbecausethatiswhereitnaturallybelongs.Aristotlewouldhavecalledit‘firstphilosophy’,adiscussionofthegeneralpreconditionsofenquiry.Andhegotthetheoryofmatterandform(ideas).Inhistheory,formsturnoutafteralltobemoreimportantthanmatter.Foritisformthatiscreative,matterbeingofcourserequiredtoo,butmerelyasrawmaterial.LogicAlthoughsomeproblemsoflogichadbeendiscussedbeforeAristotle,itisAristotlewhohadthecompletesurvey.Hislogicdependsonanumberofassumptionsthatareconnectedwithhismetaphysics,introducingcertaintermslikepremisses,syllogismandsoon,inwhichasyllogismisanargumentwithtwosubject-predicatepremissesthathaveonetermincommon.Thismiddletermdisappearsintheconclusion.Thus,allhumansarerational,babiesarehuman,thereforebabiesarerational,isanexampleofasyllogism.AristotlebelievedLogicisnotscienceintheordinarysense,butratherageneralwayofdealingwiththingswhichisinfactindispensableforscience.Itaffordscriteriafordiscriminationanddemonstrationandshouldbeconsideredasatoolorinstrumentwhichisbroughttobearonscientificenquiry.OthermajorachievementsNotonlyonzoology,metaphysics,andlogic,Aristotle,beingcalledthemasterofthosewhoknow,alsodidmuchonmoralphilosophy,politics,psychology,physics,poetry,rhetoricsothathisphilosophicalandscientificoutlookofanentireculturedominatedEuropeanthoughtforoverathousandyears.conclusionAristotleisundoubtedlyhighlyrespectedinlaterthousandyears,andhaseverbeenthoughtasaninviolableauthority,somehowcausingmanytragediesandholdingwesternthinkingbackforaverylongtimeduetohissolidbeliefslikethatwomenwereincompletemanandthattheearthwasthecenteroftheuniverse.But,however,hisinfluencewasenormous,asinAristotlethegreathumanistandthegreatmanofsciencemeet.AndAristotle,becomingafruitfulphilosopherandhavinggreatinfluenceonthewesternphilosophy,isneveranaccidentashehadabsorbedgreatlyfromhispredecessors’ideals,theories,improvedhisownthroughpractice.ThusheisasymbolandrepresentativetoprovethatancientGreekphilosophylaidabasicfoundationforthewesternphilosophy.Mainreferencebooks:BertrandRussell,WisdomoftheWest(Ⅰ),CentralCompilation&.王佐良,Europeanculture:anIntroduction,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.1992.02.(1)周叔麟,C.W.Pollard.JuneAlmes.ASurveyoftheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PekingUniversityPress.2004.05.黄忏华.西洋哲学史纲.东方出版社.(1)
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